Disk failure and Backup procedures

tl;dr: recommendations for data recovery software on a failing hard drive?
Hello Forum,
I have a PC with two drives, an 1TB HD with /home mounted on it and a 40GB SSD with everything else.
At some point working on a document, I had trouble saving it and the applications started to stutter. I immediately checked dmesg wich returned a bunch of errors so I proceeded to turn off the machine.
I disconnected the /home HD and I can boot in "emergency mode" as root. The relevant system logs ( # journalctl --since=2013-01-29 | grep sdb) show as much as 50 times per second the following lines:
sd 3:0:1:0: [sdb] Unhandled error code
sd 3:0:1:0: [sdb]
sd 3:0:1:0: [sdb] CDB:
Also, when it all started, there were a lot of lines mentioning
Buffer I/O error on device sdb3, logical block 7555XXXX
Where XXXX just kept increasing one by one.
Is that sure sign of a physical failure or can these symptoms arise from other causes?
As I am presuming a physical failure, I am planning to buy tomorrow another HD of the same size and try to recover the maximum possible amount of data. I have read on the Internet that the first thing would be to try to image it, maybe using several runs of an imaging software.
Do you know of a good software to do this type of work?
Cheers,
-- adelgado

First: Boot from a live-cd, to prevent unnecessary mounting of your disks (System Rescue CD comes with ddrescue).
"dd" is usually recommended for imaging. However, you might want to take a look at ddrescue instead. ddrescue is more resistant to read-errors, and I higly recommend using its log-feature - Take a look at its homepage.
Here's a bit more about imaging hard drives with ddrescue.
NB: There is another program called dd_rescue, which I have no experience with.
Last edited by graph (2013-01-26 21:24:01)

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    com.apple.driver.XsanFilter          404
    com.apple.iokit.IOAHCIBlockStorage          2.2.2
    com.apple.driver.AppleUSBHub          5.2.5
    com.apple.driver.AirPort.Brcm4331          602.15.22
    com.apple.driver.AppleSmartBatteryManager          161.0.0
    com.apple.driver.AppleSDXC          1.2.2
    com.apple.iokit.AppleBCM5701Ethernet          3.2.5b3
    com.apple.driver.AppleAHCIPort          2.4.1
    com.apple.driver.AppleFWOHCI          4.9.6
    com.apple.driver.AppleUSBEHCI          5.4.0
    com.apple.driver.AppleEFINVRAM          1.6.1
    com.apple.driver.AppleRTC          1.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleACPIButtons          1.6
    com.apple.driver.AppleHPET          1.7
    com.apple.driver.AppleSMBIOS          1.9
    com.apple.driver.AppleACPIEC          1.6
    com.apple.driver.AppleAPIC          1.6
    com.apple.driver.AppleIntelCPUPowerManagementClient          196.0.0
    com.apple.nke.applicationfirewall          4.0.39
    com.apple.security.quarantine          2
    com.apple.driver.AppleIntelCPUPowerManagement          196.0.0
    com.apple.iokit.IOSerialFamily          10.0.6
    com.apple.kext.triggers          1.0
    com.apple.driver.DspFuncLib          2.3.1f2
    com.apple.iokit.IOAudioFamily          1.8.9fc10
    com.apple.kext.OSvKernDSPLib          1.6
    com.apple.iokit.IOFireWireIP          2.2.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleSMBusController          1.0.10d0
    com.apple.iokit.AppleBluetoothHCIControllerUSBTransport          4.0.9f33
    com.apple.driver.IOPlatformPluginLegacy          1.0.0
    com.apple.driver.IOPlatformPluginFamily          5.2.0d16
    com.apple.iokit.IOSurface          86.0.3
    com.apple.iokit.IOBluetoothFamily          4.0.9f33
    com.apple.driver.AppleSMBusPCI          1.0.10d0
    com.apple.driver.AppleGraphicsControl          3.2.11
    com.apple.driver.AppleBacklightExpert          1.0.4
    com.apple.iokit.IONDRVSupport          2.3.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleHDAController          2.3.1f2
    com.apple.iokit.IOHDAFamily          2.3.1f2
    com.apple.iokit.IOGraphicsFamily          2.3.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleSMC          3.1.4d2
    com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltDPInAdapter          1.8.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltDPAdapterFamily          1.8.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltPCIDownAdapter          1.2.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleUSBMultitouch          235.7
    com.apple.iokit.IOUSBHIDDriver          5.2.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleUSBMergeNub          5.2.5
    com.apple.driver.AppleUSBComposite          5.2.5
    com.apple.iokit.IOSCSIMultimediaCommandsDevice          3.5.1
    com.apple.iokit.IOBDStorageFamily          1.7
    com.apple.iokit.IODVDStorageFamily          1.7.1
    com.apple.iokit.IOCDStorageFamily          1.7.1
    com.apple.iokit.IOAHCISerialATAPI          2.5.0
    com.apple.iokit.IOSCSIArchitectureModelFamily          3.5.1
    com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltNHI          1.6.0
    com.apple.iokit.IOThunderboltFamily          2.1.1
    com.apple.iokit.IOUSBUserClient          5.2.5
    com.apple.iokit.IO80211Family          500.15
    com.apple.iokit.IOEthernetAVBController          1.0.2b1
    com.apple.iokit.IONetworkingFamily          3.0
    com.apple.iokit.IOAHCIFamily          2.2.1
    com.apple.iokit.IOFireWireFamily          4.5.5
    com.apple.iokit.IOUSBFamily          5.4.0
    com.apple.driver.AppleEFIRuntime          1.6.1
    com.apple.iokit.IOHIDFamily          1.8.0
    com.apple.iokit.IOSMBusFamily          1.1
    com.apple.security.sandbox          220
    com.apple.kext.AppleMatch          1.0.0d1
    com.apple.security.TMSafetyNet          7
    com.apple.driver.DiskImages          344
    com.apple.iokit.IOStorageFamily          1.8
    com.apple.driver.AppleKeyStore          28.21
    com.apple.driver.AppleACPIPlatform          1.6
    com.apple.iokit.IOPCIFamily          2.7.2
    com.apple.iokit.IOACPIFamily          1.4
    com.apple.kec.corecrypto          1.0
    Model: MacBookPro8,1, BootROM MBP81.0047.B27, 2 processors, Intel Core i5, 2.3 GHz, 8 GB, SMC 1.68f98
    Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 3000, Intel HD Graphics 3000, Built-In, 512 MB
    Memory Module: BANK 0/DIMM0, 4 GB, DDR3, 1333 MHz, 0x8634, 0x535550455254414C454E5430320000000000
    Memory Module: BANK 1/DIMM0, 4 GB, DDR3, 1333 MHz, 0x8634, 0x535550455254414C454E5430320000000000
    AirPort: spairport_wireless_card_type_airport_extreme (0x14E4, 0xD6), Broadcom BCM43xx 1.0 (5.106.98.81.22)
    Bluetooth: Version 4.0.9f33 10885, 2 service, 18 devices, 1 incoming serial ports
    Network Service: Wi-Fi, AirPort, en1
    Serial ATA Device: Hitachi HTS545032B9A302, 320.07 GB
    Serial ATA Device: MATSHITADVD-R   UJ-898
    USB Device: hub_device, 0x0424  (SMSC), 0x2513, 0xfa100000 / 3
    USB Device: Apple Internal Keyboard / Trackpad, apple_vendor_id, 0x0245, 0xfa120000 / 5
    USB Device: BRCM2070 Hub, 0x0a5c  (Broadcom Corp.), 0x4500, 0xfa110000 / 4
    USB Device: Bluetooth USB Host Controller, apple_vendor_id, 0x821a, 0xfa113000 / 7
    USB Device: FaceTime HD Camera (Built-in), apple_vendor_id, 0x8509, 0xfa200000 / 2
    USB Device: hub_device, 0x0424  (SMSC), 0x2513, 0xfd100000 / 2
    USB Device: IR Receiver, apple_vendor_id, 0x8242, 0xfd110000 / 3

    Given nothing very specific to see, I'd say you may have a hardware issue, in particular I'd check your RAM as a start. Do you have any third-party peripherals attached? If so then I would remove them. You might also try booting into Safe Mode and see if that helps.

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