ACS v4 & radius
A device wants to talk to the ACS server to get authentication services. It wants to use CHAP. Where is the CHAP option as applied to the radius authentication function? How do you set up radius in ACS to accept CHAP passwords authentication for radius requests?
Specifically, Qradar wants to query Cisco ACS v4.2 to see if users logging into Qradar are authorized to do so. This fails because I can't find the place (if any) in ACS where CHAP can be used.
ACS can act as both as RADIUS and TACACS server,
when you say what kind of issues to expect: you need to check for open caveats in the release notes of ACS 4.1.
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/access/acs_soft/csacs4nt/acs41/index.htm
Similar Messages
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ACS Express radius authentication AD authorization
I work at a University and for some reason we have multiple systems for authentication and authorization. That being said I am trying to use radius to do authentication and AD for authorization for VPNs. I have the radius authentication working against our radius server. I have my ACS express setup to join the AD domain and everything looks good there. I setup the AD server as a radius object in AAA server groups on my ASA. Then I add the server below in the servers in selected groups window. I put all the info in there and when I hit test I click authorization and put in the username that I know is in the domain group I have associated with this on the ACS. The test fails and with authorization failed with invalid password. When I look at the logs on the ACS I see
01/06/2011 20:14:26 acsxp/server Warning Server 0 AD Agent Plain Text Authentication Failed for user: username@domain
01/06/2011 20:14:26 acsxp/server Warning Server 0 Authentication for user username failed for reason = 0
01/06/2011 20:14:26 acsxp/server Error Protocol 0 Request from 172.20.5.2: User username rejected . by RemoteServer: AD (InvalidPassword).
Username and domain are correct I just edited them for posting. It seems like it is trying to authenticate rather than authorize. All I want it to do is say yes the user is in this group or no the user is not in this group? You can't even fill in the password when testing authorization? Maybe I have something setup wrong on the ACS side but when I look at AD under users and identity stores, it says it is joined to the domain. When I do AD domain diagnostics under troubleshooting everything looks good. I have the ASA I am testing from defined as a device and in the ASA device group. Under access services in Radius access services I have one service that I setup that connects to the AD and it found the group so I know it is connecting. Any idea what I am doing wrong or where to look?
Any help would be GREATLY appreciated!
Thanks
JoeHi Joe,
We could take a deeper look at what is happening through some logs and debugs:
1. On ACS Express, under
Reports & Troubleshooting > Troubleshooting > Server Logs
please set the Express Server Trace Level to 5 and the Web Server Trace Level to 4.
Also, for the Log Level under OS Logging, please set its value to "Debug".
If previous old logs are not essential to you, you may also wanna delete all the log files first, so that we capture logs for the last day only.
2. On the ASA, please enable the following debugs
debug aaa authentication
debug aaa authorization
debug radius
3. Then please first recreate a successful authentication attempt, and then recreate the authorization test issue with the same user account for which you tested the successful authentication.
4. After the issue is recreated, please attach the debugs from the ASA and following files from the ACS Server Logs:
acsxp_adagent.log
acsxp_agent_server.log
acsxp_mcd.log
acsxp_server.log
acsxp_server_trace.log
Regards,
Fede
If this helps you and/or answers your question please mark the question as "answered" and/or rate it, so other users can easily find it. -
Secure-ACS: Special RADIUS-Attributes for Enterasys E7
Hi,
we were running a pretty old version of the Cisco Secure ACS for AAA our network devices.
Unfortunately the server crashed an we had to install and set it up with a new server.
Using TACACS+ for our Cisco devices works fine.
We have a couple of switches made by a vendor called Nexans, which only support RADIUS - this works fine too.
Furthermore we still have some Enterasys E7 and with those RADIUS doesn't work at all.
Sniffering the packets, everything looks good.
With the old server it worked well.
Does anybody know if there are special configurations (e.g. attributes) when configuring an ACS for Enterasys RADIUS-Clients?
Thanks,
RolfWe have this configuration and works fine with our network and associate in a good manner also the policy which we have configured it on Enterasys in this way
Filter-Id===>
Enterasys:version=1:mgmt=su:policy=Administrator
After we make the update to ACS 5, the "ASA" consider this filter-id as access-list so it consider the field after the filter-id as the name of the acl, and diconnect the VPN connection.
Could soneone help me to resolve that. -
Nortel switches authenticating to both ACS via RADIUS
Dual ACS solution (4.2) with one ACS doing the authenticating, the other acting as a standby.
Recently when accessing nortel switches, they authenticate to both ACS, as some are going to ACS2 despite their primary RADIUS server being ACS1.
The ACS solution has other network devices, using TACACS+ and they seem fine. DB replication is fine between the ACS and nothing I believe has changed in the configuration between the two.
Any ideas? (all I can think is the response from ACS1 is exceeding the timeout and the switches then select ACS2, but there's no evidence to suggest a problem in network delay).I am unfamiliar with the Nortel switches. If a cisco switch queries a AAA server and it fails to respond, it will mark it as dead and move to the next. When the AAA server is back online, the switch will not revert to the previous server. It will remain on the current AAA server until AAA is disabled or the current AAA server fails to respond.
Network delay would cause this. Maybe the services were disabled or replication was occuring while the device was trying to authenticate.
Thank You,
Dan Laden -
We have number of GPRS terminals, they work in our private APN. Can we assign static or dynamic IPs to them?
Terminals work with IP, not with PPP. We have direct connect with ISP via serial interface. ISP forwards all Radius traffic to our ACS appliance.You may assign a static ip address. You may try this:
-
Unsucessful ACS to RADIUS token server exchange
Hello team:
We are getting a hard time in trying to make our ACS 4.2 talk to an external FreeRadius token server.
When our ACS sends the Access-Request message, our FreeRadius token server answers with an Access-Accept message with zero atributes on the message. This answer, according to ACS documentation, should be perfectly accepted by ACS when it works as a RADIUS client. However, our ACS considers this answer as an error and so the transaction fails.
In order to compare with another platform working of radius server of our , we replaced our FreeRadius token server by another CS ACS. With this scenario, everything works! So we sniffed the ACS to ACS transaction and found that two RADIUS attributes are sent with the Access-Accept message:
(1) Framed-IP = 255.255.255.255
(2) Class = 0x434143533a302f356662622f37663030303030312f31383133
We got back to our FreeRadius as the external RADIUS server of our ACS, and managed it to generate and return exactly the previous kind of message to the ACS working as radius client, however when our ACS receives the RADIUS Access-Accept with these attributes, it still rejects the answer and fails.
So we are missing something.
¿Did anyone manage to make ACS query an external RADIUS server with success? We would appreciate any hints!!
thank you very much in advance
Rogelio Alvez
ArgentinaThanks for the interest Tarik!
Here you have the debug from both sides ACS 4.2 and Freeradius in the same authentication event:
ACS Debug from a terminal monitor
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN/CONT (4096347873): continue_login (user='(undef)')
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN (4096347873): status = GETUSER
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN (4096347873): Method=radius (radius)
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN (4096347873): status = GETPASS
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN/CONT (4096347873): continue_login (user='camara/829113')
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN (4096347873): status = GETPASS
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN (4096347873): Method=radius (radius)
2w1d: RADIUS: ustruct sharecount=1
2w1d: RADIUS: Initial Transmit tty7 id 175 192.168.0.3:1645, Access-Request, len 86
2w1d: Attribute 4 6 C0A800CB
2w1d: Attribute 5 6 00000007
2w1d: Attribute 61 6 00000005
2w1d: Attribute 1 15 63616D61
2w1d: Attribute 31 15 3139322E
2w1d: Attribute 2 18 893A4B64
2w1d: RADIUS: Received from id 175 192.168.0.3:1645, Access-Reject, len 32
2w1d: Attribute 18 12 52656A65
2w1d: RADIUS: saved authorization data for user 80E8A88C at 0
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN (4096347873): status = FAIL
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN/ABORT: (4096347873) because Invalid password.
2w1d: AAA/MEMORY: free_user (0x80E8A88C) user='camara/829113' ruser='' port='tty7' rem_addr='192.168.0.202' authen_type=ASCII service=LOGIN priv=1
2w1d: AAA: parse name=tty7 idb type=-1 tty=-1
2w1d: AAA: name=tty7 flags=0x11 type=5 shelf=0 slot=0 adapter=0 port=7 channel=0
2w1d: AAA/MEMORY: create_user (0x80E8B920) user='' ruser='' port='tty7' rem_addr='192.168.0.202' authen_type=ASCII service=LOGIN priv=1
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN/START (2072451976): port='tty7' list='pepe' action=LOGIN service=LOGIN
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN/START (2072451976): found list pepe
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN/START (2072451976): Method=radius (radius)
2w1d: AAA/AUTHEN (2072451976): status = GETUSER
Freeradius Debug
rad_recv: Access-Request packet from host 192.168.0.3 port 3912, id=23, length=94
User-Name = "camara/829113"
NAS-IP-Address = 192.168.0.3
NAS-Port = 6372
NAS-Identifier = "CiscoSecure ACS v4.2(0.124)"
User-Password = "\277\241\340t\312/\2303^;\216\233\3618\2179"
# Executing section authorize from file /etc/freeradius/sites-enabled/vuserver
+- entering group authorize {...}
++[preprocess] returns ok
[auth_log] expand: /var/log/freeradius/radacct/%{Client-IP-Address}/auth-detail-%Y%m%d -> /var/log/freeradius/radacct/192.168.0.3/auth-detail-20120714
[auth_log] /var/log/freeradius/radacct/%{Client-IP-Address}/auth-detail-%Y%m%d expands to /var/log/freeradius/radacct/192.168.0.3/auth-detail-20120714
[auth_log] expand: %t -> Sat Jul 14 18:42:32 2012
++[auth_log] returns ok
[IPASS] Looking up realm "camara" for User-Name = "camara/829113"
[IPASS] Found realm "DEFAULT"
[IPASS] Adding Stripped-User-Name = "829113"
[IPASS] Adding Realm = "DEFAULT"
[IPASS] Authentication realm is LOCAL.
++[IPASS] returns ok
[suffix] Request already proxied. Ignoring.
++[suffix] returns ok
++[files] returns noop
++[control] returns noop
rlm_perl: Response: 201: Succeeded
rlm_perl: Added pair User-Name = camara/829113
rlm_perl: Added pair User-Password = \277\241\340t\312/\2303^;\216\233\3618\2179
rlm_perl: Added pair NAS-Identifier = CiscoSecure ACS v4.2(0.124)
rlm_perl: Added pair Realm = DEFAULT
rlm_perl: Added pair Stripped-User-Name = 829113
rlm_perl: Added pair NAS-Port = 6372
rlm_perl: Added pair NAS-IP-Address = 192.168.0.3
rlm_perl: Added pair Class = 0x434143533a302f3265662f37663030303030312f31383133
rlm_perl: Added pair Framed-IP-Address = 255.255.255.255
rlm_perl: Added pair Auth-Type = Perl
++[perl] returns ok
++[expiration] returns noop
++[logintime] returns noop
Found Auth-Type = Perl
# Executing group from file /etc/freeradius/sites-enabled/vuserver
+- entering group Perl {...}
rlm_perl: Added pair User-Name = camara/829113
rlm_perl: Added pair NAS-Identifier = CiscoSecure ACS v4.2(0.124)
rlm_perl: Added pair User-Password = \277\241\340t\312/\2303^;\216\233\3618\2179
rlm_perl: Added pair Realm = DEFAULT
rlm_perl: Added pair NAS-IP-Address = 192.168.0.3
rlm_perl: Added pair NAS-Port = 6372
rlm_perl: Added pair Stripped-User-Name = 829113
rlm_perl: Added pair Framed-IP-Address = 255.255.255.255
rlm_perl: Added pair Class = 0x434143533a302f3265662f37663030303030312f31383133
rlm_perl: Added pair Auth-Type = Perl
++[perl] returns ok
WARNING: Empty post-auth section. Using default return values.
# Executing section post-auth from file /etc/freeradius/sites-enabled/vuserver
Sending Access-Accept of id 23 to 192.168.0.3 port 3912
Framed-IP-Address = 255.255.255.255
Class = 0x434143533a302f3265662f37663030303030312f31383133
Finished request 3.
Going to the next request
Waking up in 4.9 seconds.
Cleaning up request 3 ID 23 with timestamp +575
Ready to process requests.
Inside the file archive.zip you`ll find
cap_freeradius.cap (communication sniffed between the ACS and the Freeradius)
captura2acsOK.pcapng (communication sniffed between the ACS 1 and the ACS 2 where everything its ok)
If you need more information or output please let me know.
Rogelio -
ACS 5.1 - RADIUS Proxy Accounting Logs
Recently I'm using ACS 5.1 to support external RADIUS Servers, and read the manauls to process with the following workflow.
Install Linux RADIUS Service (this part was tested)
Install FreeRADIUS Service
Add new linux user account
Cisco ACS 5.1
Add External RADIUS servers
Network Resources -> External RADIUS Servers
Add informations.
Add RADIUS Proxy Serivce
Access Policies -> Access Services
Create with User Selected Service Type , RADIUS Proxy
Advanced Options -> Accounting
Remote Accounting and Local Accounting enabledAccess Policies -> Access Services -> Service Selection Rules
Create #1 rule , Conditions : match Radius , Results : RADIUS Service
Add Network Resources for accepting network
Network Device Groups -> Network Devices and AAA Clients
Enable RADIUS Debug Messages
System Administration > Configuration > Log Configuration > Logging Categories > Global > Edit: "RADIUS Diagnostics"
Configure Log Category Log Severity : DEBUG
Add 3GPP VSA
Send out Radius Accounting Packet to ACS
ACS got the Packet, but didn't redirect to External Radius Server
I got this message from ACS 5.1
Others is 'Failed to forward request to current remote RADIUS server; an invalid response was received.' in the iv.csv file.
There are two problem.
RADIUS Accounting Packets didn't redirect to external server, but it works without proxy. (Auth is ok.)
Other Attributes didn't collect all informations, and even the debug is enabled.Hi Steve,
The shared secret is 100% correct.
Finally I find out that there may be some white lists for attributes.
If I keep NAS-Identifier , it will work.
But it can't pass all VSA (3GPP sub-attributes) , it only shows one or three in BOTH ACS and RADIUS Server.
The other is the RADIUS VSA User Define Options (which is in SA > C > D > P > RADIUS > RADIUS VSA > Edit ) .
When 'Vendor Length Field Size' changes to 0 , All sub-attributes pass thought ACS .
The RADIUS Server gets the message from NSA.
Of course, there is the Proxy-State attribute.
In this condition, the ACS has incorrect output in the sub-attribute.
Now I try 5.2 to see the problem exist or not. -
ACS 5.1 RADIUS Proxy - Adding RADIUS attributes
Is there anyway under ACS 5.1 to add RADIUS attributes to outgoing RADIUS proxy auth requests or failing this to RADIUS proxy accounting updates?
As soon as I configure a RADIUS proxy services, there is little config I can do other than to say whether or not the prefix and suffix is to be stripped.
I can add these attributes if using an external RADIUS box as an identity store, but I cannot do this for this particular service and instead I need to use RADIUS proxying.
Thanks
PaulHi Steve,
The shared secret is 100% correct.
Finally I find out that there may be some white lists for attributes.
If I keep NAS-Identifier , it will work.
But it can't pass all VSA (3GPP sub-attributes) , it only shows one or three in BOTH ACS and RADIUS Server.
The other is the RADIUS VSA User Define Options (which is in SA > C > D > P > RADIUS > RADIUS VSA > Edit ) .
When 'Vendor Length Field Size' changes to 0 , All sub-attributes pass thought ACS .
The RADIUS Server gets the message from NSA.
Of course, there is the Proxy-State attribute.
In this condition, the ACS has incorrect output in the sub-attribute.
Now I try 5.2 to see the problem exist or not. -
Hello,
I was wondering if i should use the same RADIUS VSA attribute on ACS v5.1 to authenticate AAA clients as those i was using on my old ACS v3.3 server.
Exemple : under ACS v3.3 i was using RADIUS (Cisco Aironet) attribute to authenticate AP & WLC, should i do the same under ACS v5.1 ?
Best regards.Hello,
When defining AAA client on the new ACS 5.x server you just select TACACS+ or RADIUS. We no longer define the RADIUS "vendor"/"VSA" when creating the AAA Client entry. All AAA client would be defined as RADIUS or TACACS+ only.
If you were using specific VSA Attributes then you need to send those attributes back configuring Authorization Profiles on the ACS 5.x. You will find the specific VSA attributes there. Refer to the following screenshots:
And here are the available attributes for the ACS for RADIUS Aironet: -
ACS Radius + Peap + MSChapV2
I am using a wireless setup
Aironet 1100, ACS 4.0, 3rd party Client adapter
I am able to connect to my wireless network by keying in username&pass created on the ACS user setup. Also by using a self signed certificate from the ACS.
Doubts: In ACS logs - Radius accounting is empty.
Failed attempts.csv shows "Authen failed, EAP-TLS or PEAP authentication failed during SSL handshake"
But i am able to authenticate my users successfully into the wireless network. What went wrong?Hi
Try enabling the Passed Authentications report and see whats in there. It could be that the failure is perhaps purely transient and rectified by a subsequent attempt.
For example a re-key authentication requires SSL state on the ACS, it could be that the supplicant and ACS have to revert to performing a full authentication.
Im guessing but it is entirely possible to have entries in the failed attempts and still get access.
Darran -
Question in ACS radius ports and how test connectivity between router
hi all
im asking here about default ports used in cisco acs for radius protocol
is it 1812 and 1813 ???
or there is another ports ??
Q2-
how to test connectivity between ACS "server aaa" and the router "client aaa " ??????
Q3-
can anyone give me simple config on router for radius protocol to connect acs based on radius protocol ?
regardsThe default authentictaion port is 1812 and the default accounting port is 1813.
Here's an example config-
aaa new-model
aaa group server radius ACME-RADIUS
server-private 192.168.1.5 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 key SeCrEtPaSsWoRd
aaa authentication login default local
aaa authentication login ACME-AAA group ACME-RADIUS local
aaa accounting send stop-record authentication failure
aaa accounting exec default start-stop group ACME-RADIUS
line vty 0 4
login authentication ACME-AAA
You can test with-
test aaa group radius server 192.168.1.5 mmessier St@nleyCup
where mmessier is your username and the password is St@nleyCup -
User authentication in Cisco ACS by adding external RADIUS database
Hi,
I would like to configure the below setup:
End user client (Cisco Any connect/VPN client) -> ASA 5500 (AAA client) -> ACS server -> External RADIUS database.
Here ACS server would send the authentication requests to External RADIUS server.So, i have added the external user database (RADIUS token server) in
ACS under External databases.I have added AAA client in Network configuration (selected authenticate using RADIUS(VPN 3000/ASA/PIX 7.0) from the drop down.
Here how do i make ASA recognize that it has to send the request to ACS server. Normally when you use ACS as RADIUS server you can add an AAA server in ASA and test it.But here we are using an external RADIUS server which has been configured in ACS, so how do i make ASA to send the requests to ACS server?
Any help on this would be really grateful to me.
Thanks and Regards,
Rahul.Thanks Ajay,
As you said nothing needs to be done on ASA side, if we are using an external user database for authentication.
Im a newbie to ACS and this is the first time i'm trying to perform a two factor authenticaton in Cisco ACS using external user database.
By two factor authentication i mean, username + password serves as first factor (validated by RADIUS server), username + security code (validated by RADIUS server) serves as second factor.So, during user authentication i enter only username in username field and in "password" field i enter both "password + security code". Our RADIUS server has already been configured with AD as user store, so we dont have to specify AD details in ACS. I have done the following in ACS to perform this two factor authentication.
-> In external user databases, i have added a external RADIUS token server.
-> In unknown user policy , i have added the external data base that i configured in ACS into the selected databases list.
-> under network configuration, i have added the Cisco ASA as AAA client (authenticate using RADIUS (Cisco VPN 3000/ASA/PIX 7.x+)).
Just to check whether user authentication is successful, i launched the ACS webVPN using https://IP:2002, it asked me to enter username and password. So, i entered username and in password field i entered "password + security code". But, the page throws an error saying "login failed...Try again".I cant find any logs in external RADIUS server.
Here is what i found in "Failed attempts" logs under Reports and activities.
Date,Time,Message-Type,User-Name,Group-Name,Caller-ID,Network Access Profile Name,Authen-Failure-Code,Author-Failure-Code,Author-Data,NAS-Port,NAS-IP-Address,Filter Information,PEAP/EAP-FAST-Clear-Name,EAP Type,EAP Type Name,Reason,Access Device,Network Device Group
02/28/2012,00:31:52,Unknown NAS,,,,(Unknown),,,,,10.204.124.71,,,,,,,
02/28/2012,00:41:33,Unknown NAS,,,,(Unknown),,,,,10.204.124.71,,,,,,,
02/28/2012,00:42:18,Unknown NAS,,,,(Unknown),,,,,10.204.124.71,,,,,,,
Filtering is not applied.
Date
Time
Message-Type
User-Name
Group-Name
Caller-ID
Network Access Profile Name
Authen-Failure-Code
Author-Failure-Code
Author-Data
NAS-Port
NAS-IP-Address
Filter Information
PEAP/EAP-FAST-Clear-Name
EAP Type
EAP Type Name
Reason
Access Device
Network Device Group
02/28/2012
00:42:18
Unknown NAS
(Unknown)
10.204.124.71
02/28/2012
00:41:33
Unknown NAS
(Unknown)
10.204.124.71
02/28/2012
00:31:52
Unknown NAS
Am i missing any thing in configuration side with respect to ACS?
Thanks -
Hi,
I was wondering - is there any way when configuring ACS for Radius Proxy into Vasco that particular usernames in Vasco can be mapped to ones in ACS in order to apply attributes to only certain people?
My understanding so far is that if ACS cannot find the username in its local database it will back it off into an external database if configured, such as Vasco. However i need different group policies applied to particular users by using attributes.
Thanks in advance for your help!
AndyHi Andy,
To enable per-user group mapping, configure the external user database to return authentication responses that contain the Cisco IOS/PIX RADIUS attribute 1, [009\001] cisco-av-pair with the following value:
ACS:CiscoSecure-Group-Id = N
where N is the CiscoSecure ACS group number (0 through 499) to which CiscoSecure ACS should assign the user. For example, if Radius Token Server authenticated a user and included the following value for the Cisco IOS/PIX RADIUS attribute 1, [009\001] cisco-av-pair: ACS:CiscoSecure-Group-Id = 37
CiscoSecure ACS assigns the user to group 37 and applies authorization associated with group 37.
Hope this helps,
somishra -
Hello,
Description:
- I have an ACSv4.1
- I have 2xNAS configured on ACS as RADIUS IETF
- I have definet IP Poll under System conf -> IP pool Server (start Address & End adress)
- On the Group setup I defined IP-assignement -> Assigned from AAA Server pool -> MyPool1
Problem:
The client get an IP address from the ip poll defined but doing ipconfig on the WINClient the subnet mask is randomly assigned (sometime 255.255.255.240 sometime 255.255.255.255.0)
The client get a DNS that is not specified in the IP Pool ! :-() ..
Quetions
Since in the IP Poll is only defined start address and end address (i.e:10.47.110.32-10.47.110.40)
Why client get random subnet mask, it should be 255.255.255.255 isn't ?
Why there is no definition for Gateway ? Which value gets ?
Clinets get also DNS, Where does this value get from ?
I wuold like also to have the possibility to assign IP from IP poll based on the NAs that relay the AAA request, is that possible ?You may try the bug ID CSCse33323
-
802.1x port authentication and Windows Radius, possible?
Hello,
I'm just testing at the moment before implementing on our netowrk, but has anyone implemented 802.1x port authentication on there Cisco switch and used a Windows IAS server? See out users are all all on a Windows domain and I want to authenticate using their active directory credentials. I think I am fine with the switch config, but it is the Windows IAS/Raduis server. I have added the switch IP's and secret, but I need to create a policy to accept the domain users and need help.
ThanksAndy:
Yes of course you can use whatever radius server as a AAA server for 802.1x authentication on the switches. NPS, IAS, ACS, Open RADIUS ....etc.
If you have problem with configuring the IAS then I would suggest that you post your quesiton in a microsoft forum and not here. They would be able to better assist you with your issue. But you can still look somewhere in this forum or in google to help yourself.
See this link, it could be useful for you: https://supportforums.cisco.com/thread/2090403
Regards,
Amjad
Rating useful replies is more useful than saying "Thank you"
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