Differences between procedures and functions.

a little confusing ..in differences between procedures and functions..
1. Can a function return only single value?? cant we return multiple values?
2. Can we use 'out' parameter and 'return' clause at a time in the same function
thank you

Hi,
newbie wrote:
a little confusing ..in differences between procedures and functions..
1. Can a function return only single value?? cant we return multiple values?Yes, a function can only return a single value.
If the return type is some kind of collection or data structure, then that 1 collection or data structure can, of course, actually contain many sep[arate values.
If you want to return multiple values, use a PROCEDURE with multiple OUT arguments. (Functions can have OUT arguments, too, but avoid defining functions with OUT arguments. It can cause a lot of confusion.)
2. Can we use 'out' parameter and 'return' clause at a time in the same functionSure, but don't take my word for it. Try it and see.

Similar Messages

What is the difference between procedure and function?

Hi,
i want to know the difference between procedure and function.
Also, i want to know types(if they exists) of procedures and functions .
Regards

Also, please try and use the SEARCH functionality offered by the forum, it's always possible someone has asked the question before you.
Functions vs Stored Procedures
Is one such instance.

Difference between procedure and function

hi
please give solution to below discussion:
Interviewer: What is the difference between Procedure and Function ?
Myself: Procedure may or may not return a value and can return multiple values and Function must return a value.
Interviewer : Can function return multiple values ?
myself: Yes, It can return multiple values.
Interviewer: Then, there is no need to use procedures any more, according to your previous answer (function can return multiple values) "we can do all the things by using procedures by using functions". Then why there is differentiation between procedure and function ?
myself : no reply (simply frustated at this question)
The above is conversation between me and interviewer.
Please suggest me what would be my reply to above topic.
In one book i find that using functions we can return multiple values but it is poor programming practice.
why this is a programming practice ?
please suggest me solution
thanks in advance
prasanth as.

Another difference is function must return something. There is no such restriction on procedure.In fact, a procedure CANNOT contain an expression in its RETURN statement.
SQL> create or replace procedure test_return is
2 begin
3    return(10) ;
4 end ;
5 /
Warning: Procedure created with compilation errors.
SQL> show errors
Errors for PROCEDURE TEST_RETURN:
LINE/COL ERROR
3/3      PLS-00372: In a procedure, RETURN statement cannot contain an
         expression
3/3      PL/SQL: Statement ignored
SQL>And, a procedure cannot be called as part of a expression (it must be a function).
SQL> create or replace procedure test_return is
2 begin
3    return ;
4 end ;
5 /
Procedure created.
SQL> variable x number ;
SQL> exec :x := test_return ;
BEGIN :x := test_return ; END;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-06550: line 1, column 13:
PLS-00222: no function with name 'TEST_RETURN' exists in this scope
ORA-06550: line 1, column 7:
PL/SQL: Statement ignored
SQL>

Plz give the difference between procedure and function atleast 10 differenc

plz give the difference between procedure and function atleast 10 differenc

From http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/appdev.102/b14251/adfns_packages.htm#i1006378
>
The only difference between procedures and functions is that functions always return a single value to the caller, while procedures do not return a value to the caller.
>
Edited by: P. Forstmann on 28 oct. 2010 15:30

What is the difference between subroutine and function module?

What is the difference between subroutine and function module?

Hi,
they can both return values.
FMs are mainly used when a routine is to be performed by many programs.
Subroutines (forms) are generally only executed within one program.
You can perform routines from other programs, but it's not often done.
both forms and FMs are reusable modularization units.
To distinguish we generally say that forms are used for internal modularization and
FMs are used for external modularization.
To decide on which to implement, consider whether you need the content to be used just for a limited program
or wheteher it can be called from many independent programs.
For the first purpose it is better to implement a form whereas for the second we implement an FM.
However, ABAP does not isolate the usage context.
That is; you can call a form from another program within whose code the form is not actually implemented.
However, this requires attention since the form may utilize global variables.
The same issue holds for FMs.
FMs are encapsulated in function groups and function groups may have global variables that can be globally
used by all FMs inside it.
Thanks,
Reward If Helpful.

Difference between bapi and function module

Can you guys tell me what are the differences in calling bapis and function modules?
I see we are calling both as the same way we call function modules. May be for bapis, we need to be careful in declaring and passing those exact structures. Can you please make it clear reg. the differences between them?
I appreciate it.
Thanks!

HI,
See these links on help.sap.com
<b>For BAPI:</b>
The data entered in the Internet is transferred to the R/3 System via BAPIs (Business Application Programming Interfaces).
Data in the R/3 System is accessed via BAPIs as well.
A Good Site for BAPI's
http://searchsap.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid21_gci948835,00.html
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_erp2005/helpdata/en/7c/3ce38765ba11d395fe00a0c94260a5/frameset.htm
<b>For Function Module:</b>
The important use of functional module is it is used by Enhancements.
SAP Enhancements are used to expand the standard functionality within SAP.
Enhancements use function modules and are called from the standard SAP code.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_erp2005/helpdata/en/41/7af4daa79e11d1950f0000e82de14a/frameset.htm
List of functional modules ( Good Site)
http://www.geocities.com/victorav15/sapr3/abapfun.html
Hope it helps!!!!
Thanks
Sudheer

Difference between IS and AS in procedure?

difference between IS and AS in procedure?

prakash wrote:
hi,
http://www.oracle.com/pls/db111/portal.portal_db?selected=5&frame=#sql_and_pl_sql_languages
Here you get everything ..
functionality wise there is no difference between IS , AS of a procedure .
Thanks,
P PrakashI think oracle document do not talk about the Difference or No Difference between IS and AS. So i feel this is not a question that need to be pointed to the document.
To OP
Basically as others said there is no difference between them. They are just gramatical representation.
For example when i create a standalone stored procedure i tend to use AS and when i create a procedure inside a package i tend to use IS. Its just the choice you can make.

Diif between Stored procedure and function

HI
I want all the differences between Stored procedure and function.
Even the basic diff is Procedure does not return any value and Function must be...
Thansk In advance...

1) Functions are used for computations where as procedures can be used for performing business logic That's an opinion on usage not an actual difference.
3) You can have DML(insert,update, delete) statements in a function. But, you can not call such a function in a SQL query.Not true. As User defind functons limitations we can use a function that issues DML in a SELECT statement, if it uses the PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION.
4) Function parameters are always IN, no OUT is possibleEasily refutable...
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_f (p OUT NUMBER) RETURN DATE
2 AS
3 BEGIN
4     p := to_number(to_char(sysdate, 'DD'));
5     RETURN sysdate;
6 END;
7 /
Function created.
SQL> var x number
SQL> var d varchar2(18)
SQL> exec :d := my_f(:x)
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> print d
D
18-NOV-05
SQL> print x
         X
        18
SQL>
Stored Procedure :supports deffered name resoultion Example while writing a stored procedure that uses table named tabl1 and tabl2
etc..but actually not exists in database is allowed only in during creationNot sure what this one is about...
SQL> CREATE PROCEDURE my_p AS
2      n NUMBER;
3 BEGIN
4     SELECT count(*) INTO n
5     FROM tab1;
6 END;
7 /
Warning: Procedure created with compilation errors.
SQL> sho err
Errors for PROCEDURE MY_P:
LINE/COL ERROR
4/4      PL/SQL: SQL Statement ignored
5/9      PL/SQL: ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
SQL>
7) A procedure may modifiy an object where a function can only return a value.An ounce of test is worth sixteen tons of assertion...
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_f2 RETURN VARCHAR2
2 AS
3 BEGIN
4       EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'CREATE TABLE what_ever (col1 number)';
5      RETURN 'OK!';
6 END;
7 /
Function created.
SQL> exec :d := my_f2
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> desc what_ever
Name                                      Null?    Type
COL1                                               NUMBER
SQL> I think there are only two differences between a procedure and a function.
(1) A function must return a value
(2) because of (1) we can use functions in SQL statements.
There are some minor difference in allowable syntax but they are to do withj RETURN values.
Cheers, APC

Re: DIfference between Schemas, PCRS' FUnctions and Operations

Dear SAPExperts,
Can anybody pls tell me what is difference between Schemas, PCRS' Functions and Operations.
Thanx in advance
Regards
Aniruddha

Hi Aniruddha
When the payroll driver is executed (for ex: PC00_M40_CALC for INDIA is executed) the schema IN00 (standard schema) is executed and it calls certain functions (functions may use Rules. Rules contain Operation) and also subschemas.
Functions could be of four types
1. Performing some payroll computations (E.g. INEPF function calculates the PF amount of an employee during payroll run)
2. Calling rules (E.g. P0045 function calls a rule INLN to compute the loan details of a personnel number).
3. Getting data from Infotypes (E.g. P0581 will get the data from Infotype-581 for payroll processing).
4. For some decisions. (E.g. IF & ENDIF function is used to execute as per the true and false decisions) etc.
When the PY is executed SAP uses lot of Internal Tables to store data and also provides data to other internal tables.
The read and change access to Internal Tables is enabled using functions that are executed in a personnel calculation schema and using operations that are executed in personnel calculation rules.
The following is just an attempt to provide some info on how Functions are processed during the PY Run. For ex: (functionality of subschema XIN0 and INBD)
1. INITIALIZATION OF PAYROLL: When the Payroll is executed first the subschema XIN0 is called,   This subschema comprises the following main steps:
I.     Specify program type (payroll or evaluation)
II.     Set switch for database updates (YES/NO) all database updates are controlled via this switch (otherwise simulation)
III.     Only infotypes from the HR master record which apply to the selected personnel number are read.
IV.     All Time Management infotypes are imported.
V.     Specify check against control record PA03 (test or live).
2. READ BASIC DATA: Once the Initialization of Payroll is successful, the subschema INBD is called. This subschema reads the Basic data of an employee who is there in the Payroll execution. Basic Data includes, determining Employee Name, Reading Work Center/Basic Pay Data, Setting Financial Year Dates and Allowance Grouping Tables, Reading Previous Employment Tax Details, Reading Housing (HRA/CLA/COA), Reading Exemptions, Reading Income from Other Sources, Reading Section 80 Deductions, Reading Investment Details (Sec 88), Reading Provident Fund Contributions, Reading Other Statutory Deductions, Reading Car and Conveyance, Reading Long Term Reimbursements, Read ID Details. Function GON checks whether all the master data has been imported, no further processing of schema will occur unless certain data is present.
The Subschema INBD calls the following functions in order to read the Basic Data:
ENAME :
Function ENAME reads the last valid name of the employee in the payroll period. The formatting used for the country in question is used when displaying this name.
WPBP
If an employee receives a pay increase within a payroll period, the Basic Pay infotype (0008) is changed and delimited as of a specific date. Two data records exist for one payroll period.
During payroll, the system writes the Basic Pay wage type to the results table with two different indicators. These split indicators are a link to the WPBP table that contains the relevant values. The system takes into consideration both data records for the corresponding partial periods when calculating remuneration.
ININI
P0580
P0581
P0582
P0584
P0585
P0586
P0587
P0588
P0583
P0590
P185I
GON :
                Function GON checks whether all the master data has been imported. No further processing of the schema will occur unless certain data is present. Checking procedures vary from country to country. There must always, however, be a work center (P007).
[Def. of Functions, Rules and Operations (copied from Raju's answer)
Schema is a collection of functions
A Rule is a collection of operations.
An operation is a very basic piece of logic that is used, mostly, to manipulate wage types
Best Regards
Reddy

Differences between Procedural ABAP and OOPs ABAP

Hi Friends,
Can any one explain the differences between Procedural ABAP and OOPs ABAP in brief ? pls explain the most important ( atleast 3 or 4 points ). pls don't give me any other links, i will appreciate for good responses... and will be awarded with full points...
Thanks and Regards
Vijaya

Hi
Core ABAP (procedural) works with Event driven, subroutine driven one
OOPS ABAP works on the OOPS concepts like Inheritance, polymorphism,abstraction and encapsulation.
see the doc
ABAP is one of many application-specific fourth-generation languages (4GLs) first developed in the 1980s. It was originally the report language for SAP R/2, a platform that enabled large corporations to build mainframe business applications for materials management and financial and management accounting. ABAP used to be an abbreviation of Allgemeiner Berichtsaufbereitungsprozessor, the German meaning of "generic report preparation processor", but was later renamed to Advanced Business Application Programming. ABAP was one of the first languages to include the concept of Logical Databases (LDBs), which provides a high level of abstraction from the basic database level.
The ABAP programming language was originally used by SAP developers to develop the SAP R/3 platform. It was also intended to be used by SAP customers to enhance SAP applications customers can develop custom reports and interfaces with ABAP programming. The language is fairly easy to learn for programmers but it is not a tool for direct use by non-programmers. Good programming skills, including knowledge of relational database design and preferably also of object-oriented concepts, are required to create ABAP programs.
ABAP remains the language for creating programs for the client-server R/3 system, which SAP first released in 1992. As computer hardware evolved through the 1990s, more and more of SAP's applications and systems were written in ABAP. By 2001, all but the most basic functions were written in ABAP. In 1999, SAP released an object-oriented extension to ABAP called ABAP Objects, along with R/3 release 4.6.
SAP's most recent development platform, NetWeaver, supports both ABAP and Java.
Implementation
Where does the ABAP Program Run?
All ABAP programs reside inside the SAP database. They are not stored in separate external files like Java or C++ programs. In the database all ABAP code exists in two forms: source code, which can be viewed and edited with the ABAP workbench, and "compiled" code ("generated" code is the more correct technical term), which is loaded and interpreted by the ABAP runtime system. Code generation happens implicitly when a unit of ABAP code is first invoked. If the source code is changed later or if one of the data objects accessed by the program has changed (e.g. fields were added to a database table), then the code is automatically regenerated.
ABAP programs run in the SAP application server, under control of the runtime system, which is part of the SAP kernel. The runtime system is responsible for processing ABAP statements, controlling the flow logic of screens and responding to events (such as a user clicking on a screen button). A key component of the ABAP runtime system is the Database Interface, which turns database-independent ABAP statements ("Open SQL") into statements understood by the underlying DBMS ("Native SQL"). The database interface handles all the communication with the relational database on behalf of ABAP programs; it also contains extra features such as buffering of frequently accessed data in the local memory of the application server.
Basis
Basis sits between ABAP/4 and Operating system.Basis is like an operating system for R/3. It sits between the ABAP/4 code and the computer's operating system. SAP likes to call it middleware because it sits in the middle, between ABAP/4 and the operating system. Basis sits between ABAP/4 and the operating system. ABAP/4 cannot run directly on an operating system. It requires a set of programs (collectively called Basis) to load, interpret, and buffer its input and output. Basis, in some respects, is like the Windows environment. Windows starts up, and while running it provides an environment in which Windows programs can run. Without Windows, programs written for the Windows environment cannot run. Basis is to ABAP/4 programs as Windows is to Windows programs. Basis provides the runtime environment for ABAP/4 programs. Without Basis, ABAP/4 programs cannot run. When the operator starts up R/3, you can think of him as starting up Basis. Basis is a collection of R/3 system programs that present you with an interface. Using this interface the user can start ABAP/4 programs. To install Basis, an installer runs the program r3inst at the command-prompt level of the operating system. Like most installs, this creates a directory structure and copies a set of executables into it. These executables taken together as a unit form Basis.
To start up the R/3 system, the operator enters the startsap command. The Basis executables start up and stay running, accepting requests from the user to run ABAP/4 programs.
ABAP/4 programs run within the protective Basis environment; they are not executables that run on the operating system. Instead, Basis reads ABAP/4 code and interprets it into operating system instructions. ABAP/4 programs do not access operating system functions directly. Instead, they use Basis functions to perform file I/O and display data in windows. This level of isolation from the operating system enables ABAP/4 programs to be ported without modification to any system that supports R/3. This buffering is built right into the ABAP/4 language itself and is actually totally transparent to the programmer.
Basis makes ABAP/4 programs portable. The platforms that R/3 can run on are shown in Table. For example, if you write an ABAP/4 program on Digital UNIX with an Informix database and an OSF/Motif interface, that same program should run without modification on a Windows NT machine with an Oracle database and a Windows 95 interface. Or, it could run on an AS/400 with a DB2 database using OS/2 as the front-end.
SAP also provides a suite of tools for administering the Basis system. These tools perform tasks such as system performance monitoring, configuration, and system maintenance. To access the Basis administration tools from the main menu, choose the path Tools->Administration.
Platforms and Databases Supported by R/3
Operating Systems Supported Hardware Supported Front-Ends Supported Databases
AIX SINIX IBM SNI SUN Win 3.1/95/NT DB2 for AIX
SOLARIS HP-UX Digital HP OSF/Motif Informix-Online
Digital-UNIX Bull OS/2 Oracle 7.1
Windows NT AT&T Compaq Win 3.1/95/NT Oracle 7.1
Bull/Zenith OSF/Motif SQL Server 6.0
HP (Intel) SNI OS/2 ADABAS D
OS/400 AS/400 Win95 OS/2 DB2/400
SAP Systems and Landscapes
All SAP data exists and all SAP software runs in the context of an SAP system. A system consists of a central relational database and one or more application servers ("instances") accessing the data and programs in this database. A SAP system contains at least one instance but may contain more, mostly for reasons of sizing and performance. In a system with multiple instances, load balancing mechanisms ensure that the load is spread evenly over the available application servers.
Installations of the Web Application Server (landscapes) typically consist of three systems: one for development, one for testing and quality assurance, and one for production. The landscape may contain more systems, e.g. separate systems for unit testing and pre-production testing, or it may contain fewer, e.g. only development and production, without separate QA; nevertheless three is the most common configuration. ABAP programs are created and undergo first testing in the development system. Afterwards they are distributed to the other systems in the landscape. These actions take place under control of the Change and Transport System (CTS), which is responsible for concurrency control (e.g. preventing two developers from changing the same code at the same time), version management and deployment of programs on the QA and production systems.
The Web Application Server consists of three layers: the database layer, the application layer and the presentation layer. These layers may run on the same or on different physical machines. The database layer contains the relational database and the database software. The application layer contains the instance or instances of the system. All application processes, including the business transactions and the ABAP development, run on the application layer. The presentation layer handles the interaction with users of the system. Online access to ABAP application servers can go via a proprietary graphical interface, the SAPGUI, or via a Web browser.
Transactions
We call an execution of an ABAP program using a transaction code a transaction. There are dialog, report, parameter, variant, and as of release 6.10, OO transactions. A transaction is started by entering the transaction code in the input field on the standard toolbar, or by means of the ABAP statements CALL TRANSACTION or LEAVE TO TRANSACTION. Transaction codes can also be linked to screen elements or menu entries. Selecting such an element will start the transaction.
A transaction code is simply a twenty-character name connected with a Dynpro, another transaction code, or, as of release 6.10, a method of an ABAP program. Transaction codes linked with Dynpros are possible for executable programs, module pools, and function groups. Parameter transactions and variant transactions are linked with other transaction codes. Transaction codes that are linked with methods are allowed for all program types that can contain methods. Transaction codes are maintained in transaction SE93.
So, a transaction is nothing more than the SAP way of program executionbut why is it called transaction? ABAP is a language for business applications and the most important features of business applications were and still are are transactions. Since in the early days of SAP, the execution of a program often meant the same thing as carrying out a business transaction, the terms transaction and transaction code were chosen for program execution. But never mix up the technical meaning of a transaction with business transactions. For business transactions, it is the term LUW (Logical Unit of Work) that counts. And during one transaction (program execution), there can be many different LUWs.
Lets have a look at the different kind of transactions:
Dialog Transaction
These are the most common kind of transactions. The transaction code of a dialog transaction is linked to a Dynpro of an ABAP program. When the transaction is called, the respective program is loaded and the Dynpro is called. Therefore, a dialog transaction calls a Dynpro sequence rather than a program. Only during the execution of the Dynpro flow logic are the dialog modules of the ABAP program itself are called. The program flow can differ from execution to execution. You can even assign different dialog transaction codes to one program.
Parameter Transaction
In the definition of a parameter transaction code, a dialog transaction is linked with parameters. When you call a parameter transaction, the input fields of the initial Dynpro screen of the dialog transaction are filled with parameters. The display of the initial screen can be inhibited by specifying all mandatory input fields as parameters of the transaction.
Variant Transaction
In the definition of a variant transaction code, a dialog transaction is linked with a transaction variant. When a variant transaction is accessed, the dialog transaction is called and executed with the transaction variant. In transaction variants, you can assign default values to the input fields on several Dynpro screens in a transaction, change the attributes of screen elements, and hide entire screens. Transaction variants are maintained in transaction SHD0.
Report Transaction
A report transaction is the transaction code wrapping for starting the reporting process. The transaction code of a report transaction must be linked with the selection screen of an executable program. When you execute a report transaction, the runtime environment internally executes the ABAP statement SUBMITmore to come on that.
OO Transaction
A new kind of transaction as of release 6.10. The transaction code of an OO transaction is linked with a method of a local or global class. When the transaction is called, the corresponding program is loaded, for instance methods an object of the class is generated and the method is executed.
Types of ABAP programs
In ABAP, there are two different types of programs:
Report programs(Executable pools)
A Sample ReportReport programs AKA Executable pools follow a relatively simple programming model whereby a user optionally enters a set of parameters (e.g. a selection over a subset of data) and the program then uses the input parameters to produce a report in the form of an interactive list. The output from the report program is interactive because it is not a passive display; instead it enables the user, through ABAP language constructs, to obtain a more detailed view on specific data records via drill-down functions, or to invoke further processing through menu commands, for instance to sort the data in a different way or to filter the data according to selection criteria. This method of presenting reports has great advantages for users who must deal with large quantities of information and must also have the ability to examine this information in highly flexible ways, without being constrained by the rigid formatting or unmanageable size of "listing-like" reports. The ease with which such interactive reports can be developed is one of the most striking features of the ABAP language.
The term "report" is somewhat misleading in the sense that it is also possible to create report programs that modify the data in the underlying database instead of simply reading it.
A customized screen created using Screen Painter,which is one of the tool available in ABAP workbench(T-code = SE51).
Online programs
Online programs (also called module pools) do not produce lists. These programs define more complex patterns of user interaction using a collection of screens. The term screen refers to the actual, physical image that the users sees. Each screen also has a flow logic; this refers to the ABAP code invoked by the screens, i.e. the logic that initializes screens, responds to a users requests and controls the sequence between the screens of a module pool. Each screen has its own Flow Logic, which is divided into a "PBO" (Process Before Output) and "PAI" (Process After Input) section. In SAP documentation the term dynpro (dynamic program) refers to the combination of the screen and its Flow Logic.
Online programs are not invoked directly by their name, but are associated with a transaction code. Users can then invoke them through customizable, role-dependent, transaction menus.
Apart from reports and online programs, it is also possible to develop sharable code units such as class libraries, function libraries and subroutine pools.
Subroutine Pools
Subroutine pools, as the name implies, were created to contain selections of subroutines that can be called externally from other programs. Before release 6.10, this was the only way subroutine pools could be used. But besides subroutines, subroutine pools can also contain local classes and interfaces. As of release 6.10, you can connect transaction codes to methods. Therefore, you can now also call subroutine pools via transaction codes. This is the closest to a Java program you can get in ABAP: a subroutine pool with a class containing a method say main connected to a transaction code!
Type Pools
Type pools are the precursors to general type definitions in the ABAP Dictionary. Before release 4.0, only elementary data types and flat structures could be defined in the ABAP Dictionary. All other types that shouldve been generally available had to be defined with TYPES in type pools. As of release 4.0, type pools were only necessary for constants. As of release 6.40, constants can be declared in the public sections of global classes and type pools can be replaced by global classes.
Class Pools
Class pools serve as containers for exactly one global class. Besides the global class, they can contain global types and local classes/interfaces to be used in the global class. A class pool is loaded into memory by using one of its components. For example, a public method can be called from any ABAP program or via a transaction code connected to the method. You maintain class pools in the class builder.
Interface Pools
Interface pools serve as containers for exactly one global interfacenothing more and nothing less. You use an interface pool by implementing its interface in classes and by creating reference variables with the type of its interface. You maintain interface pools in the class builder.
ABAP Workbench
The ABAP Workbench contains different tools for editing Repository objects. These tools provide you with a wide range of assistance that covers the entire software development cycle. The most important tools for creating and editing Repository objects are:
ABAP Editor for writing and editing program code
ABAP Dictionary for processing database table definitions and retrieving global types
Menu Painter for designing the user interface (menu bar, standard toolbar, application toolbar, function key assignment)
Screen Painter for designing screens (dynamic programs) for user dialogs
Function Builder for displaying and processing function modules (routines with defined interfaces that are available throughout the system)
Class Builder for displaying and processing ABAP Objects classes
The ABAP Dictionary
Enforces data integrity
Manages data definitions without redundancy
Is tightly integrated with the rest of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench.
Enforcing data integrity is the process of ensuring that data entered into the system is logical, complete, and consistent. When data integrity rules are defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, the system automatically prevents the entry of invalid data. Defining the data integrity rules at the dictionary level means they only have to be defined once, rather than in each program that accesses that data.
The following are examples of data lacking integrity:
A date field with a month value of 13
An order assigned to a customer number that doesnt exist
An order not assigned to a customer
Managing data definitions without redundancy is the process of linking similar information to the same data definition. For example, a customer database is likely to contain a customers ID number in several places. The ABAP Dictionary provides the capability of defining the characteristics of a customer ID number in only one place. That central definition then can be used for each instance of a customer ID number.
The ABAP Dictionarys integration with the rest of the development environment enables ABAP programs to automatically recognize the names and characteristics of dictionary objects.
Additionally, the system provides easy navigation between development objects and dictionary definitions. For example, as a programmer, you can double-click on the name of a dictionary object in your program code, and the system will take you directly to the definition of that object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.
When a dictionary object is changed, a program that references the changed object will automatically reference the new version the next time the program runs. Because ABAP is interpreted, it is not necessary to recompile programs that reference changed dictionary objects.
ABAP Syntax
The syntax of the ABAP programming language consists of the following elements:
Statements
An ABAP program consists of individual ABAP statements. Each statement begins with a keyword and ends with a period.
"Hello World" PROGRAM
WRITE 'Hello World'.
This example contains two statements, one on each line. The keywords are PROGRAM and WRITE. The program displays a list on the screen. In this case, the list consists of the line "My First Program".
The keyword determines the category of the statement. For an overview of the different categories, refer to ABAP Statements.
Formatting ABAP Statements
ABAP has no format restrictions. You can enter statements in any format, so a statement can be indented, you can write several statements on one line, or spread a single statement over several lines.
You must separate words within a statement with at least one space. The system also interprets the end of line marker as a space.
The program fragment
PROGRAM TEST.
WRITE 'This is a statement'.
could also be written as follows:
PROGRAM TEST. WRITE 'This is a statement'.
or as follows:
PROGRAM
TEST.
WRITE
'This is a statement'.
Use this free formatting to make your programs easier to understand.
Special Case: Text Literals
Text literals are sequences of alphanumeric characters in the program code that are enclosed in quotation marks. If a text literal in an ABAP statement extends across more than one line, the following difficulties can occur:
All spaces between the quotation marks are interpreted as belonging to the text literal. Letters in text literals in a line that is not concluded with quotation marks are interpreted by the editor as uppercase. If you want to enter text literals that do not fit into a single line, you can use the & character to combine a succession of text literals into a single one.
The program fragment
PROGRAM TEST.
WRITE 'This
is
a statement'.
inserts all spaces between the quotation marks into the literal, and converts the letters to uppercase.
This program fragment
PROGRAM TEST.
WRITE 'This' &
' is ' &
'a statement'.
combines three text literals into one.
Chained Statements
The ABAP programming language allows you to concatenate consecutive statements with an identical first part into a chain statement.
To concatenate a sequence of separate statements, write the identical part only once and place a colon ( after it. After the colon, write the remaining parts of the individual statements, separating them with commas. Ensure that you place a period (.) after the last part to inform the system where the chain ends.
Statement sequence:
WRITE SPFLI-CITYFROM.
WRITE SPFLI-CITYTO.
WRITE SPFLI-AIRPTO.
Chain statement:
WRITE: SPFLI-CITYFROM, SPFLI-CITYTO, SPFLI-AIRPTO.
In the chain, a colon separates the beginning of the statement from the variable parts. After the colon or commas, you can insert any number of spaces.
You could, for example, write the same statement like this:
WRITE: SPFLI-CITYFROM,
SPFLI-CITYTO,
SPFLI-AIRPTO.
In a chain statement, the first part (before the colon) is not limited to the keyword of the statements.
Statement sequence:
SUM = SUM + 1.
SUM = SUM + 2.
SUM = SUM + 3.
SUM = SUM + 4.
Chain statement:
SUM = SUM + : 1, 2, 3, 4.
Comments
Comments are texts that you can write between the statements of your ABAP program to explain their purpose to a reader. Comments are distinguished by the preceding signs * (at the beginning of a line) and " (at any position in a line). If you want the entire line to be a comment, enter an asterisk (*) at the beginning of the line. The system then ignores the entire line when it generates the program. If you want part of a line to be a comment, enter a double quotation mark (") before the comment. The system interprets comments indicated by double quotation marks as spaces.
PROGRAM SAPMTEST *
WRITTEN BY KARL BYTE, 06/27/1995 *
LAST CHANGED BY RITA DIGIT, 10/01/1995 *
TASK: DEMONSTRATION *
PROGRAM SAPMTEST.
DECLARATIONS *
DATA: FLAG " GLOBAL FLAG
NUMBER TYPE I " COUNTER
PROCESSING BLOCKS *
Advantages of ABAP over Contemporary languages
ABAP OBJECTS
Object orientation in ABAP is an extension of the ABAP language that makes available the advantages of object-oriented programming, such as encapsulation, interfaces, and inheritance. This helps to simplify applications and make them more controllable.
ABAP Objects is fully compatible with the existing language, so you can use existing statements and modularization units in programs that use ABAP Objects, and can also use ABAP Objects in existing ABAP programs.
ABAP Statements an Overview
The first element of an ABAP statement is the ABAP keyword. This determines the category of the statement. The different statement categories are as follows:
Declarative Statements
These statements define data types or declare data objects which are used by the other statements in a program or routine. The collected declarative statements in a program or routine make up its declaration part.
Examples of declarative keywords:
TYPES, DATA, TABLES
Modularization Statements
These statements define the processing blocks in an ABAP program.
The modularization keywords can be further divided into:
· Defining keywords
You use statements containing these keywords to define subroutines, function modules, dialog modules and methods. You conclude these processing blocks using the END statements.
Examples of definitive keywords:
METHOD ... ENDMETHOD, FUNCTION ... ENDFUNCTION, MODULE ... ENDMODULE.
· Event keywords
You use statements containing these keywords to define event blocks. There are no special statements to conclude processing blocks - they end when the next processing block is introduced.
Examples of event key words:
AT SELECTION SCREEN, START-OF-SELECTION, AT USER-COMMAND
Control Statements
You use these statements to control the flow of an ABAP program within a processing block according to certain conditions.
Examples of control keywords:
IF, WHILE, CASE
Call Statements
You use these statements to call processing blocks that you have already defined using modularization statements. The blocks you call can either be in the same ABAP program or in a different program.
Examples of call keywords:
CALL METHOD, CALL TRANSACTION, SUBMIT, LEAVE TO
Operational Statements These keywords process the data that you have defined using declarative statements.
Examples of operational keywords:
MOVE, ADD
Unique Concept of Internal Table in ABAP
Internal tables provide a means of taking data from a fixed structure and storing it in working memory in ABAP. The data is stored line by line in memory, and each line has the same structure. In ABAP, internal tables fulfill the function of arrays. Since they are dynamic data objects, they save the programmer the task of dynamic memory management in his or her programs. You should use internal tables whenever you want to process a dataset with a fixed structure within a program. A particularly important use for internal tables is for storing and formatting data from a database table within a program. They are also a good way of including very complicated data structures in an ABAP program.
Like all elements in the ABAP type concept, internal tables can exist both as data types and as data objects A data type is the abstract description of an internal table, either in a program or centrally in the ABAP Dictionary, that you use to create a concrete data object. The data type is also an attribute of an existing data object.
Internal Tables as Data Types
Internal tables and structures are the two structured data types in ABAP. The data type of an internal table is fully specified by its line type, key, and table type.
Line type
The line type of an internal table can be any data type. The data type of an internal table is normally a structure. Each component of the structure is a column in the internal table. However, the line type may also be elementary or another internal table.
Key
The key identifies table rows. There are two kinds of key for internal tables - the standard key and a user-defined key. You can specify whether the key should be UNIQUE or NON-UNIQUE. Internal tables with a unique key cannot contain duplicate entries. The uniqueness depends on the table access method.
If a table has a structured line type, its default key consists of all of its non-numerical columns that are not references or themselves internal tables. If a table has an elementary line type, the default key is the entire line. The default key of an internal table whose line type is an internal table, the default key is empty.
The user-defined key can contain any columns of the internal table that are not references or themselves internal tables. Internal tables with a user-defined key are called key tables. When you define the key, the sequence of the key fields is significant. You should remember this, for example, if you intend to sort the table according to the key.
Table type
The table type determines how ABAP will access individual table entries. Internal tables can be divided into three types:
Standard tables have an internal linear index. From a particular size upwards, the indexes of internal tables are administered as trees. In this case, the index administration overhead increases in logarithmic and not linear relation to the number of lines. The system can access records either by using the table index or the key. The response time for key access is proportional to the number of entries in the table. The key of a standard table is always non-unique. You cannot specify a unique key. This means that standard tables can always be filled very quickly, since the system does not have to check whether there are already existing entries.
Sorted tables are always saved sorted by the key. They also have an internal index. The system can access records either by using the table index or the key. The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries, since the system uses a binary search. The key of a sorted table can be either unique or non-unique. When you define the table, you must specify whether the key is to be unique or not. Standard tables and sorted tables are known generically as index tables.
Hashed tables have no linear index. You can only access a hashed table using its key. The response time is independent of the number of table entries, and is constant, since the system access the table entries using a hash algorithm. The key of a hashed table must be unique. When you define the table, you must specify the key as UNIQUE.
Generic Internal Tables
Unlike other local data types in programs, you do not have to specify the data type of an internal table fully. Instead, you can specify a generic construction, that is, the key or key and line type of an internal table data type may remain unspecified. You can use generic internal tables to specify the types of field symbols and the interface parameters of procedures . You cannot use them to declare data objects.
Internal Tables as Dynamic Data Objects
Data objects that are defined either with the data type of an internal table, or directly as an internal table, are always fully defined in respect of their line type, key and access method. However, the number of lines is not fixed. Thus internal tables are dynamic data objects, since they can contain any number of lines of a particular type. The only restriction on the number of lines an internal table may contain are the limits of your system installation. The maximum memory that can be occupied by an internal table (including its internal administration) is 2 gigabytes. A more realistic figure is up to 500 megabytes. An additional restriction for hashed tables is that they may not contain more than 2 million entries. The line types of internal tables can be any ABAP data types - elementary, structured, or internal tables. The individual lines of an internal table are called table lines or table entries. Each component of a structured line is called a column in the internal table.
Choosing a Table Type
The table type (and particularly the access method) that you will use depends on how the typical internal table operations will be most frequently executed.
Standard tables
This is the most appropriate type if you are going to address the individual table entries using the index. Index access is the quickest possible access. You should fill a standard table by appending lines (ABAP APPEND statement), and read, modify and delete entries by specifying the index (INDEX option with the relevant ABAP command). The access time for a standard table increases in a linear relationship with the number of table entries. If you need key access, standard tables are particularly useful if you can fill and process the table in separate steps. For example, you could fill the table by appending entries, and then sort it. If you use the binary search option with key access, the response time is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries.
Sorted tables
This is the most appropriate type if you need a table which is sorted as you fill it. You fill sorted tables using the INSERT statement. Entries are inserted according to the sort sequence defined through the table key. Any illegal entries are recognized as soon as you try to add them to the table. The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the number of table entries, since the system always uses a binary search. Sorted tables are particularly useful for partially sequential processing in a LOOP if you specify the beginning of the table key in the WHERE condition.
Hashed tables
This is the most appropriate type for any table where the main operation is key access. You cannot access a hashed table using its index. The response time for key access remains constant, regardless of the number of table entries. Like database tables, hashed tables always have a unique key. Hashed tables are useful if you want to construct and use an internal table which resembles a database table or for processing large amounts of data.
Advanced Topics
Batch Input: Concepts
Processing Sessions
The above figure shows how a batch input session works.A batch input session is a set of one or more calls to transactions along with the data to be processed by the transactions. The system normally executes the transactions in a session non-interactively, allowing rapid entry of bulk data into an R/3 System.
A session records transactions and data in a special format that can be interpreted by the R/3 System. When the System reads a session, it uses the data in the session to simulate on-line entry of transactions and data. The System can call transactions and enter data using most of the facilities that are available to interactive users.
For example, the data that a session enters into transaction screens is subject to the same consistency checking as in normal interactive operation. Further, batch input sessions are subject to the user-based authorization checking that is performed by the system.
Advantages of ABAP over Contemporary languages
ABAP Objects offers a number of advantages, even if you want to continue using procedural programming. If you want to use new ABAP features, you have to use object-oriented interfaces anyway.
Sharing Data: With ABAP shared objects, you can aggregate data once at a central location and the different users and programs can then access this data without the need for copying.
Exception Handling: With the class-based exception concept of ABAP, you can define a special control flow for a specific error situation and provide the user with information about the error.
Developing Persistency: For permanent storage of data in ABAP, you use relational database tables by means of database-independent Open SQL, which is integrated in ABAP. However, you can also store selected objects transparently or access the integrated database or other databases using proprietary SQL.
Connectivity and Interoperability: The Exchange Infrastructure and Web services are the means by which developers can implement a service-oriented architecture. With Web services, you can provide and consume services independently of implementation or protocol. Furthermore, you can do so within NetWeaver and in the communication with other systems. With the features of the Exchange Infrastructure, you can enable, manage, and adapt integration scenarios between systems.
Making Enhancements: With the Enhancement Framework, you can enhance programs, function modules, and global classes without modification as well as replace existing code. The Switch Framework enables you activate only specific development objects or enhancements in a system.
Considerable Aspects
It follows a list of aspects to be considered during development. The list of course is not complete.
Dynpro persistence
When implementing dynpros one has to care for himself to read out and persist the necessary fields. Recently it happened to me that I forgot to include a field into the UPDATE-clause which is an error not so easy to uncover if you have other problems to be solved in the same package. Here, tool-support or built-in mechanisms would help.
The developer could help himself out by creating something like a document containing a cookbook or guide in which parts of a dynpro logic one has to care about persistence. With that at hand, it would be quite easy finding those bugs in short time. Maybe a report scanning for the definition of the dynpro fields to be persisted could scan the code automatically, too.
Memory Cache
It should be common-sense that avoiding select-statements onto the database helps reducing the server load. For that the programmer either can resort to function modules if available. This maybe is the case for important tables. Or the programmer needs to implement his own logic using internal tables. Here, the standard software package could provide the developer with a tool or a mechanism auto-generating memory cached tables resp. function modules implementing this.
Sometimes buffering of database tables could be used, if applicable. But that would require an effort in customizing the system and could drain down system performance overall, especially if a table is involved that has a central role.
Interfaces
It should be noticed that some function modules available have an incomplete interface. That means, the interface does not include all parameters evaluated by the logic of the function module. For example, global variables from within the function group could be read out, which cannot be influenced by the general caller. Or memory parameters are used internally to feed the logic with further information.
One workaround here would be copying the relevant parts of the logic to a newly created function module and then adapt it to the own context. This sometimes is possible, maybe if the copied code is not too lengthy and only a few or no calls to other logic is part of it.
A modification of the SAP code could be considered, if the modification itself is unavoidable (or another solution would be not justifiable by estimated effort to spend on it) and if the location of the modification seems quite safe against future upgrades or hot fixes. The latter is something that could be evaluated by contacting the SAP hotline or working with OSS message (searching thru existing one, perhaps open a new one).
Example
'From SAP NetWeaver:'
set an exclusive lock at level object-type & object-id
IF NOT lf_bapi_error = true.
IF ( NOT istourhd-doc_type IS INITIAL ) AND
( NOT istourhd-doc_id IS INITIAL )
CALL FUNCTION 'ENQUEUE_/DSD/E_HH_RAREF'
EXPORTING
obj_typ = istourhd-doc_type
obj_id = istourhd-doc_id
EXCEPTIONS
foreign_lock = 1
system_failure = 2
OTHERS = 3.
IF sy-subrc <> 0.
terminate processing...
lf_bapi_error = true.
...and add message to return table
PERFORM set_msg_to_bapiret2
USING sy-msgid gc_abort sy-msgno
sy-msgv1 sy-msgv2 sy-msgv3 sy-msgv4
gc_istourhd gc_enqueue_refdoc space
CHANGING lt_return.
ENDIF.
ENDIF.
ENDIF. " bapi error
Example Report(Type - ALV(Advanced List Viewer))
REPORT Z_ALV_SIMPLE_EXAMPLE_WITH_ITAB .
*Simple example to use ALV and to define the ALV data in an internal
*table
*data definition
tables:
marav. "Table MARA and table MAKT
Data to be displayed in ALV
Using the following syntax, REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE can auto-
matically determine the fieldstructure from this source program
Data:
begin of imat occurs 100,
matnr like marav-matnr, "Material number
maktx like marav-maktx, "Material short text
matkl like marav-matkl, "Material group (so you can test to make
" intermediate sums)
ntgew like marav-ntgew, "Net weight, numeric field (so you can test to
"make sums)
gewei like marav-gewei, "weight unit (just to be complete)
end of imat.
Other data needed
field to store report name
data i_repid like sy-repid.
field to check table length
data i_lines like sy-tabix.
Data for ALV display
TYPE-POOLS: SLIS.
data int_fcat type SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV.
select-options:
s_matnr for marav-matnr matchcode object MAT1.
start-of-selection.
read data into table imat
select * from marav
into corresponding fields of table imat
where
matnr in s_matnr.
Check if material was found
clear i_lines.
describe table imat lines i_lines.
if i_lines lt 1.
Using hardcoded write here for easy upload
write: /
'No materials found.'.
exit.
endif.
end-of-selection.
To use ALV, we need a DDIC-structure or a thing called Fieldcatalogue.
The fieldcatalouge can be generated by FUNCTION
'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE' from an internal table from any
report source, including this report.
Store report name
i_repid = sy-repid.
Create Fieldcatalogue from internal table
CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'
EXPORTING
I_PROGRAM_NAME = i_repid
I_INTERNAL_TABNAME = 'IMAT' "capital letters!
I_INCLNAME = i_repid
CHANGING
CT_FIELDCAT = int_fcat
EXCEPTIONS
INCONSISTENT_INTERFACE = 1
PROGRAM_ERROR = 2
OTHERS = 3.
*explanations:
I_PROGRAM_NAME is the program which calls this function
I_INTERNAL_TABNAME is the name of the internal table which you want
to display in ALV
I_INCLNAME is the ABAP-source where the internal table is defined
(DATA....)
CT_FIELDCAT contains the Fieldcatalouge that we need later for
ALV display
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
write: /
'Returncode',
sy-subrc,
'from FUNCTION REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'.
ENDIF.
*This was the fieldcatlogue
Call for ALV list display
CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'
EXPORTING
I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM = i_repid
IT_FIELDCAT = int_fcat
TABLES
T_OUTTAB = imat
EXCEPTIONS
PROGRAM_ERROR = 1
OTHERS = 2.
*explanations:
I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM is the program which calls this function
IT_FIELDCAT (just made by REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE) contains
now the data definition needed for display
I_SAVE allows the user to save his own layouts
T_OUTTAB contains the data to be displayed in ALV
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
write: /
'Returncode',
sy-subrc,
'from FUNCTION REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'.
ENDIF.
OOPs ABAP uses Classes and Interfaces which uses Methods and events.
If you have Java skills it is advantage for you.
There are Local classes as well as Global Classes.
Local classes we can work in SE38 straight away.
But mostly it is better to use the Global classes.
Global Classes or Interfaces are to be created in SE24.
SAP already given some predefined classes and Interfaces.
This OOPS concepts very useful for writing BADI's also.
So first create a class in SE 24.
Define attributes, Methods for that class.
Define parameters for that Method.
You can define event handlers also to handle the messages.
After creation in each method write the code.
Methods are similar to ABAP PERFORM -FORM statements.
After the creation of CLass and methods come to SE38 and create the program.
In the program create a object type ref to that class and with the help of that Object call the methods of that Class and display the data.
Regards
Anji

1)Now I use Lightrom 5.7 how to upgrade to 6 or CC? 2) What is the difference between 6 and CC vercion? 3) When I used lightromm 3, I could see inEXIF the distance in meters till the object I took, in the later virsions that function disappeared, it is ve

1)Now I use Lightrom 5.7 how to upgrade to 6 or CC?
2) What is the difference between 6 and CC version?
3) When I used lightromm 3, I could see in EXIF the distance in meters till the object I took, in the later virsions that function disappeared, it is very sad I am stiil waiting and hope that it would be possibble in the new versions. Or this indication may possible by setting?

1)Now I use Lightrom 5.7 how to upgrade to 6 or CC?
Purchase the standalone upgrade from here: Products
Download CC version from here: Explore Adobe desktop apps | Adobe Creative Cloud
2) What is the difference between 6 and CC version?
See this comparison chart: Compare Lightroom versions | Adobe Photoshop Lightroom CC
3) When I used lightromm 3, I could see in EXIF the distance in meters till the object I took, in the later virsions that function disappeared, it is very sad I am stiil waiting and hope that it would be possibble in the new versions. Or this indication may possible by setting?
Rob Cole's ExifMeta plugin displays the Subject Distance field (and much more). Unfortunately, his Web site appears to be down again. He used to be very active here, but he hasn't posted in several months.

Difference between BAPI and remote enabled function module

Hi!
what is the difference between remote enabled function module and
BAPI.
How do we use remote enabled function module .
thanks
Amit

Please search the forum before asking basic questions.

What is the difference between the normal function module and bapi function

hi,
what is the difference between the normal function module and bapi function module.

Hi
BAPI stands for Business API(Application Program Interface).
A BAPI is remotely enabled function module ie it can be invoked from remote programs like standalone JAVA programs, web interface etc..
You can make your function module remotely enabled in attributes of Function module but
A BAPI are standard SAP function modules provided by SAP for remote access. Also they are part of Businees Objest Repository(BOR).
BAPI are RFC enabled function modules. the difference between RFc and BAPI are business objects. You create business objects and those are then registered in your BOR (Business Object Repository) which can be accessed outside the SAP system by using some other applications (Non-SAP) such as VB or JAVA. in this case u only specify the business object and its method from external system in BAPI there is no direct system call. while RFC are direct system call Some BAPIs provide basic functions and can be used for most SAP business object types. These BAPIs should be implemented the same for all business object types. Standardized BAPIs are easier to use and prevent users having to deal with a number of different BAPIs. Whenever possible, a standardized BAPI must be used in preference to an individual BAPI.
Regards
Anji

Functional differences between OBISE1 and OBIEE

Hello,
beside the licensing restrictions, there are some funtional differences between OBISE1 and OBIEE. I have seen some very neat features in OBIEE which are not implemented in OBISE1, e. g. generating powerpoint or the assistants for bi publisher in word. The actual release of EE is 10.1.3.4.0 and it is 10.1.3.2.1 for SE1. Does anyone know, if SE1 will be upgraded to 10.1.3.4.0? And if yes, will Interactive Dashboards, Answers and BI Publisher in this relaese have the functional range of EE?
Thanks in advance for your answers.
Thomas

Balaa,
This question has been posted a number of times. Yes, Server, Answers, Dashboards and Publisher are functionally identical in BISE1 and BIEE. You can use BIEE 10.1.3.4.1 to upgrade your BISE1 10.1.3.2.1 (Oracle trust you not to use the stuff you are not licensed to use such as Delivers).
See my oracle support note document id 743916.1 on metalink3 ...
Oracle BI SE1: Patch to 10.1.3.4
Upgrading Oracle Business Intelligence Standard Edition One to higher versions of the underlying components
"Customers may upgrade to the latest 10.1.3.x versions of the BI components by running the BI Enterprise Edition 10.1.3.x Installer. They will be alerted that there is an installation already present and prompted to preserve the existing configuration. They should choose that option and the installer will leave the existing configuration (to include Repository, Web Catalog, etc) in tact and install the newer versions of the components. Note that when upgrading, all BI components must be upgraded to the same version. Customers may upgrade to the latest versions of Oracle Database 10g or Oracle Warehouse Builder 10g by applying the supported appropriate patches as needed. A note on platform support -- Oracle BI SE One is available for Windows platforms only. Oracle does not support Oracle BI SE One on other platforms. A note on licensing -- By license, customers are restricted to using BI Server, BI Answers, BI Dashboards, BI Publisher, BI Administration Tool, Oracle RDBMS, Oracle Warehouse Builder Core ETL functionality. Note that the BI SE One installation installs all of the BI components -- those listed above as well as Delivers, Office Plug-in, etc. If customers wish to use those additional components they are required to upgrade to a BI Enterprise Edition license."

Difference procedure and function

some tasks solved both procedures and functions.when we go to function and when we
go to procedure.

One other difference is "Using the RETURN Statement"
In procedures, a RETURN statement does not return a value and so cannot contain an expression. The statement returns control to the caller before the end of the procedure.
In functions, a RETURN statement must contain an expression, which is evaluated
when the RETURN statement is executed. The resulting value is assigned to the
function identifier, which acts like a variable of the type specified in the RETURN
clause.

Differences between procedures and functions.

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