Back Up Disappears from Time Machine

Last night, I noticed that the hourly back up to Time Machine was taking unusually long. When I pulled up Time Machine, all but the last few backups were no longer listed. When I checked the auxiliary drive, the same few backups were displayed...but the drive showed all but 5.17 GBs out of a possible 160 GBs were being "used". Has the history actually been erased or is it still being stored in the auxiliary drive but for some reason, not displayed? Where do I go from here?

It sounds like Time Machine did a full backup, or at least a very large one. That would also explain why, as William says, it seems to have deleted a lot of old backups.
It's also possible that it started a new "sequence" of backups. Try the procedure in #E3 of Time Machine - Troubleshooting (or use the link in *User Tips* at the top of this forum). See if that shows some older backups.
Also see #A1 there, for a handy widget that will display the log messages from recent backups. The size of each one will be documented there, along with other things. If one is quite large, that may explain what happened, if not why. If it was a full backup, see #D3 in Troubleshooting for some possible causes; if not, see #D4.
If in doubt, post back with the messages from the large backup, and full particulars, including how much data is on your system.

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    Restart the computer and hold the Command & R keys.
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