Difference between Circular, Rectangular and Free form Antenna??

Hi All,
What is the difference between a Circular, Rectangular and a Free form field Antenna other than the physical appearance?
Thanks,
Shridhar..

Hi Shridhar,
RFID Antennas
RFID antennas are always connected to an interrogator. This allows for the transmission of signals to and from the tag.
Antenna Design
Depending on the design, antennas can be either mono-static or bi-static:
Mono-static antennas are based on a principle by which a single antenna transmits a signal coming from the interrogator to the area as well as receives a signal coming from tags and these functions are switched in fractions of seconds. This requires use of a circulator in a reader that multiplexes the receive and transmit signals through a single port. There is some loss and phase distortion due to the use of a circulator.
Bi-static antennas include two antennas, where one antenna is dedicated to transmitting, and the other antenna is dedicated to receiving. Both dedicated antennas can be but do not have to be in the same casing. In bi-static antenna, a circulator is not required, which improves the performance and sensitivity of the antenna.
Antenna Polarity
Antenna polarity is very important because it affects the quality of communication between the interrogator and tag.
The interrogator's antenna and the tag's antenna should have the same polarization. If polarization is not realized, a severe loss in signal, along with a drastic decrease in a read range, which results in unsuccessful communication with a tag, can be experienced.
<b>Polarization can be either circular or linear.</b>
Linear polarization is relative to the surface of the earth.
<b>Linear polarization can also be either horizontal or vertical:</b>
Horizontally polarized signals propagate parallel to the earth.
Vertically polarized signals propagate perpendicular to the earth.
Antennas with circular polarization can receive signals from both the vertical and horizontal planes by injecting the signal at two points on the antenna radiated slightly out of phase creating a rotating effect on the field. However, there is a slight loss of signal strength, due to the constructive and deconstructive effect of the field being slightly out of phase.
Refer this link to get the other details regarding the Antenna Design
http://www.ibmpressbooks.com/articles/article.asp?p=413662&seqNum=2&rl=1
Also the Refer this link to get the detailed Antenna Anatomy
http://americanrfidsolutions.com/members/download/3.pdf
I hope This answers your question.
Regards ,
Pawan

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Implementation
Where does the ABAP Program Run?
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ABAP programs run in the SAP application server, under control of the runtime system, which is part of the SAP kernel. The runtime system is responsible for processing ABAP statements, controlling the flow logic of screens and responding to events (such as a user clicking on a screen button). A key component of the ABAP runtime system is the Database Interface, which turns database-independent ABAP statements ("Open SQL") into statements understood by the underlying DBMS ("Native SQL"). The database interface handles all the communication with the relational database on behalf of ABAP programs; it also contains extra features such as buffering of frequently accessed data in the local memory of the application server.
Basis
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SAP also provides a suite of tools for administering the Basis system. These tools perform tasks such as system performance monitoring, configuration, and system maintenance. To access the Basis administration tools from the main menu, choose the path Tools->Administration.
Platforms and Databases Supported by R/3
Operating Systems Supported Hardware Supported Front-Ends Supported Databases
AIX SINIX IBM SNI SUN Win 3.1/95/NT DB2 for AIX
SOLARIS HP-UX Digital HP OSF/Motif Informix-Online
Digital-UNIX Bull OS/2 Oracle 7.1
Windows NT AT&T Compaq Win 3.1/95/NT Oracle 7.1
Bull/Zenith OSF/Motif SQL Server 6.0
HP (Intel) SNI OS/2 ADABAS D
OS/400 AS/400 Win95 OS/2 DB2/400
SAP Systems and Landscapes
All SAP data exists and all SAP software runs in the context of an SAP system. A system consists of a central relational database and one or more application servers ("instances") accessing the data and programs in this database. A SAP system contains at least one instance but may contain more, mostly for reasons of sizing and performance. In a system with multiple instances, load balancing mechanisms ensure that the load is spread evenly over the available application servers.
Installations of the Web Application Server (landscapes) typically consist of three systems: one for development, one for testing and quality assurance, and one for production. The landscape may contain more systems, e.g. separate systems for unit testing and pre-production testing, or it may contain fewer, e.g. only development and production, without separate QA; nevertheless three is the most common configuration. ABAP programs are created and undergo first testing in the development system. Afterwards they are distributed to the other systems in the landscape. These actions take place under control of the Change and Transport System (CTS), which is responsible for concurrency control (e.g. preventing two developers from changing the same code at the same time), version management and deployment of programs on the QA and production systems.
The Web Application Server consists of three layers: the database layer, the application layer and the presentation layer. These layers may run on the same or on different physical machines. The database layer contains the relational database and the database software. The application layer contains the instance or instances of the system. All application processes, including the business transactions and the ABAP development, run on the application layer. The presentation layer handles the interaction with users of the system. Online access to ABAP application servers can go via a proprietary graphical interface, the SAPGUI, or via a Web browser.
Transactions
We call an execution of an ABAP program using a transaction code a transaction. There are dialog, report, parameter, variant, and as of release 6.10, OO transactions. A transaction is started by entering the transaction code in the input field on the standard toolbar, or by means of the ABAP statements CALL TRANSACTION or LEAVE TO TRANSACTION. Transaction codes can also be linked to screen elements or menu entries. Selecting such an element will start the transaction.
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Dialog Transaction
These are the most common kind of transactions. The transaction code of a dialog transaction is linked to a Dynpro of an ABAP program. When the transaction is called, the respective program is loaded and the Dynpro is called. Therefore, a dialog transaction calls a Dynpro sequence rather than a program. Only during the execution of the Dynpro flow logic are the dialog modules of the ABAP program itself are called. The program flow can differ from execution to execution. You can even assign different dialog transaction codes to one program.
Parameter Transaction
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Variant Transaction
In the definition of a variant transaction code, a dialog transaction is linked with a transaction variant. When a variant transaction is accessed, the dialog transaction is called and executed with the transaction variant. In transaction variants, you can assign default values to the input fields on several Dynpro screens in a transaction, change the attributes of screen elements, and hide entire screens. Transaction variants are maintained in transaction SHD0.
Report Transaction
A report transaction is the transaction code wrapping for starting the reporting process. The transaction code of a report transaction must be linked with the selection screen of an executable program. When you execute a report transaction, the runtime environment internally executes the ABAP statement SUBMITmore to come on that.
OO Transaction
A new kind of transaction as of release 6.10. The transaction code of an OO transaction is linked with a method of a local or global class. When the transaction is called, the corresponding program is loaded, for instance methods an object of the class is generated and the method is executed.
Types of ABAP programs
In ABAP, there are two different types of programs:
Report programs(Executable pools)
A Sample ReportReport programs AKA Executable pools follow a relatively simple programming model whereby a user optionally enters a set of parameters (e.g. a selection over a subset of data) and the program then uses the input parameters to produce a report in the form of an interactive list. The output from the report program is interactive because it is not a passive display; instead it enables the user, through ABAP language constructs, to obtain a more detailed view on specific data records via drill-down functions, or to invoke further processing through menu commands, for instance to sort the data in a different way or to filter the data according to selection criteria. This method of presenting reports has great advantages for users who must deal with large quantities of information and must also have the ability to examine this information in highly flexible ways, without being constrained by the rigid formatting or unmanageable size of "listing-like" reports. The ease with which such interactive reports can be developed is one of the most striking features of the ABAP language.
The term "report" is somewhat misleading in the sense that it is also possible to create report programs that modify the data in the underlying database instead of simply reading it.
A customized screen created using Screen Painter,which is one of the tool available in ABAP workbench(T-code = SE51).
Online programs
Online programs (also called module pools) do not produce lists. These programs define more complex patterns of user interaction using a collection of screens. The term screen refers to the actual, physical image that the users sees. Each screen also has a flow logic; this refers to the ABAP code invoked by the screens, i.e. the logic that initializes screens, responds to a users requests and controls the sequence between the screens of a module pool. Each screen has its own Flow Logic, which is divided into a "PBO" (Process Before Output) and "PAI" (Process After Input) section. In SAP documentation the term dynpro (dynamic program) refers to the combination of the screen and its Flow Logic.
Online programs are not invoked directly by their name, but are associated with a transaction code. Users can then invoke them through customizable, role-dependent, transaction menus.
Apart from reports and online programs, it is also possible to develop sharable code units such as class libraries, function libraries and subroutine pools.
Subroutine Pools
Subroutine pools, as the name implies, were created to contain selections of subroutines that can be called externally from other programs. Before release 6.10, this was the only way subroutine pools could be used. But besides subroutines, subroutine pools can also contain local classes and interfaces. As of release 6.10, you can connect transaction codes to methods. Therefore, you can now also call subroutine pools via transaction codes. This is the closest to a Java program you can get in ABAP: a subroutine pool with a class containing a method say main connected to a transaction code!
Type Pools
Type pools are the precursors to general type definitions in the ABAP Dictionary. Before release 4.0, only elementary data types and flat structures could be defined in the ABAP Dictionary. All other types that shouldve been generally available had to be defined with TYPES in type pools. As of release 4.0, type pools were only necessary for constants. As of release 6.40, constants can be declared in the public sections of global classes and type pools can be replaced by global classes.
Class Pools
Class pools serve as containers for exactly one global class. Besides the global class, they can contain global types and local classes/interfaces to be used in the global class. A class pool is loaded into memory by using one of its components. For example, a public method can be called from any ABAP program or via a transaction code connected to the method. You maintain class pools in the class builder.
Interface Pools
Interface pools serve as containers for exactly one global interfacenothing more and nothing less. You use an interface pool by implementing its interface in classes and by creating reference variables with the type of its interface. You maintain interface pools in the class builder.
ABAP Workbench
The ABAP Workbench contains different tools for editing Repository objects. These tools provide you with a wide range of assistance that covers the entire software development cycle. The most important tools for creating and editing Repository objects are:
ABAP Editor for writing and editing program code
ABAP Dictionary for processing database table definitions and retrieving global types
Menu Painter for designing the user interface (menu bar, standard toolbar, application toolbar, function key assignment)
Screen Painter for designing screens (dynamic programs) for user dialogs
Function Builder for displaying and processing function modules (routines with defined interfaces that are available throughout the system)
Class Builder for displaying and processing ABAP Objects classes
The ABAP Dictionary
Enforces data integrity
Manages data definitions without redundancy
Is tightly integrated with the rest of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench.
Enforcing data integrity is the process of ensuring that data entered into the system is logical, complete, and consistent. When data integrity rules are defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, the system automatically prevents the entry of invalid data. Defining the data integrity rules at the dictionary level means they only have to be defined once, rather than in each program that accesses that data.
The following are examples of data lacking integrity:
A date field with a month value of 13
An order assigned to a customer number that doesnt exist
An order not assigned to a customer
Managing data definitions without redundancy is the process of linking similar information to the same data definition. For example, a customer database is likely to contain a customers ID number in several places. The ABAP Dictionary provides the capability of defining the characteristics of a customer ID number in only one place. That central definition then can be used for each instance of a customer ID number.
The ABAP Dictionarys integration with the rest of the development environment enables ABAP programs to automatically recognize the names and characteristics of dictionary objects.
Additionally, the system provides easy navigation between development objects and dictionary definitions. For example, as a programmer, you can double-click on the name of a dictionary object in your program code, and the system will take you directly to the definition of that object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.
When a dictionary object is changed, a program that references the changed object will automatically reference the new version the next time the program runs. Because ABAP is interpreted, it is not necessary to recompile programs that reference changed dictionary objects.
ABAP Syntax
The syntax of the ABAP programming language consists of the following elements:
Statements
An ABAP program consists of individual ABAP statements. Each statement begins with a keyword and ends with a period.
"Hello World" PROGRAM
WRITE 'Hello World'.
This example contains two statements, one on each line. The keywords are PROGRAM and WRITE. The program displays a list on the screen. In this case, the list consists of the line "My First Program".
The keyword determines the category of the statement. For an overview of the different categories, refer to ABAP Statements.
Formatting ABAP Statements
ABAP has no format restrictions. You can enter statements in any format, so a statement can be indented, you can write several statements on one line, or spread a single statement over several lines.
You must separate words within a statement with at least one space. The system also interprets the end of line marker as a space.
The program fragment
PROGRAM TEST.
WRITE 'This is a statement'.
could also be written as follows:
PROGRAM TEST. WRITE 'This is a statement'.
or as follows:
PROGRAM
TEST.
WRITE
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Use this free formatting to make your programs easier to understand.
Special Case: Text Literals
Text literals are sequences of alphanumeric characters in the program code that are enclosed in quotation marks. If a text literal in an ABAP statement extends across more than one line, the following difficulties can occur:
All spaces between the quotation marks are interpreted as belonging to the text literal. Letters in text literals in a line that is not concluded with quotation marks are interpreted by the editor as uppercase. If you want to enter text literals that do not fit into a single line, you can use the & character to combine a succession of text literals into a single one.
The program fragment
PROGRAM TEST.
WRITE 'This
is
a statement'.
inserts all spaces between the quotation marks into the literal, and converts the letters to uppercase.
This program fragment
PROGRAM TEST.
WRITE 'This' &
' is ' &
'a statement'.
combines three text literals into one.
Chained Statements
The ABAP programming language allows you to concatenate consecutive statements with an identical first part into a chain statement.
To concatenate a sequence of separate statements, write the identical part only once and place a colon ( after it. After the colon, write the remaining parts of the individual statements, separating them with commas. Ensure that you place a period (.) after the last part to inform the system where the chain ends.
Statement sequence:
WRITE SPFLI-CITYFROM.
WRITE SPFLI-CITYTO.
WRITE SPFLI-AIRPTO.
Chain statement:
WRITE: SPFLI-CITYFROM, SPFLI-CITYTO, SPFLI-AIRPTO.
In the chain, a colon separates the beginning of the statement from the variable parts. After the colon or commas, you can insert any number of spaces.
You could, for example, write the same statement like this:
WRITE: SPFLI-CITYFROM,
SPFLI-CITYTO,
SPFLI-AIRPTO.
In a chain statement, the first part (before the colon) is not limited to the keyword of the statements.
Statement sequence:
SUM = SUM + 1.
SUM = SUM + 2.
SUM = SUM + 3.
SUM = SUM + 4.
Chain statement:
SUM = SUM + : 1, 2, 3, 4.
Comments
Comments are texts that you can write between the statements of your ABAP program to explain their purpose to a reader. Comments are distinguished by the preceding signs * (at the beginning of a line) and " (at any position in a line). If you want the entire line to be a comment, enter an asterisk (*) at the beginning of the line. The system then ignores the entire line when it generates the program. If you want part of a line to be a comment, enter a double quotation mark (") before the comment. The system interprets comments indicated by double quotation marks as spaces.
PROGRAM SAPMTEST *
WRITTEN BY KARL BYTE, 06/27/1995 *
LAST CHANGED BY RITA DIGIT, 10/01/1995 *
TASK: DEMONSTRATION *
PROGRAM SAPMTEST.
DECLARATIONS *
DATA: FLAG " GLOBAL FLAG
NUMBER TYPE I " COUNTER
PROCESSING BLOCKS *
Advantages of ABAP over Contemporary languages
ABAP OBJECTS
Object orientation in ABAP is an extension of the ABAP language that makes available the advantages of object-oriented programming, such as encapsulation, interfaces, and inheritance. This helps to simplify applications and make them more controllable.
ABAP Objects is fully compatible with the existing language, so you can use existing statements and modularization units in programs that use ABAP Objects, and can also use ABAP Objects in existing ABAP programs.
ABAP Statements an Overview
The first element of an ABAP statement is the ABAP keyword. This determines the category of the statement. The different statement categories are as follows:
Declarative Statements
These statements define data types or declare data objects which are used by the other statements in a program or routine. The collected declarative statements in a program or routine make up its declaration part.
Examples of declarative keywords:
TYPES, DATA, TABLES
Modularization Statements
These statements define the processing blocks in an ABAP program.
The modularization keywords can be further divided into:
· Defining keywords
You use statements containing these keywords to define subroutines, function modules, dialog modules and methods. You conclude these processing blocks using the END statements.
Examples of definitive keywords:
METHOD ... ENDMETHOD, FUNCTION ... ENDFUNCTION, MODULE ... ENDMODULE.
· Event keywords
You use statements containing these keywords to define event blocks. There are no special statements to conclude processing blocks - they end when the next processing block is introduced.
Examples of event key words:
AT SELECTION SCREEN, START-OF-SELECTION, AT USER-COMMAND
Control Statements
You use these statements to control the flow of an ABAP program within a processing block according to certain conditions.
Examples of control keywords:
IF, WHILE, CASE
Call Statements
You use these statements to call processing blocks that you have already defined using modularization statements. The blocks you call can either be in the same ABAP program or in a different program.
Examples of call keywords:
CALL METHOD, CALL TRANSACTION, SUBMIT, LEAVE TO
Operational Statements These keywords process the data that you have defined using declarative statements.
Examples of operational keywords:
MOVE, ADD
Unique Concept of Internal Table in ABAP
Internal tables provide a means of taking data from a fixed structure and storing it in working memory in ABAP. The data is stored line by line in memory, and each line has the same structure. In ABAP, internal tables fulfill the function of arrays. Since they are dynamic data objects, they save the programmer the task of dynamic memory management in his or her programs. You should use internal tables whenever you want to process a dataset with a fixed structure within a program. A particularly important use for internal tables is for storing and formatting data from a database table within a program. They are also a good way of including very complicated data structures in an ABAP program.
Like all elements in the ABAP type concept, internal tables can exist both as data types and as data objects A data type is the abstract description of an internal table, either in a program or centrally in the ABAP Dictionary, that you use to create a concrete data object. The data type is also an attribute of an existing data object.
Internal Tables as Data Types
Internal tables and structures are the two structured data types in ABAP. The data type of an internal table is fully specified by its line type, key, and table type.
Line type
The line type of an internal table can be any data type. The data type of an internal table is normally a structure. Each component of the structure is a column in the internal table. However, the line type may also be elementary or another internal table.
Key
The key identifies table rows. There are two kinds of key for internal tables - the standard key and a user-defined key. You can specify whether the key should be UNIQUE or NON-UNIQUE. Internal tables with a unique key cannot contain duplicate entries. The uniqueness depends on the table access method.
If a table has a structured line type, its default key consists of all of its non-numerical columns that are not references or themselves internal tables. If a table has an elementary line type, the default key is the entire line. The default key of an internal table whose line type is an internal table, the default key is empty.
The user-defined key can contain any columns of the internal table that are not references or themselves internal tables. Internal tables with a user-defined key are called key tables. When you define the key, the sequence of the key fields is significant. You should remember this, for example, if you intend to sort the table according to the key.
Table type
The table type determines how ABAP will access individual table entries. Internal tables can be divided into three types:
Standard tables have an internal linear index. From a particular size upwards, the indexes of internal tables are administered as trees. In this case, the index administration overhead increases in logarithmic and not linear relation to the number of lines. The system can access records either by using the table index or the key. The response time for key access is proportional to the number of entries in the table. The key of a standard table is always non-unique. You cannot specify a unique key. This means that standard tables can always be filled very quickly, since the system does not have to check whether there are already existing entries.
Sorted tables are always saved sorted by the key. They also have an internal index. The system can access records either by using the table index or the key. The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries, since the system uses a binary search. The key of a sorted table can be either unique or non-unique. When you define the table, you must specify whether the key is to be unique or not. Standard tables and sorted tables are known generically as index tables.
Hashed tables have no linear index. You can only access a hashed table using its key. The response time is independent of the number of table entries, and is constant, since the system access the table entries using a hash algorithm. The key of a hashed table must be unique. When you define the table, you must specify the key as UNIQUE.
Generic Internal Tables
Unlike other local data types in programs, you do not have to specify the data type of an internal table fully. Instead, you can specify a generic construction, that is, the key or key and line type of an internal table data type may remain unspecified. You can use generic internal tables to specify the types of field symbols and the interface parameters of procedures . You cannot use them to declare data objects.
Internal Tables as Dynamic Data Objects
Data objects that are defined either with the data type of an internal table, or directly as an internal table, are always fully defined in respect of their line type, key and access method. However, the number of lines is not fixed. Thus internal tables are dynamic data objects, since they can contain any number of lines of a particular type. The only restriction on the number of lines an internal table may contain are the limits of your system installation. The maximum memory that can be occupied by an internal table (including its internal administration) is 2 gigabytes. A more realistic figure is up to 500 megabytes. An additional restriction for hashed tables is that they may not contain more than 2 million entries. The line types of internal tables can be any ABAP data types - elementary, structured, or internal tables. The individual lines of an internal table are called table lines or table entries. Each component of a structured line is called a column in the internal table.
Choosing a Table Type
The table type (and particularly the access method) that you will use depends on how the typical internal table operations will be most frequently executed.
Standard tables
This is the most appropriate type if you are going to address the individual table entries using the index. Index access is the quickest possible access. You should fill a standard table by appending lines (ABAP APPEND statement), and read, modify and delete entries by specifying the index (INDEX option with the relevant ABAP command). The access time for a standard table increases in a linear relationship with the number of table entries. If you need key access, standard tables are particularly useful if you can fill and process the table in separate steps. For example, you could fill the table by appending entries, and then sort it. If you use the binary search option with key access, the response time is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries.
Sorted tables
This is the most appropriate type if you need a table which is sorted as you fill it. You fill sorted tables using the INSERT statement. Entries are inserted according to the sort sequence defined through the table key. Any illegal entries are recognized as soon as you try to add them to the table. The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries, since the system always uses a binary search. Sorted tables are particularly useful for partially sequential processing in a LOOP if you specify the beginning of the table key in the WHERE condition.
Hashed tables
This is the most appropriate type for any table where the main operation is key access. You cannot access a hashed table using its index. The response time for key access remains constant, regardless of the number of table entries. Like database tables, hashed tables always have a unique key. Hashed tables are useful if you want to construct and use an internal table which resembles a database table or for processing large amounts of data.
Advanced Topics
Batch Input: Concepts
Processing Sessions
The above figure shows how a batch input session works.A batch input session is a set of one or more calls to transactions along with the data to be processed by the transactions. The system normally executes the transactions in a session non-interactively, allowing rapid entry of bulk data into an R/3 System.
A session records transactions and data in a special format that can be interpreted by the R/3 System. When the System reads a session, it uses the data in the session to simulate on-line entry of transactions and data. The System can call transactions and enter data using most of the facilities that are available to interactive users.
For example, the data that a session enters into transaction screens is subject to the same consistency checking as in normal interactive operation. Further, batch input sessions are subject to the user-based authorization checking that is performed by the system.
Advantages of ABAP over Contemporary languages
ABAP Objects offers a number of advantages, even if you want to continue using procedural programming. If you want to use new ABAP features, you have to use object-oriented interfaces anyway.
Sharing Data: With ABAP shared objects, you can aggregate data once at a central location and the different users and programs can then access this data without the need for copying.
Exception Handling: With the class-based exception concept of ABAP, you can define a special control flow for a specific error situation and provide the user with information about the error.
Developing Persistency: For permanent storage of data in ABAP, you use relational database tables by means of database-independent Open SQL, which is integrated in ABAP. However, you can also store selected objects transparently or access the integrated database or other databases using proprietary SQL.
Connectivity and Interoperability: The Exchange Infrastructure and Web services are the means by which developers can implement a service-oriented architecture. With Web services, you can provide and consume services independently of implementation or protocol. Furthermore, you can do so within NetWeaver and in the communication with other systems. With the features of the Exchange Infrastructure, you can enable, manage, and adapt integration scenarios between systems.
Making Enhancements: With the Enhancement Framework, you can enhance programs, function modules, and global classes without modification as well as replace existing code. The Switch Framework enables you activate only specific development objects or enhancements in a system.
Considerable Aspects
It follows a list of aspects to be considered during development. The list of course is not complete.
Dynpro persistence
When implementing dynpros one has to care for himself to read out and persist the necessary fields. Recently it happened to me that I forgot to include a field into the UPDATE-clause which is an error not so easy to uncover if you have other problems to be solved in the same package. Here, tool-support or built-in mechanisms would help.
The developer could help himself out by creating something like a document containing a cookbook or guide in which parts of a dynpro logic one has to care about persistence. With that at hand, it would be quite easy finding those bugs in short time. Maybe a report scanning for the definition of the dynpro fields to be persisted could scan the code automatically, too.
Memory Cache
It should be common-sense that avoiding select-statements onto the database helps reducing the server load. For that the programmer either can resort to function modules if available. This maybe is the case for important tables. Or the programmer needs to implement his own logic using internal tables. Here, the standard software package could provide the developer with a tool or a mechanism auto-generating memory cached tables resp. function modules implementing this.
Sometimes buffering of database tables could be used, if applicable. But that would require an effort in customizing the system and could drain down system performance overall, especially if a table is involved that has a central role.
Interfaces
It should be noticed that some function modules available have an incomplete interface. That means, the interface does not include all parameters evaluated by the logic of the function module. For example, global variables from within the function group could be read out, which cannot be influenced by the general caller. Or memory parameters are used internally to feed the logic with further information.
One workaround here would be copying the relevant parts of the logic to a newly created function module and then adapt it to the own context. This sometimes is possible, maybe if the copied code is not too lengthy and only a few or no calls to other logic is part of it.
A modification of the SAP code could be considered, if the modification itself is unavoidable (or another solution would be not justifiable by estimated effort to spend on it) and if the location of the modification seems quite safe against future upgrades or hot fixes. The latter is something that could be evaluated by contacting the SAP hotline or working with OSS message (searching thru existing one, perhaps open a new one).
Example
'From SAP NetWeaver:'
set an exclusive lock at level object-type & object-id
IF NOT lf_bapi_error = true.
IF ( NOT istourhd-doc_type IS INITIAL ) AND
( NOT istourhd-doc_id IS INITIAL )
CALL FUNCTION 'ENQUEUE_/DSD/E_HH_RAREF'
EXPORTING
obj_typ = istourhd-doc_type
obj_id = istourhd-doc_id
EXCEPTIONS
foreign_lock = 1
system_failure = 2
OTHERS = 3.
IF sy-subrc <> 0.
terminate processing...
lf_bapi_error = true.
...and add message to return table
PERFORM set_msg_to_bapiret2
USING sy-msgid gc_abort sy-msgno
sy-msgv1 sy-msgv2 sy-msgv3 sy-msgv4
gc_istourhd gc_enqueue_refdoc space
CHANGING lt_return.
ENDIF.
ENDIF.
ENDIF. " bapi error
Example Report(Type - ALV(Advanced List Viewer))
REPORT Z_ALV_SIMPLE_EXAMPLE_WITH_ITAB .
*Simple example to use ALV and to define the ALV data in an internal
*table
*data definition
tables:
marav. "Table MARA and table MAKT
Data to be displayed in ALV
Using the following syntax, REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE can auto-
matically determine the fieldstructure from this source program
Data:
begin of imat occurs 100,
matnr like marav-matnr, "Material number
maktx like marav-maktx, "Material short text
matkl like marav-matkl, "Material group (so you can test to make
" intermediate sums)
ntgew like marav-ntgew, "Net weight, numeric field (so you can test to
"make sums)
gewei like marav-gewei, "weight unit (just to be complete)
end of imat.
Other data needed
field to store report name
data i_repid like sy-repid.
field to check table length
data i_lines like sy-tabix.
Data for ALV display
TYPE-POOLS: SLIS.
data int_fcat type SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV.
select-options:
s_matnr for marav-matnr matchcode object MAT1.
start-of-selection.
read data into table imat
select * from marav
into corresponding fields of table imat
where
matnr in s_matnr.
Check if material was found
clear i_lines.
describe table imat lines i_lines.
if i_lines lt 1.
Using hardcoded write here for easy upload
write: /
'No materials found.'.
exit.
endif.
end-of-selection.
To use ALV, we need a DDIC-structure or a thing called Fieldcatalogue.
The fieldcatalouge can be generated by FUNCTION
'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE' from an internal table from any
report source, including this report.
Store report name
i_repid = sy-repid.
Create Fieldcatalogue from internal table
CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'
EXPORTING
I_PROGRAM_NAME = i_repid
I_INTERNAL_TABNAME = 'IMAT' "capital letters!
I_INCLNAME = i_repid
CHANGING
CT_FIELDCAT = int_fcat
EXCEPTIONS
INCONSISTENT_INTERFACE = 1
PROGRAM_ERROR = 2
OTHERS = 3.
*explanations:
I_PROGRAM_NAME is the program which calls this function
I_INTERNAL_TABNAME is the name of the internal table which you want
to display in ALV
I_INCLNAME is the ABAP-source where the internal table is defined
(DATA....)
CT_FIELDCAT contains the Fieldcatalouge that we need later for
ALV display
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
write: /
'Returncode',
sy-subrc,
'from FUNCTION REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'.
ENDIF.
*This was the fieldcatlogue
Call for ALV list display
CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'
EXPORTING
I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM = i_repid
IT_FIELDCAT = int_fcat
TABLES
T_OUTTAB = imat
EXCEPTIONS
PROGRAM_ERROR = 1
OTHERS = 2.
*explanations:
I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM is the program which calls this function
IT_FIELDCAT (just made by REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE) contains
now the data definition needed for display
I_SAVE allows the user to save his own layouts
T_OUTTAB contains the data to be displayed in ALV
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
write: /
'Returncode',
sy-subrc,
'from FUNCTION REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'.
ENDIF.
OOPs ABAP uses Classes and Interfaces which uses Methods and events.
If you have Java skills it is advantage for you.
There are Local classes as well as Global Classes.
Local classes we can work in SE38 straight away.
But mostly it is better to use the Global classes.
Global Classes or Interfaces are to be created in SE24.
SAP already given some predefined classes and Interfaces.
This OOPS concepts very useful for writing BADI's also.
So first create a class in SE 24.
Define attributes, Methods for that class.
Define parameters for that Method.
You can define event handlers also to handle the messages.
After creation in each method write the code.
Methods are similar to ABAP PERFORM -FORM statements.
After the creation of CLass and methods come to SE38 and create the program.
In the program create a object type ref to that class and with the help of that Object call the methods of that Class and display the data.
Regards
Anji

What is difference between bex analyser and bex browser

what is difference between bex analyser and bex browser . please explain what are use of both and what we do in both.

hi
Bex Browser
The Business Explorer Browser (BEx Browser) makes it possible for you to access all document types of the Business Information Warehouse that are assigned to your role or that you have stored in your favorites. You can select and open documents assigned to you in the BEx Browser or store and manage new documents in the BEx Browser.
Document types that you can work with in the BEx Browser are:
· BW workbooks
· Documents that are stored in the Business Document Service (BDS)
· Links (references to file system, shortcuts)
· Links to internet sites (URLs)
· SAP transaction calls.
· Web applications and Web templates
· Crystal Reports
Bex Analyser
The Business Explorer Analyzer (BEx Analyzer) is the analysis and reporting tool of the Business Explorer that is embedded in Microsoft Excel.
Features
You can call up the BEx Query Designer in the BEx Analyzer, in order to define queries. Subsequently, you can analyze the selected InfoProvider data by navigation to the query created in the Query Designer and create different query views of the data. You can add the different query views for a query or for different queries to a work book and save them there. You can save the workbook in your favorites or in your role on the BW Server. You can also save the workbook locally on your computer.
Beyond that, you can precalculate the workbook and distribute it by e-mail to recipeients or you can export it to the Enterprise Portal and make it accessible to other employees in the company.
You can start queries in a standard view (with a Standard Web Template set up in Customizing) in the Web browser and forward the URL or continue to navigate on the Web. Similarly, you can export the Web query to MS Excel 2000.
Overview of the Functional Area of the BEx Analyzer:
·        BEx toolbar
You access the functions of the BEx Analyzer from the BEx toolbar, which takes you to the BEx Open dialog box where you can open existing queries, or to the BEx Query Designer where you can create new queries or change existing queries.
·        Evaluating Query Data
The BEx Analyzer offers convenient functions for evaluating and presenting InfoProvider data interactively. In the BEx Analyzer, you can add queries to workbooks, navigate within them and refresh the data. You can also process the queries further in Microsoft Excel or display them in the Web browser in a default view.
Navigation of a query allows you, for example, to filter characteristics on a single value, drilldown on all values for a characteristic, regroup characteristics and key figures in the rows and columns of the results area, or hide key figures. Navigation results in different views of the InfoProvider data. In addition, a range of further functions is available which allow you to edit a query interactively (for example, sorting, cumulated output, among others). In addition, you can use the editing functions in Microsoft Excel in order to set up individual format templates, to print results areas, or to create graphics.
·        Queries in Workbooks
Queries are inserted into workbooks so you can display them. When you insert a query, a link is made between the cell areas of the worksheet and the data of the InfoProvider upon which the query is based. A link therefore exists between the Business Explorer and the Business Information Warehouse Server (BW Server).
When inserting a query into the workbook, a VBA routine is automatically generated in the workbook. You can also connect the Business Explorer with your own VBA programs (Visual Basic for Applications).
You can create workbook templates, into which you can insert your queries. Workbook templates can contain pre-determined items for the area of the query, formatting settings, logos, VBA macros, and so on.
·        Precalculating workbooks
You can precalculate and distribute workbooks with the BEx Broadcaster, which is a Web application you get to form the BEx toolbar. The system generates MS Excel workbooks with historical data. You determine the time for precalculation yourself: You can have workbooks precalculated at a predefined time or they can be precalculated whenever data in the underlying InfoProvider changes. You can have the precalculated workbooks sent by e-mail or you can export them into the Enterprise Portal, where you can make them available to employees within your company.
Activities
To start the BEx Analyzer, choose Start ® Programs ® SAP Front-end Business Information Warehouse ® SAP Business Explorer Analyzer.
You can also access the BEx Analyzer via SAP Easy Access ® SAP Business Information Warehouse ® SAP Menu ® Business Explorer ® Analyzer or in the Business Explorer Browser using the Business Explorer Analyzer symbol in the menu bar.
Hope this will solve your issu
nagarjuna

What is difference between User Exits and BAPI

hello sap gurus
what is difference between User Exits and BAPIs

http://www.sap-img.com/abap/what-is-user-exits.htm
www.****************
Where as this customer exits are again divided into:
1. Menu Exits.
2. Field Exits.
3. Screen Exits.
4. Function module exits.
These all the things comes under Enhancements.
User exits
1.A user exit is a three character code that instructs the system to access a program during system processing.SXX: S is for standard exits that are delivered by SAP.
XX represents the 2-digit exit number.UXX: U is for user exits that are defined by the user. XX represents the 2-digit exit number
2.USER EXITS are FORMS and are called by SAP standard programs
using PERFORM.
3.Inside the form (user exit) you can read and change almost
any global data from host program.
4. User exits are more flexible because you have more information to use in your code but on the other hand , it is very easy to manipulate erroneously global data and lead the standard program to a dump or even to make database inconsistent.
5.While changing User-exit,Access Key is required,
BAPI is nothing function module but which is remote enabled, means you can access this fm through other SAP or non-SAP system by assingning to business object,which we can crea in SWO1 transaction.
more details see WWW.****************
reward if helpful

Difference between implicit enhancement and explicit enhancement

What is the difference between implicit enhancement and explicit enhancement .

Hi Peters,
Implicit enhancement option
Throughout the ABAP system, enhancement options are automatically available at certain pre-defined places. Some of the implicit options are:
u2022 At the end of all the programs (Includes, Reports, Function pool, Module pool, etc.), after the last statement
u2022 At the beginning and end of all FORM subroutines
u2022 At the end of all Function Modules
u2022 At the end of all visibility areas (public, protected and private) of local class
To view all the implicit options available in a source code, choose u2018Edit -> Enhancement Operations -> Show Implicit Enhancement Optionsu2019 from the editor.
Befor that you click on the spiral icon button in the application toolbar
Explicit enhancement option
The Implicit enhancement options are provided at specific source code places explicitly by SAP (Note that these enhancement definitions can also be created by partners and customers in their code).
There are two types of Explicit Enhancement options available. One which can be provided at a specific place - called Enhancement Point, and another which can be used to replace a set of statements u2013 called Enhancement Section. For this, we now have two new ABAP statements, viz.
u2022 ENHANCEMENT-POINT
u2022 ENHANCEMENT-SECTION
When the Enhancement-Section is implemented, only the implementation gets executed and the original code doesnu2019t get executed. This is a new technique, which didnu2019t exist previously in any of the old ways of enhancing, to exclude any standard SAP code from execution. Because of this, there can be only one active implementation of an Enhancement-Section. On the other hand, there can be multiple active implementations of an Enhancement-Point, in which case all the implementations will be executed with no guarantee in the order of execution.
For more information check the following link
[http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70/helpdata/en/94/9cdc40132a8531e10000000a1550b0/frameset.htm]
Thanks,
Surya

The difference between FIELD-SYMBOL and normal DATA TYPE

Dear experts,
Please see the example below, both are output the same result.
DATA: EXTERNAL_RECORD(4000),
      POSITION TYPE I,
      LENGTH TYPE N,
      ENTRY TYPE STRING.
EXTERNAL_RECORD = '0005Smith0007Edwards0005Young'.
DO.
LENGTH = EXTERNAL_RECORD+POSITION(4).
IF LENGTH = 0.
    EXIT.
ENDIF.
ADD 4 TO POSITION.
MOVE EXTERNAL_RECORD+POSITION(LENGTH) TO ENTRY.
WRITE ENTRY.
ADD LENGTH TO POSITION.
IF POSITION >= 4000.
    EXIT.
ENDIF.
ENDDO.
--OR It can be written as--
DATA: EXTERNAL_RECORD(4000),
      POSITION TYPE I,
      LENGTH TYPE N.
FIELD-SYMBOLS <ENTRY>.
EXTERNAL_RECORD = '0005Smith0007Edwards0005Young'.
DO.
LENGTH = EXTERNAL_RECORD+POSITION(4).
IF LENGTH = 0.
    EXIT.
ENDIF.
ADD 4 TO POSITION.
ASSIGN EXTERNAL_RECORD+POSITION(LENGTH) TO <ENTRY>.
WRITE <ENTRY>.
ADD LENGTH TO POSITION.
IF POSITION >= 4000.
    EXIT.
ENDIF.
ENDDO.
Is there any special circumstances we need to use FIELD-SYMBOL?
Why is FIELD-SYMBOL is introduce in the first place?
Kindly advice with example.
Thanks in advance for those who can help me on this.

HI,
You can use field symbols to make the program more dynamic. In this example the name of a table control is substituted by a field symbol. Thus you cal call the form with any internal table, using the name of the table control as a parameter.
Example
form insert_row
using p_tc_name.
field-symbols <tc> type cxtab_control. "Table control
assign (p_tc_name) to <tc>.
insert 100 lines in table control
<tc>-lines = 100.
Field symbols allow you to:
**     Assign an alias to a data object(for example, a shortened
        name for data objects structured through several hierarchies
        - <fs>-f instead of rec1-rec2-rec3-f)
**     Set the offset and length for a string variably at runtime
**     Set a pointer to a data object that you determine at runtime (dynamic ASSIGN)
**     Adopt or change the type of a field dynamically at runtime
**     Access components of a structure
**     (from Release 4.5A) Point to lines of an internal table
        (process internal tables without a separate work area)
Field symbols in ABAP are similar to pointers in other programming
languages. However, pointers (as used in PASCAL or C) differ from ABAP
field symbols in their reference syntax.
The statement ASSIGN f to <fs> assigns the field f to field
symbol <fs>. The field symbol <fs> then "points" to the
contents of field f at runtime. This means that all changes to the
contents of f are visible in <fs> and vice versa. You declare
the field symbol <fs> using the statement FIELD-SYMBOLS: <fs>.
Reference syntax
Programming languages such as PASCAL and C use a dereferencing symbol
to indicate the difference between a reference and the object to which
it refers; so PASCAL would use p^ for a pointer instead of p, C would
use *p instead of p. ABAP does not have any such dereferencing symbol.
**     In PASCAL or C, if you assign a pointer p1 to a pointer p2,
you force p1 to point to the object to which p2 refers (reference semantics).
**     In ABAP, if you assign a field symbol <fs1> to a field
symbol <fs2>, <fs1> takes the value of the data object to
which <fs2> refers (value semantics).
**     Field symbols in ABAP are always dereferenced, that is,
they always access the referenced data object. If you want to
change the reference yourself in ABAP, you can use the ASSIGN statement
to assign field symbol <fs1> to field symbol <fs2>.
Using field symbols
You declare field symbols using the FIELD-SYMBOLS statement.
They may be declared either with or without a specific type.
At runtime you assign a field to the field symbol using the ASSIGN
statement. All of the operations on the field symbol act on the field
assigned to it.
When you assign a field to an untyped field symbol, the field symbol
adopts the type of the field. If, on the other hand, you want to assign
a field to a typed field symbol, the type of the field and that of the
field symbol must be compatible.
A field symbol can point to any data object and from Release 4.5A,
they can also point to lines of internal tables.
The brackets (<>) are part of the syntax.
Use the expression <fs> IS ASSIGNED to find out whether the field
symbol <fs> is assigned to a field.
The statement UNASSIGN <fs> sets the field symbol <fs> so
that it points to nothing. The logical expression <fs>
IS ASSIGNED is then false. The corresponding negative expression
is IF NOT <fs> IS ASSIGNED.
An unassigned field symbol <fs> behaves as a constant with
type C(1) and initial value SPACE.
MOVE <fs>
TO dest     Transfers the initial value SPACE to the variable dest
MOVE 'A' to <fs>
Not possible, since <fs> is a constant
(runtime error).
To lift a type restriction, use the CASTING addition in the
ASSIGN statement. The data object is then interpreted as though
it had the data type of the field symbol. You can also do this
with untyped field symbols using the CASTING TYPE <type> addition.
The danger with pointers is that they may point to invalid areas.
This danger is not so acute in ABAP, because the language does not
use address arithmetic (for example, in other languages, pointer p
might point to address 1024. After the statement p = p + 10, it would
point to the address 1034). However, the danger does still exist, and
memory protection violations lead to runtime errors.
A pointer in ABAP may not point beyond a segment boundary. ABAP does
not have one large address space, but rather a set of segments.
Each of the following has its own segment:
*     All global data
*     All local data
*     Each table work area (TABLES)
*     Each COMMON PART
You should only let field symbols move within an elementary field or
structure where ABAP allows you to assign both within the global data
and beyond a field boundary.
Rgds
Umakanth

Difference between Drilldown report and Interactive report

There is no difference between drill down and interactive report, they are the same.
With drilldown reporting, SAP provides you with an interactive information system to let you evaluate the data collected in your application. This information system is capable of analyzing all the data according to any of the characteristics that describe the data. You can also use any key figures you wish to categorize your data. You can display a number of objects for a given key figure, or a number of key figures for a given object. In addition, the system lets you carry out any number of variance analyses (such as plan/actual comparisons, fiscal year comparisons, comparisons of different objects, and so on).
You can produce both simple, data-directed lists (basic reports) and complex, formatted lists in drilldown reporting (form reports).
Drilldown report provides you with comfortable functions for navigating through your data. For example, you can jump to the next level of detail or the next report object on the same level, hide individual levels and switch between the detail and drilldown lists. It also provides a number of additional functions which let you process lists interactively (sorting, conditions, ranking lists, and so on). SAP Graphics, SAPmail and the Excel List Viewer are also integrated into drilldown reporting.
The drilldown functions are divided into three groups which differ in the number of functions available. That way each user can choose the functional level most suited for his requirements.
In addition to the online functions for displaying reports, drilldown reporting also provides functions which let you print reports. A number of formatting functions are available to let you determine the look of your printed reports (page breaks, headers and footers, underscores, and so on).
The menus and the functions available directly on the drilldown report make it easy to use the information system.
What is an Interactive Report?
An interactive report generally works in the following fashion:
1. Basic list is displayed.
2. User double clicks on any valid line
    or
    User selects a line and presses as button on the tool bar.
3. The corresponding event is triggered
4. Then in the code, the line on which action was done, is read.
5. Depending on the values in that selected line, a secondary list is displayed.
6. Steps from 2-5 are repeated till the end.
From the above explanation, I believe, its clear that, the 20th list, will essentially depend on the "selected line" of 19th list. According to your question, you want to move to 20th list directly, without "a prior list". May I know the exact requirement so that, an appropriate solution can be suggested?
Again, your question was, how to move to 20th list directly on pressing of execute button. Its not possible to move to 20th list. You must cross over a basic list, before you can go to a different list level, using the code given by Pavan.
What are Drilldown reports?
The lines of basic list of a drilldown report when clicked, will take the user to the corresponding (standard) object's display.
For eg: Suppose your report's primary component is purchase requisition, (assume you are printing PR details), and the basic list displays details of many PRs.
Eg: when clicked on a particular line of the PR basic list, it takes you to std t-code me53 (display of purchase requisition). This is the 'Drill-down' functionality.
For this, in the at-line selection of your program, as per the above ex: you'll set the parameter ID of PR number BAN (that you can get from Data element) in memory (using set parameter id) and then calling the corresponding transaction (usually skipping initial screen of the std t-code).
Likewise, if it's Material Number (Matnr), you'll be displaying MM03 transaction w.r.t. the line's matnr.
AKSHAT..........

Good, information. But I think you should post these items in Wiki, in place of forum, as here we have Qns & Ans; problems and solutions.
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/wiki
[ABAP Development > ABAP General ]
Wiki is the right place for such knowledge base
Thanks!!
Regards,
Vishal.

Difference between Circular, Rectangular and Free form Antenna??

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