Difference between ordered by and sorted by?

hi,
Can any1 tell me wats the actual difference between ordered by and sorted by???

Generally speaking, when talking math, one talks about an "ordering" in some set of values. Usually one doesn't actually place them in order; the order is already there, implicit in the values. When talking computer science, one talks about "sorting" because the values may be in a sequence which violates the desired order, and you have to sort the sequence to match the order. "Sorting" isn't as relevant in math because there is no sense of the items being out of sequence when the order is established.
So "order" describes the ideal (which mathematicians care about).
"Sort" describes the practical, the activity needed to make the real match the ideal (which computer sciences care about).
That's my intuitive feeling on it, anyway.

Similar Messages

  • Difference between delivery related and order related billing

    Hello Friends,
    Kindly explain the difference between delivery related and order related billing with an example. Thanks

    The billing relevance is controlled by item category of material, which u have assigned to sales document type.
    For example
    1.item category –TAN
    Billing relevance is –A- Standard-Delivery-related billing document
    So in standard order of material which has to get delivered, we will bill it on its delivery. So billing relevance is delivery related billing.
    2.BVN
    In cash sales item category is BVN whose billing relevance is Relevant for order-related billing - status acc.to order qty.
    So here we will bill the customer from sales order only, no need to go to delivery.
    DON’T FORGT TO REWARD POINTS IF THIS ANSWER SATISFIES YOU.
    Thanks
    Tushar
    SAP SD, SAP BI
    09822984340

  • Difference between "Order to Delivery" and "Order to Cash"

    Hi,
            This could be a basic question. But, can any one tell me the difference between 'Order to Delivery" and "Order to Cash" Process.
    Thanks
    Anitha

    hi
    Order to cash cycle in SD starts with Inquiry -> Quotation -> Order -> Delivery ->Picking-->Post Goods Issue -> Invoice -> Accounting Document generation
    For Inquiry
    Doc. Type: IN
    T.Code: VA11(create), VA12(change), VA13(display)
    Process: Quotation
    Doc. Type: QT
    T.Code: VA21(create), VA22(change), VA23(display)
    Process: Order
    T.Code: VA01(create), VA02(change), VA03(display)
    Doc. Type: OR
    For Delivery
    Doc. Type: LF
    T.Code: VL01N(create), VL02N(change), VL03(display)
    For Billing
    Doc. Type: F2
    T.Code: VF01(cre ate), VF02(change), VF03(display)
    For Accounting Document
    T.Code: FB03(display)
    where as ORDER TO DELIVERY
    Delivery Order is the term of core team normally used for Delivery. Ideally insome of the legacy, they do not create Sales Order & use the term Delivery Order for Delivery.
    InSAP, we mornally map it as Sales order --> Delivery --> Post Goods issue --> Billing.
    At times we have to give meaning to the term sprecified by core team / end user & arrive at SAP terminology.

  • Difference between varient configuration and make to order

    hi friends please tell me what is the difference between variant configuration and make to order
    regards
    santosh

    Hi Santosh,
    [Variant Configuration|http://help.sap.com/saphelp_erp2004/helpdata/en/d8/fa9bd49ede11d1903b0000e8a49aad/content.htm]
    [Sales Order Management Make-to-order|http://www50.sap.com/businessmaps/092BF1DFEEB2456DADD0DD0284EBE8A2.htm]
    Assign Points if helpful.
    Thanks and Regards,
    Naveen Dasari.

  • What is difference between bex analyser and bex browser

    what is difference between bex analyser and bex browser . please explain what are use of both and what we do in both.

    hi
    Bex Browser
    The Business Explorer Browser (BEx Browser) makes it possible for you to access all document types of the Business Information Warehouse that are assigned to your role or that you have stored in your favorites. You can select and open documents assigned to you in the BEx Browser or store and manage new documents in the BEx Browser.
    Document types that you can work with in the BEx Browser are:
    · BW workbooks
    · Documents that are stored in the Business Document Service (BDS)
    · Links (references to file system, shortcuts)
    · Links to internet sites (URLs)
    · SAP transaction calls.
    · Web applications and Web templates
    · Crystal Reports
    Bex Analyser
    The Business Explorer Analyzer (BEx Analyzer) is the analysis and reporting tool of the Business Explorer that is embedded in Microsoft Excel.
    Features
    You can call up the BEx Query Designer in the BEx Analyzer, in order to define queries. Subsequently, you can analyze the selected InfoProvider data by navigation to the query created in the Query Designer and create different query views of the data. You can add the different query views for a query or for different queries to a work book and save them there. You can save the workbook in your favorites or in your role on the BW Server. You can also save the workbook locally on your computer.
    Beyond that, you can precalculate the workbook and distribute it by e-mail to recipeients or you can export it to the Enterprise Portal and make it accessible to other employees in the company.
    You can start queries in a standard view (with a Standard Web Template set up in Customizing) in the Web browser and forward the URL or continue to navigate on the Web. Similarly, you can export the Web query to MS Excel 2000.
    Overview of the Functional Area of the BEx Analyzer:
    ·        BEx toolbar
    You access the functions of the BEx Analyzer from the BEx toolbar, which takes you to the BEx Open dialog box where you can open existing queries, or to the BEx Query Designer where you can create new queries or change existing queries.
    ·        Evaluating Query Data
    The BEx Analyzer offers convenient functions for evaluating and presenting InfoProvider data interactively. In the BEx Analyzer, you can add queries to workbooks, navigate within them and refresh the data. You can also process the queries further in Microsoft Excel or display them in the Web browser in a default view.
    Navigation of a query allows you, for example, to filter characteristics on a single value, drilldown on all values for a characteristic, regroup characteristics and key figures in the rows and columns of the results area, or hide key figures. Navigation results in different views of the InfoProvider data. In addition, a range of further functions is available which allow you to edit a query interactively (for example, sorting, cumulated output, among others). In addition, you can use the editing functions in Microsoft Excel in order to set up individual format templates, to print results areas, or to create graphics.
    ·        Queries in Workbooks
    Queries are inserted into workbooks so you can display them. When you insert a query, a link is made between the cell areas of the worksheet and the data of the InfoProvider upon which the query is based. A link therefore exists between the Business Explorer and the Business Information Warehouse Server (BW Server).
    When inserting a query into the workbook, a VBA routine is automatically generated in the workbook. You can also connect the Business Explorer with your own VBA programs (Visual Basic for Applications).
    You can create workbook templates, into which you can insert your queries. Workbook templates can contain pre-determined items for the area of the query, formatting settings, logos, VBA macros, and so on.
    ·        Precalculating workbooks
    You can precalculate and distribute workbooks with the BEx Broadcaster, which is a Web application you get to form the BEx toolbar. The system generates MS Excel workbooks with historical data. You determine the time for precalculation yourself: You can have workbooks precalculated at a predefined time or they can be precalculated whenever data in the underlying InfoProvider changes. You can have the precalculated workbooks sent by e-mail or you can export them into the Enterprise Portal, where you can make them available to employees within your company.
    Activities
    To start the BEx Analyzer, choose Start ® Programs ® SAP Front-end Business Information Warehouse ® SAP Business Explorer Analyzer.
    You can also access the BEx Analyzer via SAP Easy Access ® SAP Business Information Warehouse ® SAP Menu ® Business Explorer ® Analyzer or in the Business Explorer Browser using the Business Explorer Analyzer symbol in the menu bar.
    Hope this will solve your issu
    nagarjuna

  • List of differences between PSE 40 and PSE30

    A lot of users are asking what are the differences between PSE 30 and PSE 40.
    This Thread provides information on this subject. First, you will find information copied from the section "New Features" of the useful "Adobe Photoshop Elements 4.0 User Guide". Then later on, you might find additional information on the same subject provided by users of PSE.
    --- Start of copy of information in the PSE 4.0 User Guide ----
    1 What's new in PSE 4.0
    1.1 Editing and selection
    1.1.1 Magic Selection Brush tool
    Easily and accurately select portions of your photos using this new tool in either Standard Edit and Quick Fix. Simply scribble or place dots on the object you want to select -no need to precisely outline the object- and Adobe Photoshop Elements selects the object for you. You can add to or subtract from the selection by using additional tools in the options bar. (See User Guide "To use the Magic Selection Brush tool" on page 193.)
    1.1.2 Magic Extractor.
    Easily select an object in a photo and extract it from its background. Just scribble or place dots on
    the object you want to extract; then scribble or place dots on the background, and Photoshop Elements separates the object from its background. This tool is perfect for creating composites or scrapbook images. (See User Guide "To use the Magic Extractor" on page 194.)
    1.1.3 Skin tone adjustment
    Click an area of skin and watch the tonal balance of all colors in the photo improve. If you
    want, you can also manually adjust the color by using color sliders. (See User Guide "To adjust the color of skin tone" on page 224.)
    1.1.4 Red eye removal
    Automatically remove red eye during import, or select one or more files and easily remove red eye
    in either the Organizer or the Editor. (See User Guide "To remove red eye" on page 249.)
    1.1.5 Defringe
    Automatically remove the colored specs or halo around the edges of a selection. (See User Guide "To defringe a Selection" on page 200.)
    1.1.6 Straighten tool
    Straighten and crop crooked photos by drawing a horizontal or vertical line in the image. Photoshop
    Elements aligns the photo to that line. (See User Guide "To straighten an image" on page 243.)
    1.1.7 WYSIWYG font menu
    What you see is what you get -see what each font looks like from within the font menu. (See
    User Guide "To choose a font family and style" on page 332.)
    1.2 Sharing and printing
    1.2.1 One-click printing (US, Canada, Japan only)
    Order prints and professional hardbound photo books directly from Photoshop Elements simply by dragging the items to the Order Prints palette. (See User Guide "To use the Order Prints palette (US, Canada, Japan only)" on page 401.)
    1.2.2 Slide shows on TV
    If you have Windows¨ XP Media Center 2005 installed, you can view your Photoshop Elements
    slide shows on your TV and navigate using your TV remote control. (See User Guide "To output a slide show" on page 354.)
    1.3 Tagging and organizing
    1.3.1 Face tagging
    Select a group of photos and let Photoshop Elements isolate and display all the faces so that you can
    quickly tag them. The Find Faces dialog box displays thumbnails of each face until you tag it. (See User Guide "To automatically find faces for tagging" on page 101.)
    1.3.2 Search by metadata
    Search for a variety of metadata criteria, such as file name, file type, shutter speed, camera
    model, date, and tags. You can search on multiple criteria at once. (See User Guide "To find photos by details (metadata)" on page 89.)
    1.3.3 PDF support
    Manage and tag PDF files in the Organizer. PDF files remain intact as one file that you can tag. Open
    the PDF in the Editor to extract individual pages. (See User Guide "To open a PDF file" on page 148.)
    --- Continuation in next Post of this Thread ----

    --- Continuation from previous Post -----
    2 What's changed in PSE 4.0
    2.1 Editing and selecting
    2.1.1 Crop tool
    Freely change image size boundaries while cropping an image. When you're happy with your crop marks,
    click the Commit button , which is now conveniently located at the bottom right corner of the crop border. (See User Guide "To crop an image" on page 240.)
    2.1.2 Paragraph text
    Create paragraph text by dragging a border with the Text tool. The text you enter inside the border
    wraps to remain inside the boundaries. (See User Guide "To add text" on page 329.)
    2.1.3 Quick Fix
    Use the newly enhanced automatic correction options for the most common photo flaws. (See User Guide "To correct color in Quick Fix" on page 207.)
    2.1.4 Easier color management
    Easily get the color you expect when printing. N ew options and improved embedded
    profile support streamline color management. (See User Guide "About color management" on page 236.)
    2.1.5 Advanced camera raw
    Fine tune exposure and lighting by working with the raw data from your digital camera, and
    easily export photos to the universal DNG format. (See User Guide "About camera raw image files" on page 159.)
    2.1.6 Artifact reduction
    Quickly remove noise caused by shooting in low light or with ISO camera settings by using the
    new Remove JPEG Artifacts option in the Noise filter. (See User Guide "Reduce Noise" on page 289.)
    2.2 Sharing and printing
    2.2.1 Multimedia slide shows
    Create feature-rich slide shows with all the new tools and options available in the Slide Show
    Editor:
    a) Gracefully move from one image to another by adding interesting transitions between each slide. You can choose from over 50 transitions, such as dissolves and doors. (See User Guide "To add and edit transitions" on page 352.)
    b) Add text and graphics with the click of a button. (See User Guide "To add text to a slide" on page 348 and "To add clip art graphics to a slide" on page 347.)
    c) Make your slide show feel more like a video by panning and zooming your slides. For instance, you can pan from a face on the left side of an image to a face on the right side of the image. (See User Guide "To set pan and zoom" on page 350.)
    d) Add background music, make the duration of your slides match the duration of your audio, and narrate your slides all with the click of a button. (See User Guide "To add music to a slide show" on page 347 and "To add narration to a slide" on page 350.)
    e) Quickly reorder or edit your slides without leaving the Slide Show Editor. (See User Guide "To reorder slides" on page 346.)
    f) Preview anytime by clicking the Preview button, and then output your slide show by burning a DVD (if you have Adobe ' Premiere' Elements installed), sending it in e-mail, sharing it online, or sending it to your TV. (See User Guide "To output a slide show" on page 354.)
    2.2.2 Photo mail
    Turn plain e-mail into theme-based Photo Mail with enhanced and easier to use captions. (See User Guide "To send a photo using Photo Mail" on page 407.)
    2.2.3 Desktop wallpaper
    Create original desktop wallpaper using multiple photos. (See User Guide "To use photos as desktop
    Wallpaper" on page 367.)
    2.2.4 Creations
    Create your own cards, calendars, and photo albums, and then print them on your printer, upload them
    to the web, or burn them to CD. (See User Guide "About creations" on page 343.)
    2.3 Viewing, tagging, and organizing
    2.3.1 Faster download
    Use the enhanced Photo Downloader to quickly download photos from your digital camera and
    mobile phone, even when Photoshop Elements is not running. (See User Guide "To get photos from a digital camera or card reader" on page 62.)
    2.3.2 Full Screen and Side By Side View
    View your photos in full screen without the clutter of command menus and tools.
    (See User Guide "Viewing photos at full screen or side-by-side" on page 76.)
    2.3.3 Automatic organization and view options
    View your photos as arranged automatically by date, or use the intuitive
    Date View or the enhanced Folder Location view. (See User Guide "To sort files in the Photo Browser" on page 71.)
    2.3.4 Address book
    Import your addresses from Microsoft Outlook address book or vCards. (See User Guide "Using the contact Book" on page 404.)
    2.3.5 Captions
    Add captions to multiple photos at once. Open and edit audio captions by simply clicking the Audio
    icon in thumbnail view in the Photo Browser. (See User Guide "To add captions to files" on page 123 and "To add audio to a photo" on page 124.)
    --- End of Information Copied from the Adobe PSE 4.0 User Guide

  • Wat is the exact differences between clustered table and pooled table

    hi,
       can you tell me ravi...wat is the exact differences between clustered table and pooled table
    with regards//
    anilreddyg

    Hi Anil Reddy
    Pooled Tables, Table Pools, Cluster Tables, and Table Clusters
    These types of tables are not transparent in the sense that they are not legible or manageable directly using the underlying database system tools. They are managed from within the R/3 environment from the ABAP dictionary and also at runtime when they are loaded into application memory.Pool and cluster tables are logical tables. Physically, these logical tables are arranged as records of transparent tables. The pool and cluster tables are grouped together in other tables, which are of the transparent type. The tables that group together pool tables are known as table pools, or just pools; similarly, table clusters, or just
    clusters, are the tables which group cluster tables.Not all operations that can be performed over transparent tables can be executed over pool or cluster tables.
    For instance, you can manage these tables using Open SQL calls from ABAP, but not Native SQL.These tables are meant to be buffered and loaded in memory, because they are commonly used for storing internal control information and other types of data with no external (business) relevance. SAP recommends that tables of pool or cluster type be used exclusively for control information such as
    program parameters, documentation, and so on. Transaction and application data should be stored in transparent tables.
    Table Pools
    From the point of view of the underlying DBMS as from the point of view of the ABAP dictionary, a table pool is a transparent table containing a group of pooled tables which, when created, were assigned to this table pool.
    Field Type Description
    TABNAME CHAR(10) Table name
    VARKEY CHAR(n) Maximum key length n =< 110
    DATALN INT2(5) Length of the VARDATA record returned
    VARDATA RAW(m) Maximum length of the data varies according to DBMS
    Table Clusters
    Similarly to pooled tables, cluster tables are logical tables which, when created, are assigned to a table cluster. Therefore, a table cluster, or just cluster, groups together several tables of type clusters.Several logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical record. The records
    from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database.A cluster contains a transparent cluster key which must be located at the start of the key of all logical cluster tables to be included in the cluster. As well, a cluster contains a long field (VARDATA), which contains the
    data of the cluster tables for this key. If the data does not fit into a field, continuation records are created.
    Field Type Description
    CLKEY1 CHAR(*) First key fields
    CLKEY2 CHAR(*) Second key field
    CLKEYN CHAR(*) nth key field
    PAGENO INT2(5) Number of the next page
    TIMESTMP CHAR(14) Time stamp
    PAGELG INT2(5) Length of the VARDATA record returned
    VARDATA RAW(*) Maximum length of the data section; varies according to database system
    Working with Tables
    The dictionary includes many functions for working with tables. There are five basic operations you can perform on tables: display, create, delete, modify, copy. Please do not confuse displaying a table with displaying the table entries (table contents). In order to display a table, it must previously exist; otherwise the system will display an error message in the status bar. For the following example, the table TABNA is used. To display this table, from the main dictionary screen, enter the table name in the Object name
    input field with the radio button selected next to Tables. Then, click on the Display button at the bottom of the screen, or press the F7 function key, or, alternatively,
    select Dictionary object Display from the menu.
    In this screen, you can see table information such as
    ¨ Table type, shown next to the name of the object. In the example, it is a transparent table.
    ¨ Short text description.
    ¨ Name of the user who made the last change, and the date of the change.
    ¨ Master language.
    ¨ Table status. On the screen, you can see this table is saved and active.
    ¨ Development class. For information on development classes, refer to Chap. 6.
    Delivery class, which sets the maintenance group for the table. It controls how tables will behave during client copy procedures, upgrades, and so forth.¨
    Tab. Maint. Allowed flag, which indicates whether you can generate a screen for maintaining table entries.
    ¨Then, on the lower part of the screen, you can see the table fields with all associated characteristics such as:
    ¨ Field name.
    ¨ Key indicator. When set, this field is the primary key, or part of it.
    ¨ Data element.
    ¨ Basic data type.
    ¨ Length.
    ¨ Check table.
    ¨ Short text, describing the field.
    Additional information about the table can be displayed by selecting the corresponding functions from the menu or directly from the application toolbar, such as keys, indexes, or technical settings
    Standard table:
    The key access to a standard table uses a sequential search. The time required for an access is linearly dependent on the number of entries in the internal table.
    You should usually access a standard table with index operations.
    Sorted table:
    The table is always stored internally sorted by its key. Key access to a sorted table can therefore use a binary search. If the key is not unique, the entry with the lowest index is accessed. The time required for an access is logarithmically dependent on the number of entries in the internal table.
    Index accesses to sorted tables are also allowed. You should usually access a sorted table using its key.
    Hash table:
    The table is internally managed with a hash procedure. All the entries must have a unique key. The time required for a key access is constant, that is it does not depend on the number of entries in the internal table.
    You cannot access a hash table with an index. Accesses must use generic key operations (SORT, LOOP, etc.).
    Index table:
    The table can be a standard table or a sorted table.
    Index access is allowed to such an index table. Index tables can be used to define the type of generic parameters of a FORM (subroutine) or a function module.
    Just have a look at these links:
    http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/90/8d7304b1af11d194f600a0c929b3c3/frameset.htm
    http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/74/83015785d811d295a800a0c929b3c3/frameset.htm
    Regards
    Sreeni

  • Differences between Procedural ABAP and OOPs ABAP

    Hi Friends,
    Can any one explain the differences between Procedural ABAP and OOPs ABAP in brief ? pls explain the most important ( atleast 3 or 4 points ). pls don't give me any other links, i will appreciate for good responses... and will be awarded with full points...
    Thanks and Regards
    Vijaya

    Hi
    Core ABAP (procedural) works with Event driven, subroutine driven one
    OOPS ABAP works on the OOPS concepts like Inheritance, polymorphism,abstraction and encapsulation.
    see the doc
    ABAP is one of many application-specific fourth-generation languages (4GLs) first developed in the 1980s. It was originally the report language for SAP R/2, a platform that enabled large corporations to build mainframe business applications for materials management and financial and management accounting. ABAP used to be an abbreviation of Allgemeiner Berichtsaufbereitungsprozessor, the German meaning of "generic report preparation processor", but was later renamed to Advanced Business Application Programming. ABAP was one of the first languages to include the concept of Logical Databases (LDBs), which provides a high level of abstraction from the basic database level.
    The ABAP programming language was originally used by SAP developers to develop the SAP R/3 platform. It was also intended to be used by SAP customers to enhance SAP applications – customers can develop custom reports and interfaces with ABAP programming. The language is fairly easy to learn for programmers but it is not a tool for direct use by non-programmers. Good programming skills, including knowledge of relational database design and preferably also of object-oriented concepts, are required to create ABAP programs.
    ABAP remains the language for creating programs for the client-server R/3 system, which SAP first released in 1992. As computer hardware evolved through the 1990s, more and more of SAP's applications and systems were written in ABAP. By 2001, all but the most basic functions were written in ABAP. In 1999, SAP released an object-oriented extension to ABAP called ABAP Objects, along with R/3 release 4.6.
    SAP's most recent development platform, NetWeaver, supports both ABAP and Java.
    Implementation
    Where does the ABAP Program Run?
    All ABAP programs reside inside the SAP database. They are not stored in separate external files like Java or C++ programs. In the database all ABAP code exists in two forms: source code, which can be viewed and edited with the ABAP workbench, and "compiled" code ("generated" code is the more correct technical term), which is loaded and interpreted by the ABAP runtime system. Code generation happens implicitly when a unit of ABAP code is first invoked. If the source code is changed later or if one of the data objects accessed by the program has changed (e.g. fields were added to a database table), then the code is automatically regenerated.
    ABAP programs run in the SAP application server, under control of the runtime system, which is part of the SAP kernel. The runtime system is responsible for processing ABAP statements, controlling the flow logic of screens and responding to events (such as a user clicking on a screen button). A key component of the ABAP runtime system is the Database Interface, which turns database-independent ABAP statements ("Open SQL") into statements understood by the underlying DBMS ("Native SQL"). The database interface handles all the communication with the relational database on behalf of ABAP programs; it also contains extra features such as buffering of frequently accessed data in the local memory of the application server.
    Basis
    Basis sits between ABAP/4 and Operating system.Basis is like an operating system for R/3. It sits between the ABAP/4 code and the computer's operating system. SAP likes to call it middleware because it sits in the middle, between ABAP/4 and the operating system. Basis sits between ABAP/4 and the operating system. ABAP/4 cannot run directly on an operating system. It requires a set of programs (collectively called Basis) to load, interpret, and buffer its input and output. Basis, in some respects, is like the Windows environment. Windows starts up, and while running it provides an environment in which Windows programs can run. Without Windows, programs written for the Windows environment cannot run. Basis is to ABAP/4 programs as Windows is to Windows programs. Basis provides the runtime environment for ABAP/4 programs. Without Basis, ABAP/4 programs cannot run. When the operator starts up R/3, you can think of him as starting up Basis. Basis is a collection of R/3 system programs that present you with an interface. Using this interface the user can start ABAP/4 programs. To install Basis, an installer runs the program r3inst at the command-prompt level of the operating system. Like most installs, this creates a directory structure and copies a set of executables into it. These executables taken together as a unit form Basis.
    To start up the R/3 system, the operator enters the startsap command. The Basis executables start up and stay running, accepting requests from the user to run ABAP/4 programs.
    ABAP/4 programs run within the protective Basis environment; they are not executables that run on the operating system. Instead, Basis reads ABAP/4 code and interprets it into operating system instructions. ABAP/4 programs do not access operating system functions directly. Instead, they use Basis functions to perform file I/O and display data in windows. This level of isolation from the operating system enables ABAP/4 programs to be ported without modification to any system that supports R/3. This buffering is built right into the ABAP/4 language itself and is actually totally transparent to the programmer.
    Basis makes ABAP/4 programs portable. The platforms that R/3 can run on are shown in Table. For example, if you write an ABAP/4 program on Digital UNIX with an Informix database and an OSF/Motif interface, that same program should run without modification on a Windows NT machine with an Oracle database and a Windows 95 interface. Or, it could run on an AS/400 with a DB2 database using OS/2 as the front-end.
    SAP also provides a suite of tools for administering the Basis system. These tools perform tasks such as system performance monitoring, configuration, and system maintenance. To access the Basis administration tools from the main menu, choose the path Tools->Administration.
    Platforms and Databases Supported by R/3
    Operating Systems Supported Hardware Supported Front-Ends Supported Databases
    AIX SINIX IBM SNI SUN Win 3.1/95/NT DB2 for AIX
    SOLARIS HP-UX Digital HP OSF/Motif Informix-Online
    Digital-UNIX Bull OS/2 Oracle 7.1
    Windows NT AT&T Compaq Win 3.1/95/NT Oracle 7.1
    Bull/Zenith OSF/Motif SQL Server 6.0
    HP (Intel) SNI OS/2 ADABAS D
    OS/400 AS/400 Win95 OS/2 DB2/400
    SAP Systems and Landscapes
    All SAP data exists and all SAP software runs in the context of an SAP system. A system consists of a central relational database and one or more application servers ("instances") accessing the data and programs in this database. A SAP system contains at least one instance but may contain more, mostly for reasons of sizing and performance. In a system with multiple instances, load balancing mechanisms ensure that the load is spread evenly over the available application servers.
    Installations of the Web Application Server (landscapes) typically consist of three systems: one for development, one for testing and quality assurance, and one for production. The landscape may contain more systems, e.g. separate systems for unit testing and pre-production testing, or it may contain fewer, e.g. only development and production, without separate QA; nevertheless three is the most common configuration. ABAP programs are created and undergo first testing in the development system. Afterwards they are distributed to the other systems in the landscape. These actions take place under control of the Change and Transport System (CTS), which is responsible for concurrency control (e.g. preventing two developers from changing the same code at the same time), version management and deployment of programs on the QA and production systems.
    The Web Application Server consists of three layers: the database layer, the application layer and the presentation layer. These layers may run on the same or on different physical machines. The database layer contains the relational database and the database software. The application layer contains the instance or instances of the system. All application processes, including the business transactions and the ABAP development, run on the application layer. The presentation layer handles the interaction with users of the system. Online access to ABAP application servers can go via a proprietary graphical interface, the SAPGUI, or via a Web browser.
    Transactions
    We call an execution of an ABAP program using a transaction code a transaction. There are dialog, report, parameter, variant, and as of release 6.10, OO transactions. A transaction is started by entering the transaction code in the input field on the standard toolbar, or by means of the ABAP statements CALL TRANSACTION or LEAVE TO TRANSACTION. Transaction codes can also be linked to screen elements or menu entries. Selecting such an element will start the transaction.
    A transaction code is simply a twenty-character name connected with a Dynpro, another transaction code, or, as of release 6.10, a method of an ABAP program. Transaction codes linked with Dynpros are possible for executable programs, module pools, and function groups. Parameter transactions and variant transactions are linked with other transaction codes. Transaction codes that are linked with methods are allowed for all program types that can contain methods. Transaction codes are maintained in transaction SE93.
    So, a transaction is nothing more than the SAP way of program execution—but why is it called “transaction”? ABAP is a language for business applications and the most important features of business applications were and still are are transactions. Since in the early days of SAP, the execution of a program often meant the same thing as carrying out a business transaction, the terms transaction and transaction code were chosen for program execution. But never mix up the technical meaning of a transaction with business transactions. For business transactions, it is the term LUW (Logical Unit of Work) that counts. And during one transaction (program execution), there can be many different LUW’s.
    Let’s have a look at the different kind of transactions:
    Dialog Transaction
    These are the most common kind of transactions. The transaction code of a dialog transaction is linked to a Dynpro of an ABAP program. When the transaction is called, the respective program is loaded and the Dynpro is called. Therefore, a dialog transaction calls a Dynpro sequence rather than a program. Only during the execution of the Dynpro flow logic are the dialog modules of the ABAP program itself are called. The program flow can differ from execution to execution. You can even assign different dialog transaction codes to one program.
    Parameter Transaction
    In the definition of a parameter transaction code, a dialog transaction is linked with parameters. When you call a parameter transaction, the input fields of the initial Dynpro screen of the dialog transaction are filled with parameters. The display of the initial screen can be inhibited by specifying all mandatory input fields as parameters of the transaction.
    Variant Transaction
    In the definition of a variant transaction code, a dialog transaction is linked with a transaction variant. When a variant transaction is accessed, the dialog transaction is called and executed with the transaction variant. In transaction variants, you can assign default values to the input fields on several Dynpro screens in a transaction, change the attributes of screen elements, and hide entire screens. Transaction variants are maintained in transaction SHD0.
    Report Transaction
    A report transaction is the transaction code wrapping for starting the reporting process. The transaction code of a report transaction must be linked with the selection screen of an executable program. When you execute a report transaction, the runtime environment internally executes the ABAP statement SUBMIT—more to come on that.
    OO Transaction
    A new kind of transaction as of release 6.10. The transaction code of an OO transaction is linked with a method of a local or global class. When the transaction is called, the corresponding program is loaded, for instance methods an object of the class is generated and the method is executed.
    Types of ABAP programs
    In ABAP, there are two different types of programs:
    Report programs(Executable pools)
    A Sample ReportReport programs AKA Executable pools follow a relatively simple programming model whereby a user optionally enters a set of parameters (e.g. a selection over a subset of data) and the program then uses the input parameters to produce a report in the form of an interactive list. The output from the report program is interactive because it is not a passive display; instead it enables the user, through ABAP language constructs, to obtain a more detailed view on specific data records via drill-down functions, or to invoke further processing through menu commands, for instance to sort the data in a different way or to filter the data according to selection criteria. This method of presenting reports has great advantages for users who must deal with large quantities of information and must also have the ability to examine this information in highly flexible ways, without being constrained by the rigid formatting or unmanageable size of "listing-like" reports. The ease with which such interactive reports can be developed is one of the most striking features of the ABAP language.
    The term "report" is somewhat misleading in the sense that it is also possible to create report programs that modify the data in the underlying database instead of simply reading it.
    A customized screen created using Screen Painter,which is one of the tool available in ABAP workbench(T-code = SE51).
    Online programs
    Online programs (also called module pools) do not produce lists. These programs define more complex patterns of user interaction using a collection of screens. The term “screen” refers to the actual, physical image that the users sees. Each screen also has a “flow logic”; this refers to the ABAP code invoked by the screens, i.e. the logic that initializes screens, responds to a user’s requests and controls the sequence between the screens of a module pool. Each screen has its own Flow Logic, which is divided into a "PBO" (Process Before Output) and "PAI" (Process After Input) section. In SAP documentation the term “dynpro” (dynamic program) refers to the combination of the screen and its Flow Logic.
    Online programs are not invoked directly by their name, but are associated with a transaction code. Users can then invoke them through customizable, role-dependent, transaction menus.
    Apart from reports and online programs, it is also possible to develop sharable code units such as class libraries, function libraries and subroutine pools.
    Subroutine Pools
    Subroutine pools, as the name implies, were created to contain selections of subroutines that can be called externally from other programs. Before release 6.10, this was the only way subroutine pools could be used. But besides subroutines, subroutine pools can also contain local classes and interfaces. As of release 6.10, you can connect transaction codes to methods. Therefore, you can now also call subroutine pools via transaction codes. This is the closest to a Java program you can get in ABAP: a subroutine pool with a class containing a method – say – main connected to a transaction code!
    Type Pools
    Type pools are the precursors to general type definitions in the ABAP Dictionary. Before release 4.0, only elementary data types and flat structures could be defined in the ABAP Dictionary. All other types that should’ve been generally available had to be defined with TYPES in type pools. As of release 4.0, type pools were only necessary for constants. As of release 6.40, constants can be declared in the public sections of global classes and type pools can be replaced by global classes.
    Class Pools
    Class pools serve as containers for exactly one global class. Besides the global class, they can contain global types and local classes/interfaces to be used in the global class. A class pool is loaded into memory by using one of its components. For example, a public method can be called from any ABAP program or via a transaction code connected to the method. You maintain class pools in the class builder.
    Interface Pools
    Interface pools serve as containers for exactly one global interface—nothing more and nothing less. You use an interface pool by implementing its interface in classes and by creating reference variables with the type of its interface. You maintain interface pools in the class builder.
    ABAP Workbench
    The ABAP Workbench contains different tools for editing Repository objects. These tools provide you with a wide range of assistance that covers the entire software development cycle. The most important tools for creating and editing Repository objects are:
    ABAP Editor for writing and editing program code
    ABAP Dictionary for processing database table definitions and retrieving global types
    Menu Painter for designing the user interface (menu bar, standard toolbar, application toolbar, function key assignment)
    Screen Painter for designing screens (dynamic programs) for user dialogs
    Function Builder for displaying and processing function modules (routines with defined interfaces that are available throughout the system)
    Class Builder for displaying and processing ABAP Objects classes
    The ABAP Dictionary
    Enforces data integrity
    Manages data definitions without redundancy
    Is tightly integrated with the rest of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench.
    Enforcing data integrity is the process of ensuring that data entered into the system is logical, complete, and consistent. When data integrity rules are defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, the system automatically prevents the entry of invalid data. Defining the data integrity rules at the dictionary level means they only have to be defined once, rather than in each program that accesses that data.
    The following are examples of data lacking integrity:
    A date field with a month value of 13
    An order assigned to a customer number that doesn’t exist
    An order not assigned to a customer
    Managing data definitions without redundancy is the process of linking similar information to the same data definition. For example, a customer database is likely to contain a customer’s ID number in several places. The ABAP Dictionary provides the capability of defining the characteristics of a customer ID number in only one place. That central definition then can be used for each instance of a customer ID number.
    The ABAP Dictionary’s integration with the rest of the development environment enables ABAP programs to automatically recognize the names and characteristics of dictionary objects.
    Additionally, the system provides easy navigation between development objects and dictionary definitions. For example, as a programmer, you can double-click on the name of a dictionary object in your program code, and the system will take you directly to the definition of that object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.
    When a dictionary object is changed, a program that references the changed object will automatically reference the new version the next time the program runs. Because ABAP is interpreted, it is not necessary to recompile programs that reference changed dictionary objects.
    ABAP Syntax
    The syntax of the ABAP programming language consists of the following elements:
    Statements
    An ABAP program consists of individual ABAP statements. Each statement begins with a keyword and ends with a period.
    "Hello World" PROGRAM
    WRITE 'Hello World'.
    This example contains two statements, one on each line. The keywords are PROGRAM and WRITE. The program displays a list on the screen. In this case, the list consists of the line "My First Program".
    The keyword determines the category of the statement. For an overview of the different categories, refer to ABAP Statements.
    Formatting ABAP Statements
    ABAP has no format restrictions. You can enter statements in any format, so a statement can be indented, you can write several statements on one line, or spread a single statement over several lines.
    You must separate words within a statement with at least one space. The system also interprets the end of line marker as a space.
    The program fragment
    PROGRAM TEST.
    WRITE 'This is a statement'.
    could also be written as follows:
    PROGRAM TEST. WRITE 'This is a statement'.
    or as follows:
    PROGRAM
    TEST.
    WRITE
    'This is a statement'.
    Use this free formatting to make your programs easier to understand.
    Special Case: Text Literals
    Text literals are sequences of alphanumeric characters in the program code that are enclosed in quotation marks. If a text literal in an ABAP statement extends across more than one line, the following difficulties can occur:
    All spaces between the quotation marks are interpreted as belonging to the text literal. Letters in text literals in a line that is not concluded with quotation marks are interpreted by the editor as uppercase. If you want to enter text literals that do not fit into a single line, you can use the ‘&’ character to combine a succession of text literals into a single one.
    The program fragment
    PROGRAM TEST.
    WRITE 'This
    is
    a statement'.
    inserts all spaces between the quotation marks into the literal, and converts the letters to uppercase.
    This program fragment
    PROGRAM TEST.
    WRITE 'This' &
    ' is ' &
    'a statement'.
    combines three text literals into one.
    Chained Statements
    The ABAP programming language allows you to concatenate consecutive statements with an identical first part into a chain statement.
    To concatenate a sequence of separate statements, write the identical part only once and place a colon ( after it. After the colon, write the remaining parts of the individual statements, separating them with commas. Ensure that you place a period (.) after the last part to inform the system where the chain ends.
    Statement sequence:
    WRITE SPFLI-CITYFROM.
    WRITE SPFLI-CITYTO.
    WRITE SPFLI-AIRPTO.
    Chain statement:
    WRITE: SPFLI-CITYFROM, SPFLI-CITYTO, SPFLI-AIRPTO.
    In the chain, a colon separates the beginning of the statement from the variable parts. After the colon or commas, you can insert any number of spaces.
    You could, for example, write the same statement like this:
    WRITE: SPFLI-CITYFROM,
    SPFLI-CITYTO,
    SPFLI-AIRPTO.
    In a chain statement, the first part (before the colon) is not limited to the keyword of the statements.
    Statement sequence:
    SUM = SUM + 1.
    SUM = SUM + 2.
    SUM = SUM + 3.
    SUM = SUM + 4.
    Chain statement:
    SUM = SUM + : 1, 2, 3, 4.
    Comments
    Comments are texts that you can write between the statements of your ABAP program to explain their purpose to a reader. Comments are distinguished by the preceding signs * (at the beginning of a line) and " (at any position in a line). If you want the entire line to be a comment, enter an asterisk (*) at the beginning of the line. The system then ignores the entire line when it generates the program. If you want part of a line to be a comment, enter a double quotation mark (") before the comment. The system interprets comments indicated by double quotation marks as spaces.
    PROGRAM SAPMTEST *
    WRITTEN BY KARL BYTE, 06/27/1995 *
    LAST CHANGED BY RITA DIGIT, 10/01/1995 *
    TASK: DEMONSTRATION *
    PROGRAM SAPMTEST.
    DECLARATIONS *
    DATA: FLAG " GLOBAL FLAG
    NUMBER TYPE I " COUNTER
    PROCESSING BLOCKS *
    Advantages of ABAP over Contemporary languages
    ABAP OBJECTS
    Object orientation in ABAP is an extension of the ABAP language that makes available the advantages of object-oriented programming, such as encapsulation, interfaces, and inheritance. This helps to simplify applications and make them more controllable.
    ABAP Objects is fully compatible with the existing language, so you can use existing statements and modularization units in programs that use ABAP Objects, and can also use ABAP Objects in existing ABAP programs.
    ABAP Statements – an Overview
    The first element of an ABAP statement is the ABAP keyword. This determines the category of the statement. The different statement categories are as follows:
    Declarative Statements
    These statements define data types or declare data objects which are used by the other statements in a program or routine. The collected declarative statements in a program or routine make up its declaration part.
    Examples of declarative keywords:
    TYPES, DATA, TABLES
    Modularization Statements
    These statements define the processing blocks in an ABAP program.
    The modularization keywords can be further divided into:
    · Defining keywords
    You use statements containing these keywords to define subroutines, function modules, dialog modules and methods. You conclude these processing blocks using the END statements.
    Examples of definitive keywords:
    METHOD ... ENDMETHOD, FUNCTION ... ENDFUNCTION, MODULE ... ENDMODULE.
    · Event keywords
    You use statements containing these keywords to define event blocks. There are no special statements to conclude processing blocks - they end when the next processing block is introduced.
    Examples of event key words:
    AT SELECTION SCREEN, START-OF-SELECTION, AT USER-COMMAND
    Control Statements
    You use these statements to control the flow of an ABAP program within a processing block according to certain conditions.
    Examples of control keywords:
    IF, WHILE, CASE
    Call Statements
    You use these statements to call processing blocks that you have already defined using modularization statements. The blocks you call can either be in the same ABAP program or in a different program.
    Examples of call keywords:
    CALL METHOD, CALL TRANSACTION, SUBMIT, LEAVE TO
    Operational Statements These keywords process the data that you have defined using declarative statements.
    Examples of operational keywords:
    MOVE, ADD
    Unique Concept of Internal Table in ABAP
    Internal tables provide a means of taking data from a fixed structure and storing it in working memory in ABAP. The data is stored line by line in memory, and each line has the same structure. In ABAP, internal tables fulfill the function of arrays. Since they are dynamic data objects, they save the programmer the task of dynamic memory management in his or her programs. You should use internal tables whenever you want to process a dataset with a fixed structure within a program. A particularly important use for internal tables is for storing and formatting data from a database table within a program. They are also a good way of including very complicated data structures in an ABAP program.
    Like all elements in the ABAP type concept, internal tables can exist both as data types and as data objects A data type is the abstract description of an internal table, either in a program or centrally in the ABAP Dictionary, that you use to create a concrete data object. The data type is also an attribute of an existing data object.
    Internal Tables as Data Types
    Internal tables and structures are the two structured data types in ABAP. The data type of an internal table is fully specified by its line type, key, and table type.
    Line type
    The line type of an internal table can be any data type. The data type of an internal table is normally a structure. Each component of the structure is a column in the internal table. However, the line type may also be elementary or another internal table.
    Key
    The key identifies table rows. There are two kinds of key for internal tables - the standard key and a user-defined key. You can specify whether the key should be UNIQUE or NON-UNIQUE. Internal tables with a unique key cannot contain duplicate entries. The uniqueness depends on the table access method.
    If a table has a structured line type, its default key consists of all of its non-numerical columns that are not references or themselves internal tables. If a table has an elementary line type, the default key is the entire line. The default key of an internal table whose line type is an internal table, the default key is empty.
    The user-defined key can contain any columns of the internal table that are not references or themselves internal tables. Internal tables with a user-defined key are called key tables. When you define the key, the sequence of the key fields is significant. You should remember this, for example, if you intend to sort the table according to the key.
    Table type
    The table type determines how ABAP will access individual table entries. Internal tables can be divided into three types:
    Standard tables have an internal linear index. From a particular size upwards, the indexes of internal tables are administered as trees. In this case, the index administration overhead increases in logarithmic and not linear relation to the number of lines. The system can access records either by using the table index or the key. The response time for key access is proportional to the number of entries in the table. The key of a standard table is always non-unique. You cannot specify a unique key. This means that standard tables can always be filled very quickly, since the system does not have to check whether there are already existing entries.
    Sorted tables are always saved sorted by the key. They also have an internal index. The system can access records either by using the table index or the key. The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries, since the system uses a binary search. The key of a sorted table can be either unique or non-unique. When you define the table, you must specify whether the key is to be unique or not. Standard tables and sorted tables are known generically as index tables.
    Hashed tables have no linear index. You can only access a hashed table using its key. The response time is independent of the number of table entries, and is constant, since the system access the table entries using a hash algorithm. The key of a hashed table must be unique. When you define the table, you must specify the key as UNIQUE.
    Generic Internal Tables
    Unlike other local data types in programs, you do not have to specify the data type of an internal table fully. Instead, you can specify a generic construction, that is, the key or key and line type of an internal table data type may remain unspecified. You can use generic internal tables to specify the types of field symbols and the interface parameters of procedures . You cannot use them to declare data objects.
    Internal Tables as Dynamic Data Objects
    Data objects that are defined either with the data type of an internal table, or directly as an internal table, are always fully defined in respect of their line type, key and access method. However, the number of lines is not fixed. Thus internal tables are dynamic data objects, since they can contain any number of lines of a particular type. The only restriction on the number of lines an internal table may contain are the limits of your system installation. The maximum memory that can be occupied by an internal table (including its internal administration) is 2 gigabytes. A more realistic figure is up to 500 megabytes. An additional restriction for hashed tables is that they may not contain more than 2 million entries. The line types of internal tables can be any ABAP data types - elementary, structured, or internal tables. The individual lines of an internal table are called table lines or table entries. Each component of a structured line is called a column in the internal table.
    Choosing a Table Type
    The table type (and particularly the access method) that you will use depends on how the typical internal table operations will be most frequently executed.
    Standard tables
    This is the most appropriate type if you are going to address the individual table entries using the index. Index access is the quickest possible access. You should fill a standard table by appending lines (ABAP APPEND statement), and read, modify and delete entries by specifying the index (INDEX option with the relevant ABAP command). The access time for a standard table increases in a linear relationship with the number of table entries. If you need key access, standard tables are particularly useful if you can fill and process the table in separate steps. For example, you could fill the table by appending entries, and then sort it. If you use the binary search option with key access, the response time is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries.
    Sorted tables
    This is the most appropriate type if you need a table which is sorted as you fill it. You fill sorted tables using the INSERT statement. Entries are inserted according to the sort sequence defined through the table key. Any illegal entries are recognized as soon as you try to add them to the table. The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries, since the system always uses a binary search. Sorted tables are particularly useful for partially sequential processing in a LOOP if you specify the beginning of the table key in the WHERE condition.
    Hashed tables
    This is the most appropriate type for any table where the main operation is key access. You cannot access a hashed table using its index. The response time for key access remains constant, regardless of the number of table entries. Like database tables, hashed tables always have a unique key. Hashed tables are useful if you want to construct and use an internal table which resembles a database table or for processing large amounts of data.
    Advanced Topics
    Batch Input: Concepts
    Processing Sessions
    The above figure shows how a batch input session works.A batch input session is a set of one or more calls to transactions along with the data to be processed by the transactions. The system normally executes the transactions in a session non-interactively, allowing rapid entry of bulk data into an R/3 System.
    A session records transactions and data in a special format that can be interpreted by the R/3 System. When the System reads a session, it uses the data in the session to simulate on-line entry of transactions and data. The System can call transactions and enter data using most of the facilities that are available to interactive users.
    For example, the data that a session enters into transaction screens is subject to the same consistency checking as in normal interactive operation. Further, batch input sessions are subject to the user-based authorization checking that is performed by the system.
    Advantages of ABAP over Contemporary languages
    ABAP Objects offers a number of advantages, even if you want to continue using procedural programming. If you want to use new ABAP features, you have to use object-oriented interfaces anyway.
    Sharing Data: With ABAP shared objects, you can aggregate data once at a central location and the different users and programs can then access this data without the need for copying.
    Exception Handling: With the class-based exception concept of ABAP, you can define a special control flow for a specific error situation and provide the user with information about the error.
    Developing Persistency: For permanent storage of data in ABAP, you use relational database tables by means of database-independent Open SQL, which is integrated in ABAP. However, you can also store selected objects transparently or access the integrated database or other databases using proprietary SQL.
    Connectivity and Interoperability: The Exchange Infrastructure and Web services are the means by which developers can implement a service-oriented architecture. With Web services, you can provide and consume services independently of implementation or protocol. Furthermore, you can do so within NetWeaver and in the communication with other systems. With the features of the Exchange Infrastructure, you can enable, manage, and adapt integration scenarios between systems.
    Making Enhancements: With the Enhancement Framework, you can enhance programs, function modules, and global classes without modification as well as replace existing code. The Switch Framework enables you activate only specific development objects or enhancements in a system.
    Considerable Aspects
    It follows a list of aspects to be considered during development. The list of course is not complete.
    Dynpro persistence
    When implementing dynpros one has to care for himself to read out and persist the necessary fields. Recently it happened to me that I forgot to include a field into the UPDATE-clause which is an error not so easy to uncover if you have other problems to be solved in the same package. Here, tool-support or built-in mechanisms would help.
    The developer could help himself out by creating something like a document containing a cookbook or guide in which parts of a dynpro logic one has to care about persistence. With that at hand, it would be quite easy finding those bugs in short time. Maybe a report scanning for the definition of the dynpro fields to be persisted could scan the code automatically, too.
    Memory Cache
    It should be common-sense that avoiding select-statements onto the database helps reducing the server load. For that the programmer either can resort to function modules if available. This maybe is the case for important tables. Or the programmer needs to implement his own logic using internal tables. Here, the standard software package could provide the developer with a tool or a mechanism auto-generating memory cached tables resp. function modules implementing this.
    Sometimes buffering of database tables could be used, if applicable. But that would require an effort in customizing the system and could drain down system performance overall, especially if a table is involved that has a central role.
    Interfaces
    It should be noticed that some function modules available have an incomplete interface. That means, the interface does not include all parameters evaluated by the logic of the function module. For example, global variables from within the function group could be read out, which cannot be influenced by the general caller. Or memory parameters are used internally to feed the logic with further information.
    One workaround here would be copying the relevant parts of the logic to a newly created function module and then adapt it to the own context. This sometimes is possible, maybe if the copied code is not too lengthy and only a few or no calls to other logic is part of it.
    A modification of the SAP code could be considered, if the modification itself is unavoidable (or another solution would be not justifiable by estimated effort to spend on it) and if the location of the modification seems quite safe against future upgrades or hot fixes. The latter is something that could be evaluated by contacting the SAP hotline or working with OSS message (searching thru existing one, perhaps open a new one).
    Example
    'From SAP NetWeaver:'
    set an exclusive lock at level object-type & object-id
    IF NOT lf_bapi_error = true.
    IF ( NOT istourhd-doc_type IS INITIAL ) AND
    ( NOT istourhd-doc_id IS INITIAL )
    CALL FUNCTION 'ENQUEUE_/DSD/E_HH_RAREF'
    EXPORTING
    obj_typ = istourhd-doc_type
    obj_id = istourhd-doc_id
    EXCEPTIONS
    foreign_lock = 1
    system_failure = 2
    OTHERS = 3.
    IF sy-subrc <> 0.
    terminate processing...
    lf_bapi_error = true.—
    ...and add message to return table
    PERFORM set_msg_to_bapiret2
    USING sy-msgid gc_abort sy-msgno
    sy-msgv1 sy-msgv2 sy-msgv3 sy-msgv4
    gc_istourhd gc_enqueue_refdoc space
    CHANGING lt_return.
    ENDIF.
    ENDIF.
    ENDIF. " bapi error
    Example Report(Type - ALV(Advanced List Viewer))
    REPORT Z_ALV_SIMPLE_EXAMPLE_WITH_ITAB .
    *Simple example to use ALV and to define the ALV data in an internal
    *table
    *data definition
    tables:
    marav. "Table MARA and table MAKT
    Data to be displayed in ALV
    Using the following syntax, REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE can auto-
    matically determine the fieldstructure from this source program
    Data:
    begin of imat occurs 100,
    matnr like marav-matnr, "Material number
    maktx like marav-maktx, "Material short text
    matkl like marav-matkl, "Material group (so you can test to make
    " intermediate sums)
    ntgew like marav-ntgew, "Net weight, numeric field (so you can test to
    "make sums)
    gewei like marav-gewei, "weight unit (just to be complete)
    end of imat.
    Other data needed
    field to store report name
    data i_repid like sy-repid.
    field to check table length
    data i_lines like sy-tabix.
    Data for ALV display
    TYPE-POOLS: SLIS.
    data int_fcat type SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV.
    select-options:
    s_matnr for marav-matnr matchcode object MAT1.
    start-of-selection.
    read data into table imat
    select * from marav
    into corresponding fields of table imat
    where
    matnr in s_matnr.
    Check if material was found
    clear i_lines.
    describe table imat lines i_lines.
    if i_lines lt 1.
    Using hardcoded write here for easy upload
    write: /
    'No materials found.'.
    exit.
    endif.
    end-of-selection.
    To use ALV, we need a DDIC-structure or a thing called Fieldcatalogue.
    The fieldcatalouge can be generated by FUNCTION
    'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE' from an internal table from any
    report source, including this report.
    Store report name
    i_repid = sy-repid.
    Create Fieldcatalogue from internal table
    CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'
    EXPORTING
    I_PROGRAM_NAME = i_repid
    I_INTERNAL_TABNAME = 'IMAT' "capital letters!
    I_INCLNAME = i_repid
    CHANGING
    CT_FIELDCAT = int_fcat
    EXCEPTIONS
    INCONSISTENT_INTERFACE = 1
    PROGRAM_ERROR = 2
    OTHERS = 3.
    *explanations:
    I_PROGRAM_NAME is the program which calls this function
    I_INTERNAL_TABNAME is the name of the internal table which you want
    to display in ALV
    I_INCLNAME is the ABAP-source where the internal table is defined
    (DATA....)
    CT_FIELDCAT contains the Fieldcatalouge that we need later for
    ALV display
    IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
    write: /
    'Returncode',
    sy-subrc,
    'from FUNCTION REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'.
    ENDIF.
    *This was the fieldcatlogue
    Call for ALV list display
    CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'
    EXPORTING
    I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM = i_repid
    IT_FIELDCAT = int_fcat
    TABLES
    T_OUTTAB = imat
    EXCEPTIONS
    PROGRAM_ERROR = 1
    OTHERS = 2.
    *explanations:
    I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM is the program which calls this function
    IT_FIELDCAT (just made by REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE) contains
    now the data definition needed for display
    I_SAVE allows the user to save his own layouts
    T_OUTTAB contains the data to be displayed in ALV
    IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
    write: /
    'Returncode',
    sy-subrc,
    'from FUNCTION REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'.
    ENDIF.
    OOPs ABAP uses Classes and Interfaces which uses Methods and events.
    If you have Java skills it is advantage for you.
    There are Local classes as well as Global Classes.
    Local classes we can work in SE38 straight away.
    But mostly it is better to use the Global classes.
    Global Classes or Interfaces are to be created in SE24.
    SAP already given some predefined classes and Interfaces.
    This OOPS concepts very useful for writing BADI's also.
    So first create a class in SE 24.
    Define attributes, Methods for that class.
    Define parameters for that Method.
    You can define event handlers also to handle the messages.
    After creation in each method write the code.
    Methods are similar to ABAP PERFORM -FORM statements.
    After the creation of CLass and methods come to SE38 and create the program.
    In the program create a object type ref to that class and with the help of that Object call the methods of that Class and display the data.
    Regards
    Anji

  • What is difference between SAP R3 And SAP IS Mills Product

    HI Friends
    What is difference between SAP R3 And SAP IS Mills Product
    What are the futures are availables in IS MIlls
    Regards

    Hi,
    SAP R/3 is the central enterprise version. It is not specifically designed for any inducstry sectors and it can cater many of the industry types.
    Is is developed for specific industries an for SMB's (small and medium business). It will have components specifically for the industry.
    The SAP Mill Products component adds sector-specific functionality to an ERP system to satisfy the complex requirements of mill industries (e.g. metal, wood, paper, textiles, construction materials, and cable sectors).
    These industry segments differ from others primarily in that the materials used have a large number of characteristics and variants. The materials in the segments listed above are also predominantly area-based (e.g. paper, textiles, plastic film) or length-based (e.g. cables, piping). Account must be taken of these material characteristics throughout the entire supply chain.
    To cater for the particularities of these industry segments, SAP Mill Products features processes and functions that cover the entire supply-chain cycle – from product design and configuration, through planning, order processing, capacity planning and production, to final delivery. Additional functions are available in costing and inventory management. SAP Mill Products are also integrated into Quality Management, Financial Accounting, and Controlling.
    Prase

  • What is difference between u2018credit exposureu2019 and u2018credit limitu2019?

    Hi
    What is difference between u2018credit exposureu2019 and u2018credit limitu2019?
    What transaction I can used for to see these tow information?
    best regard
    francoise

    Credit exposure is total AR and open sales values.  Credit limit is used for block sales documents if the total exposure will exceed the credit limit. For Example:
      Credit Limit : 600
       Open AR ( Customer Balance) : 100
       Customer Open Orders (Order Quantity have been confirmed, but no delivery document is created) : 100
       Open Delivery (Delivery has been created, but no billing ) : 100
       Open Billing (Billing is created, but has not release to Financial Accounting): 100
    So far, the credit exposure is  400. If a new sales order is coming with value of 260, the sales order will be blocked, but the credit exposure is still 400.
    Then if someone release the new sales order , then the credit exposure is 660.
    Hope this is useful for you.
    Flex Yang

  • What is difference between Reconciliation Account and Revenue account.?`

    What is difference between Reconciliation Account and Revenue account.?
    Where does it effects after a sales order , delivery doc. or billing doc.?

    Hello Mukesh the comments givan by Amol and Siva kumar are correct.
    Here I am telling you how these accouts arer wrking in sales order and at billing and delivery.
    Our reconsilation account is reconsile with customer that why when you create the sales order you are mentioning the customer at this time reconsiation account works.
    Whenever you doing any posting there is an accounting entry is mae in accounts book right .
    At the time of Delivery and billing both the accounts are affected as per the accounting rule .
    I hpoe this will you help you
    Regards
    ravi

  • Difference between open loop and closed loop mode when finding the index on a stepper motor axis.

    I have a test system which uses a PXI-7352 motion controller with a MID-7602 stepper motor drive to position a 200 step/revolution stepper motor with an attached 1000 line encoder.  The MID-7602 is configured for 64 microsteps per step, giving 12,800 microsteps and 4000 encoder counts per revolution.  The system is controlled using LabView 7.1 and NI-Motion 6.13.  To home the motor, I've defined a sequence in MAX which first finds the reverse limit switch and then moves forward to the encoder index pulse.
    When finding its reference in open loop mode, the system its reference at the same microstep each time.  When findings its reference in closed loop mode, the system finds its reference somewhere within about a 20 microstep wide range.
    I hope somebody out there with more experience with this controller can describe the difference between finding the encoder index in open loop mode and finding the encoder index in closed loop mode. 
    Thanks,
    Mark Moss

    Hello Mark,
    I suspect that the behavior you are experiencing has today
    with the resolution difference between your encoder and your
    microstepping.  Let me illustrate with an
    example:
    Example Setup
    Stepper
    Motor
    NI
    Motion Controller
    10
    steps per encoder pulse (Every 10 steps the controller gets an encoder
    pulse, therefore positions 0-9 all appear to be 0 to the controller)
    The
    system has a maximum of 3 pull in moves set
    Open Loop Scenario
    The
    system is commanded to go to position 9.
    The
    controller sends out 9 pulses.
    The
    motor moves to position 9.
    Closed Loop Scenario
    The
    system is commanded to go to position 9.
    The
    controller sends out 9 pulses.
    The
    motor moves to position 9.
    The
    controller checks its position and sees that it is still at position 0
    because it has not received an encoder pulse.
    Because
    the controller thinks it is still at position 0, it sends another 9 pulses
    as its first pull in move.
    The
    motor moves to position 18.
    The
    controller checks its position and sees that it is at position 10 because
    it has only received one encoder pulse.
    Because
    the controller thinks it is still at position 10, it sends1 reverse pulse
    as its second pull in move.
    The
    motor moves to position 17.
    The
    controller checks its position and sees that it is at position 10 because
    it has only received one encoder pulse.
    Because
    the controller thinks it is still at position 10, it sends and additional
    single reverse pulse as its third pull in move.
    The
    motor moves to its final position of 16.
    I believe something similar is happening with your
    application as it looks for the index pulse. 
    Because the controller does not compensate for what it perceives as
    position error in open loop mode, the motor always goes to the same commanded
    position.  In closed loop mode, the motor
    is bouncing around inside the single index encoder pulse trying to find a
    certain position.
    There are several recommendations I can make towards
    correcting this behavior.  These
    recommendations are in order of effectiveness:
    Setup
    your system so that there are more encoder counts per revolution than
    steps per revolution.
    Turn
    off pull-in moves by setting them to 0 in MAX.
    Use an
    open loop configuration.
    Play
    around with the pull in window in MAX.
    Regards,
    Luke H

  • Difference between primary key and primary index

    Dear All,
             Hi... .Could you pls tell me the difference between primary key and primary index.
    Thanks...

    Hi,
    Primary Key : It is one which makes an entry of the field unique.No two distinct rows in a table can have the same value (or combination of values) in those columns.
    Eg: first entry is 111, if you again enter value 111 , it doesnot allow 111 again. similarly for the strings or characters or numc etc. Remember that for char or numc or string 'NAME' is not equal to 'name'.
    Primary Index: this is related to the performance .A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of operations in a table. Indices can be created using one or more columns, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient ordering of access to records. The disk space required to store the index is typically less than the storage of the table (since indices usually contain only the key-fields according to which the table is to be arranged, and excludes all the other details in the table), yielding the possibility to store indices into memory from tables that would not fit into it. In a relational database an index is a copy of part of a table. Some databases extend the power of indexing by allowing indices to be created on functions or expressions. For example, an index could be created on upper(last_name), which would only store the uppercase versions of the last_name field in the index.
    In a database , we may have a large number of records. At the time of retrieving data from the database based on a condition , it is a burden to the db server. so whenever we create a primary key , a primary index is automatically created by the system.
    If you want to maintain indices on other fields which are frequently used in where condition then you can create secondary indices.
    Reward points if helpful.
    Thanks,
    Sirisha..

  • Difference between primary eindex and secondary index?

    hi experts
    pls answer me
    difference between primary eindex and secondary index?
    rewads apply.
    thanks.
    naresh.

    hi,
    check this link.
    http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/cf/21eb2d446011d189700000e8322d00/frameset.htm
    A difference is made between Primary & Secondary indexes to a table. the primary index consists of the key fields of the table and a pointer to the non-keys-fields of the table. The Primary index is generated automatically when a table is created and is created in the datebase as the same times as the table. It is also possible to define further indexes to a table in the ABAP/4 dictionary, which are then referred to as Secondary indexes.
    Always it is not mandatory that an index should have all the key fields of a table. To see the index of a table
    goto SE11->specify table name->click on the indexes... button on the application toolbar.
    Based on your requirement you can you any of those index fields in the where clause of your query. Always its a better practice to use the index fields in the order specified. While selecting the records from a table it is always better to select the fields in the same order as specified in the table.

  • Difference between implicit enhancement and explicit enhancement

    What is the difference between implicit enhancement and explicit enhancement .

    Hi Peters,
    Implicit enhancement option
    Throughout the ABAP system, enhancement options are automatically available at certain pre-defined places. Some of the implicit options are:
    u2022 At the end of all the programs (Includes, Reports, Function pool, Module pool, etc.), after the last statement
    u2022 At the beginning and end of all FORM subroutines
    u2022 At the end of all Function Modules
    u2022 At the end of all visibility areas (public, protected and private) of local class
    To view all the implicit options available in a source code, choose u2018Edit -> Enhancement Operations -> Show Implicit Enhancement Optionsu2019 from the editor.
    Befor that you click on the spiral icon button in the application toolbar
    Explicit enhancement option
    The Implicit enhancement options are provided at specific source code places explicitly by SAP (Note that these enhancement definitions can also be created by partners and customers in their code).
    There are two types of Explicit Enhancement options available. One which can be provided at a specific place - called Enhancement Point, and another which can be used to replace a set of statements u2013 called Enhancement Section. For this, we now have two new ABAP statements, viz.
    u2022 ENHANCEMENT-POINT
    u2022 ENHANCEMENT-SECTION
    When the Enhancement-Section is implemented, only the implementation gets executed and the original code doesnu2019t get executed. This is a new technique, which didnu2019t exist previously in any of the old ways of enhancing, to exclude any standard SAP code from execution. Because of this, there can be only one active implementation of an Enhancement-Section. On the other hand, there can be multiple active implementations of an Enhancement-Point, in which case all the implementations will be executed with no guarantee in the order of execution.
    For more information check the following link
    [http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70/helpdata/en/94/9cdc40132a8531e10000000a1550b0/frameset.htm]
    Thanks,
    Surya

Maybe you are looking for