Performance of System.arraycopy and Arrays.fill

I have some code where I call a function about 1,000,000 times. That function has to allocate a small array (around 15 elements). It would be much cheaper if the client could just allocate the array one single time outside of the function.
Unfortunately, the function requires the array to have all of its elements set to null. With C++, I would be able to memset the contents of the array to null. In Java, the only methods I have available to me are System.arraycopy() and Arrays.fill().
Apparently, Arrays.fill() is just a brain-dead loop. It costs more for Arrays.fill() to set the elements to null than it does to allocate a new array. (I'm ignoring possible garbage collection overhead).
System.arraycopy is a native call (that apparently uses memcpy). Even with the JNI overhead, System.arraycopy runs faster than Arrays.fill(). Unfortunately, it's still slower to call System.arraycopy() than it is to just allocate a new array.
So, the crux of the problem is that the heap allocations are too slow, and the existing means for bulk setting the elements of an array are even slower. Why doesn't the virtual machine have explicit support for both System.arraycopy() and Arrays.fill() so that they are performed with ultra-efficient memsets and memcpys and sans the method call and JNI overhead? I.E. something along the lines of two new JVM instructions - aarraycpy/aarrayset (and all of their primitive brethern).
God bless,
-Toby Reyelts

A newly allocated array begins its life with null in its elements. There is no need to fill it with null.
As Michael already stated, I'm not redundantly resetting all of the elements to null. Here's some code that demonstrates my point. You'll have to replace my PerfTimer with your own high performance timer. (i.e. sun.misc.Perf or whatever) Also note that the reason I'm only allocating half the array size in allocTest is to more accurately model my problem. The size of the array I need to allocate is variable. If I allocate the array outside of the function, I'll have to allocate it at a maximum. If I allocate inside the function, I can allocate it at exactly the right size.import java.util.*;
public class AllocTest {
  private static final int count = 100000;
  public static void main( String[] args ) {
    for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i ) {
      allocTest();
    double allocStartTime = PerfTimer.time();
    allocTest();
    double allocTime = PerfTimer.time() - allocStartTime;
    for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i ) {
      copyTest();
    double copyStartTime = PerfTimer.time();
    copyTest();
    double copyTime = PerfTimer.time() - copyStartTime;
    for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i ) {
      fillTest();
    double fillStartTime = PerfTimer.time();
    fillTest();
    double fillTime = PerfTimer.time() - fillStartTime;
    System.out.println( "AllocTime (ms): " + allocTime / PerfTimer.freq() * 1000 );
    System.out.println( "CopyTime (ms): " + copyTime / PerfTimer.freq() * 1000 );
    System.out.println( "FillTime (ms): " + fillTime / PerfTimer.freq() * 1000 );
  private static void allocTest() {
    for ( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
      Object[] objects = new Object[ 8 ];
  private static void copyTest() {
    Object[] objects = new Object[ 15 ];
    Object[] emptyArray = new Object[ 15 ];
    for ( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
      System.arraycopy( emptyArray, 0, objects, 0, emptyArray.length );
  private static void fillTest() {
    Object[] objects = new Object[ 15 ];
    for ( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
      Arrays.fill( objects, null );
}I getH:\>java -cp . AllocTest
AllocTime (ms): 9.749283777686829
CopyTime (ms): 13.276827082771694
FillTime (ms): 16.581995756443906So, to restate my point, all of these times are too slow just to perform a reset of all of the elements of an array. Since AllocTime actually represents dynamic heap allocation its number is good for what it does, but it's far too slow for simply resetting the elements of the array.
CopyTime is far too slow for what it does. It should be much faster, because it should essentially resolve to an inline memmove. The reason it is so slow is because there is a lot of call overhead to get to the function that does the actual copy, and that function ends up not being an optimized memmove. Even so, one on one, System.arraycopy() still beats heap allocation. (Not reflected directly in the times above, but if you rerun the test with equal array sizes, CopyTime will be lower than AllocTime).
FillTime is unbelievably slow, because it is a simple Java loop. FillTime should be the fastest, because it is the simplest operation and should resolve to an inline memset. Fills should run in single-digit nanosecond times.
God bless,
-Toby Reyelts

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         * <code>destPos</code> through <code>destPos+length-1</code> of the
         * destination array.
         * <p>
         * If <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
         * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown.
         * <p>
         * If <code>src</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
         * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown and the destination
         * array is not modified.
         * <p>
         * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
         * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown and the destination is
         * not modified:
         * <ul>
         * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
         *     array.
         * <li>The <code>dest</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
         *     array.
         * <li>The <code>src</code> argument and <code>dest</code> argument refer
         *     to arrays whose component types are different primitive types.
         * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a primitive
         *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
         *     with a reference component type.
         * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a reference
         *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
         *     with a primitive component type.
         * </ul>
         * <p>
         * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
         * <code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code> is
         * thrown and the destination is not modified:
         * <ul>
         * <li>The <code>srcPos</code> argument is negative.
         * <li>The <code>destPos</code> argument is negative.
         * <li>The <code>length</code> argument is negative.
         * <li><code>srcPos+length</code> is greater than
         *     <code>src.length</code>, the length of the source array.
         * <li><code>destPos+length</code> is greater than
         *     <code>dest.length</code>, the length of the destination array.
         * </ul>
         * <p>
         * Otherwise, if any actual component of the source array from
         * position <code>srcPos</code> through
         * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> cannot be converted to the component
         * type of the destination array by assignment conversion, an
         * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown. In this case, let
         * <b><i>k</i></b> be the smallest nonnegative integer less than
         * length such that <code>src[srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>]</code>
         * cannot be converted to the component type of the destination
         * array; when the exception is thrown, source array components from
         * positions <code>srcPos</code> through
         * <code>srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>-1</code>
         * will already have been copied to destination array positions
         * <code>destPos</code> through
         * <code>destPos+</code><i>k</I><code>-1</code> and no other
         * positions of the destination array will have been modified.
         * (Because of the restrictions already itemized, this
         * paragraph effectively applies only to the situation where both
         * arrays have component types that are reference types.)
         * @param      src      the source array.
         * @param      srcPos   starting position in the source array.
         * @param      dest     the destination array.
         * @param      destPos  starting position in the destination data.
         * @param      length   the number of array elements to be copied.
         * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if copying would cause
         *               access of data outside array bounds.
         * @exception  ArrayStoreException  if an element in the <code>src</code>
         *               array could not be stored into the <code>dest</code> array
         *               because of a type mismatch.
         * @exception  NullPointerException if either <code>src</code> or
         *               <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>.
        public static native void arraycopy(Object src,  int  srcPos,
                                            Object dest, int destPos,
                                            int length);

  • System.arraycopy()

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