Can I upgrade MacBook Pro hard disk drive next year?

Hi there!  I'm new to the Apple Support Communities! 
I am going to buy a new 13" MacBook Pro, 2.5GHz.  I am going to buy the base model, with a 500GB 5400 RPM hard disk drive.  Right now, I can't afford a 256GB solid-state drive, but I'll have enough for one by later next year.  So, I will have done some stuff on my Mac by the time I can upgrade it. I know how to install the drive itself, but how do I transfer my information?
Here are the issues:
1) I don't know how I would make it so I could boot from an external USB. 
2) And I don't know how to get all my personal information from one drive to the other. 
For "2", I think I could back up my Mac to a hard drive with Time Machine, and then restore from a backup.  But Time Machine couldn't back up the whole OS, right?  And what would the procedure be anyway?  Just turn it on when I'm done the upgrade?
If someone who has done this before could provide step-by-step instructions, I would really appreciate it!
Thanks,
Solid-State Me 

Yes you can replace the hard drive at any time.  Purchase a replacement drive from any store you like - newegg or mcetech are good stores (among many others) - and when you purchase the new drive, also purchase a drive enclosure.  Then download a program called "super duper" and follow the instructions to use that software.  When your drive arrives, put the new drive in the enclosure, plug it in to your computer and run "super duper" with the option to "make the drive bootable" and let it finish.  What it's doing is copying your drive onto the new drive.  Once the copy is finished, you can shut down your computer, remove the drive, install the new one, and put the original drive into the enclosure.  Now you have an external hard drive that is repurposed instead of throwing it away.  Keep that drive intact for a few weeks without erasing or adding data to be sure you are happy with the new drive and how it performs.  After that, use the drive to store files, backup the internal, transfer stuff, whatever.

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