8-bit image acts like a 16!

Hi all, Photoshop newbie here. We create images with a color linescan camera and save to a TIF file. They are all 8-bit images, no colorspace assigned.
I took 2 images within 6 minutes of each other. Photoshop (CS2) identifies both of them as 8-bit images. BUT, it treats one file like it's a 16-bit image with missing filters etc but is fine with the other image. The only difference I can see is the file size. The file that works is about 110MB, while the problem file is about 161MB.
Has anyone seen anything similar, or knows how Photoshop decides when an image is "filter-worthy" and when it's not? Thanks in advance!

What's interesting is that a simple resize of the image fixes the behavior of the filter menu. So going from say ~520 ppi to 400 ppi, all of a sudden you have access to the greyed-out filters. But you only have to do that on the larger of the 2 files. They both have the same native resolution (we scan at 2048 pixels/line at 200 lines/cm).
It's also cross-platform, same problem for Macs and PC's running the same version of Photoshop. Strange...

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