How do I diagnose inability to normally shutdown?

I'm running 8.1.7 and everything appears to be fine, execpt today it would not complete a normal shutdown, although it does an abort shutdown and then startup. There are no users or jobs running when the shutdown command is given.
What should I first look for in trying to diagnose a shutdown problem?
TIA,
Ewin

Shutdown NORMAL will wait for all sessions to complete, where shutdown IMMEDIATE (as recommended by The Elf) will rollback any pending transactions and end the sessions.
If you have been using NORMAL successfully, you may just have been lucky that your users have logged out (pretty unusual!).
If you really want to get details of who is still active, you can query v$session.
I would avoid shutdown ABORT as a standard, as the database is left in a state where recovery is done (at the next startup), so it is not a good standard to adopt, and on large busy databases, startup can then take a while. On ABORT basically the background processes are killed, so Oracle does not get a chance to rollback current transactions.
Bob

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