Java Audio Metronome | Timing and Speed Problems

Hi all,
I’m starting to work on a music/metronome application in Java and I’m running into some problems with the timing and speed.
For testing purposes I’m trying to play two sine wave tones at the same time at regular intervals, but instead they play in sync for a few beats and then slightly out of sync for a few beats and then back in sync again for a few beats.
From researching good metronome programming, I found that Thread.sleep() is horrible for timing, so I completely avoided that and went with checking System.nanoTime() to determine when the sounds should play.
I’m using AudioSystem’s SourceDataLine for my audio player and I’m using a thread for each tone that constantly polls System.nanoTime() in order to determine when the sound should play. I create a new SourceDataLine and delete the previous one each time a sound plays, because the volume fluctuates if I leave the line open and keep playing sounds on the same line. I create the player before polling nanoTime() so that the player is already created and all it has to do is play the sound when it is time.
In theory this seemed like a good method for getting each sound to play on time, but it’s not working correctly.
At the moment this is just a simple test in Java, but my goal is to create my app on mobile devices (Android, iOS, Windows Phone, etc)...however my current method isn’t even keeping perfect time on a PC, so I’m worried that certain mobile devices with limited resources will have even more timing problems. I will also be adding more sounds to it to create more complex rhythms, so it needs to be able to handle multiple sounds going simultaneously without sounds lagging.
Another problem I’m having is that the max tempo is controlled by the length of the tone since the tones don’t overlap each other. I tried adding additional threads so that every tone that played would get its own thread...but that really screwed up the timing, so I took it out. I would like to have a way to overlap the previous sound to allow for much higher tempos.
I posted this question on StackOverflow where I got one reply and my response back explains why I went this direction instead of preloading a larger buffer (which is what they recommended). In short, I did try the buffer method first, but I want to also update a “beat counter” visual display and there was no way to know when the hardware was actually playing the sounds from the buffer. I mentioned that on StackOverflow and I also asked a couple more questions regarding the buffer method, but I haven’t received any more responses.
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24110247/java-audio-metronome-timing-and-speed-problems
Any help getting these timing and speed issues straightened out would be greatly appreciated! Thanks.
Here is my code...
SoundTest.java
import java.awt.*; 
import java.awt.event.*; 
import javax.swing.*; 
import javax.swing.event.*; 
import java.io.*; 
import javax.sound.sampled.*; 
public class SoundTest implements ActionListener { 
    static SoundTest soundTest; 
    // ENABLE/DISABLE SOUNDS 
    boolean playSound1  = true; 
    boolean playSound2  = true; 
    JFrame mainFrame; 
    JPanel mainContent; 
    JPanel center; 
    JButton buttonPlay; 
    int sampleRate = 44100; 
    long startTime;  
    SourceDataLine line = null;  
    int tickLength; 
    boolean playing = false; 
    SoundElement sound01; 
    SoundElement sound02; 
    public static void main (String[] args) {        
        soundTest = new SoundTest(); 
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { public void run() { 
            soundTest.gui_CreateAndShow(); 
    public void gui_CreateAndShow() { 
        gui_FrameAndContentPanel(); 
        gui_AddContent(); 
    public void gui_FrameAndContentPanel() { 
        mainContent = new JPanel(); 
        mainContent.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); 
        mainContent.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(500,500)); 
        mainContent.setOpaque(true); 
        mainFrame = new JFrame("Sound Test");                
        mainFrame.setContentPane(mainContent);               
        mainFrame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); 
        mainFrame.pack(); 
        mainFrame.setVisible(true); 
    public void gui_AddContent() { 
        JPanel center = new JPanel(); 
        center.setOpaque(true); 
        buttonPlay = new JButton("PLAY / STOP"); 
        buttonPlay.setActionCommand("play"); 
        buttonPlay.addActionListener(this); 
        buttonPlay.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200, 50)); 
        center.add(buttonPlay); 
        mainContent.add(center, BorderLayout.CENTER); 
    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { 
        if (!playing) { 
            playing = true; 
            if (playSound1) 
                sound01 = new SoundElement(this, "Sound1", 800, 1); 
            if (playSound2) 
                sound02 = new SoundElement(this, "Sound2", 1200, 1); 
            startTime = System.nanoTime(); 
            if (playSound1) 
                new Thread(sound01).start(); 
            if (playSound2) 
                new Thread(sound02).start(); 
        else { 
            playing = false; 
SoundElement.java
import java.io.*; 
import javax.sound.sampled.*; 
public class SoundElement implements Runnable { 
    SoundTest soundTest; 
    // TEMPO CHANGE 
    // 750000000=80bpm | 300000000=200bpm | 200000000=300bpm 
    long nsDelay = 750000000; 
    long before; 
    long after; 
    long diff; 
    String name=""; 
    int clickLength = 4100;  
    byte[] audioFile; 
    double clickFrequency; 
    double subdivision; 
    SourceDataLine line = null; 
    long audioFilePlay; 
    public SoundElement(SoundTest soundTestIn, String nameIn, double clickFrequencyIn, double subdivisionIn){ 
        soundTest = soundTestIn; 
        name = nameIn; 
        clickFrequency = clickFrequencyIn; 
        subdivision = subdivisionIn; 
        generateAudioFile(); 
    public void generateAudioFile(){ 
        audioFile = new byte[clickLength * 2]; 
        double temp; 
        short maxSample; 
        int p=0; 
        for (int i = 0; i < audioFile.length;){ 
            temp = Math.sin(2 * Math.PI * p++ / (soundTest.sampleRate/clickFrequency)); 
            maxSample = (short) (temp * Short.MAX_VALUE); 
            audioFile[i++] = (byte) (maxSample & 0x00ff);            
            audioFile[i++] = (byte) ((maxSample & 0xff00) >>> 8); 
    public void run() { 
        createPlayer(); 
        audioFilePlay = soundTest.startTime + nsDelay; 
        while (soundTest.playing){ 
            if (System.nanoTime() >= audioFilePlay){ 
                play(); 
                destroyPlayer(); 
                createPlayer();              
                audioFilePlay += nsDelay; 
        try { destroyPlayer(); } catch (Exception e) { } 
    public void createPlayer(){ 
        AudioFormat af = new AudioFormat(soundTest.sampleRate, 16, 1, true, false); 
        try { 
            line = AudioSystem.getSourceDataLine(af); 
            line.open(af); 
            line.start(); 
        catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } 
    public void play(){ 
        line.write(audioFile, 0, audioFile.length); 
    public void destroyPlayer(){ 
        line.drain(); 
        line.close(); 

Thanks but you have never posted reply s0lutions before ?? And F 4 is definitely not 10 times faster as stated before I upgraded !!

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    traceroute to www.gazzetta.it (194.20.158.242), 64 hops max, 72 byte packets
    1 api (192.168.1.254) 1.083 ms 0.672 ms 0.637 ms
    2 217.32.146.68 (217.32.146.68) 6.721 ms 6.462 ms 6.458 ms
    3 217.32.146.110 (217.32.146.110) 8.307 ms 8.792 ms 8.140 ms
    4 213.120.177.42 (213.120.177.42) 7.336 ms 7.540 ms 7.961 ms
    5 217.32.24.30 (217.32.24.30) 7.040 ms 7.009 ms 7.224 ms
    6 217.32.24.178 (217.32.24.178) 7.280 ms 7.126 ms 7.241 ms
    7 acc1-10gige-0-2-0-4.l-far.21cn-ipp.bt.net (109.159.249.97) 7.724 ms 7.619 ms 7.111 ms
    8 core1-te0-4-0-6.ealing.ukcore.bt.net (109.159.249.1) 8.806 ms 8.123 ms 8.569 ms
    9 core1-pos1-0-0.telehouse.ukcore.bt.net (62.6.201.82) 8.686 ms 8.687 ms 8.642 ms
    10 ge-0-0-1.londra32.lon.seabone.net (195.22.209.45) 8.965 ms 8.785 ms 8.998 ms
    11 te4-1.milano52.mil.seabone.net (195.22.205.255) 33.067 ms 33.454 ms 33.081 ms
    12 infracom.milano52.mil.seabone.net (195.22.205.62) 32.753 ms 33.112 ms 32.629 ms
    13 milano-1-tge-3-1.ita.tip.net (62.196.4.250) 34.502 ms 34.290 ms 33.722 ms
    14 * * *
    15 *^C
    ds9:~ Kev$ traceroute -I www.deejay.it
    traceroute to www.deejay.it (213.92.16.220), 64 hops max, 72 byte packets
    1 api (192.168.1.254) 1.066 ms 0.634 ms 0.673 ms
    2 217.32.146.68 (217.32.146.68) 6.687 ms 6.515 ms 6.647 ms
    3 217.32.146.94 (217.32.146.94) 7.512 ms 7.312 ms 7.501 ms
    4 213.120.177.34 (213.120.177.34) 7.361 ms 7.232 ms 7.339 ms
    5 217.32.24.30 (217.32.24.30) 6.593 ms 6.573 ms 6.927 ms
    6 217.32.24.178 (217.32.24.178) 7.148 ms 7.152 ms 6.948 ms
    7 acc1-10gige-0-2-0-7.l-far.21cn-ipp.bt.net (109.159.249.103) 7.578 ms 7.565 ms 7.629 ms
    8 core2-te0-4-0-6.ilford.ukcore.bt.net (109.159.249.5) 8.223 ms 8.114 ms 8.850 ms
    9 transit2-xe-0-1-0.ilford.ukcore.bt.net (194.72.20.250) 43.650 ms 7.958 ms 8.104 ms
    10 t2c2-ge8-0-0.uk-ilf.eu.bt.net (166.49.168.113) 8.729 ms 8.506 ms 8.561 ms
    11 t2c1-p3-1-1.uk-lon1.eu.bt.net (166.49.164.97) 8.668 ms 8.553 ms 8.333 ms
    12 t2a1-ge4-0-0.uk-lon1.eu.bt.net (166.49.135.102) 8.736 ms 8.937 ms 8.829 ms
    13 166-49-211-38.eu.bt.net (166.49.211.38) 8.638 ms 8.829 ms 9.038 ms
    14 so-5-0-0.mil19.ip4.tinet.net (213.200.82.30) 37.702 ms 37.824 ms 37.312 ms
    15 inet-gw.ip4.tinet.net (213.200.68.22) 47.007 ms 46.396 ms 46.148 ms
    16 ge3-0-28.wf1-kwcore.wf.inet.it (212.239.110.34) 49.292 ms 49.117 ms 51.695 ms
    17 www.deejay.it (213.92.16.220) 47.686 ms 47.109 ms 47.052 ms
    ds9:~ Kev$
    I hope this info helps.

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