Displaying message text from a stored procedure.

Within my stored procedures I am using DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE to output messages (error/warning/info/debug) but they are not displayed until the procedure has finnished. There is also the problem in that the amount of storage space for these message is limited (exceeding this limit can cause an OK procedure run to terminate with an error :( ).
Is there a better way that results in the 'displays' being made visible immediately?

dbms_output.put_line is not interactive and the message is limited to 1000000 the max size. you can write your own code as workaround such that capturing the message by inserting it into another log table.

Similar Messages

  • How to display Error Message in APEX from Database Stored Procedure

    Hello,
    Using APEX version 3.2
    DB version 9.2.0.8.0
    Internet Explorer version 6
    I have an After Submit Page Process that calls a stored procedure. In the exception section I'm using dbms_output.putline to display an error message, but the error message is not displayed in APEX. How can I have the error message generated from the stored procedure display in APEX?
    Thanks so much.

    Hi Apex_Noob,
    I created On Load - Before Header process that uses apex_application.g_notification := :P3_ROLE;I'm sorry but I'm not sure what you mean by "instead of using dbms_output.putline use :P1_ITEM"
    I have the following code in my stored procedure
    EXCEPTION
         WHEN OTHERS THEN
         dbms_output.put_line('Role does not exist');Thanks.

  • Arabic characters from Oracle Stored Procedure

    Hi,
    I am having a problem displaying arabic fields from Oracle Stored Procedure. When viewing the arabic field on the web page, i get the following:
    ÙƒØكد Øاكد غبد افلبٍ افاربش
    I have checked with our Oracle DBAs and we seem to be using the AR8ISO8859P6 (ISO-8859-6). I tried to set the return string encoding to UTF-16 and ISO-8859-6 but still no use.
    What should be done to display it?

    Bashar Abdullah wrote:
    Hi,
    I am having a problem displaying arabic fields from Oracle Stored Procedure. When viewing the arabic field on the web page, i get the following:
    I have checked with our Oracle DBAs and we seem to be using the AR8ISO8859P6 (ISO-8859-6). I tried to set the return string encoding to UTF-16 and ISO-8859-6 but still no use.
    What should be done to display it?The first place I'd ask is the Oracle JDBC forum:
    http://forums.oracle.com/forums/forum.jspa?forumID=99
    Joe

  • Set page item from a stored procedure

    Dear reader
    We would like to have a stored procedure to run every 10 minutes. When the procedure starts, the user has to be warned that the update process is running.
    When the procedure is finished, the user should receive a message that the update process is finished.
    What I had in mind was to set a Page 0 item 'P0_REFRESH' and set his value depending on the status of the update. Then add a dynamic action with a change event. So everytime the value of this page item changes, the user will receive a correct message.
    Does anyone know if it is possible to set a page item from a stored procedure?
    Kind regards
    Xnni

    AndyPol
    I found a solution by querying the user_jobs table. In Apex, I created two page 0 items that hold the current status of the job (online, offline) and the old value of the job.
    Online of offline in the current status item is determined by a decode on "this_sec".
    The enext step was to include a html region in P0 that contains some javascript. This javascript will display a message when the values of the new status is different from the old status ;)
    Many thanks for bringing up the ideas.
    Greetz
    Xnni

  • Invoking a UNIX shell command from Java stored procedure

    The program below is suppose do send an email using UNIX mailx program. It works correctly when I compile it in UNIX and invoke it from the command line by sending an email to the given address.
    I need this program to run as a stored procedure, however. I deploy it as such and try to invoke it. It prints the results correctly to the standard output. It does not send any emails, however. One other difference in execution is that when invoked from the command line, the program takes about a minute to return. When invoked as a stored procedure in PL/SQL program or SQL*Plus anonymous block, it returns immediately.
    Why would mailx invocation not work from a stored procedure? Are there other ways to invoke mailx from PL/SQL?
    Thank you.
    Michael
    import java.io.BufferedWriter;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
    public class MailUtility
    public static void main(String[] args)
    System.out.println(mailx("Hey, there", "Hello", "oracle@solaris10ora", 1));
    * Sends a message using UNIX mailx command.
    * @param message message contents
    * @param subject message subject
    * @param addressee message addressee
    * @param display if greater than 0, display the command
    * @return OS process return code
    public static int mailx(String message, String subject,
    String addressee, int display)
    System.out.println("In mailx()");
    try
    String command =
    "echo \"" + message + "\" | mailx -r [email protected]" + " -s \"" + subject + "\" " + addressee;
    if (display > 0)
    System.out.println(command);
    try
    Process process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("/bin/bash");
    BufferedWriter outCommand =
    new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(process.getOutputStream()));
    outCommand.write(command, 0, command.length());
    outCommand.newLine();
    outCommand.write("exit", 0, 4);
    outCommand.newLine();
    outCommand.flush();
    process.waitFor();
    outCommand.close();
    return process.exitValue();
    catch (IOException e)
    e.printStackTrace();
    return -1;
    catch (Exception e)
    e.printStackTrace();
    return -1;

    try adding the full explicit path to "mailx" in the command string that gets sent to Runtime. i would guess that the shell that gets spawned might not have a proper environment and thus mailx might not be found.
    == sfisque

  • Resultset from a Stored Procedure

    Hello Everyone,
    Is it possible to return a resultset from a stored procedure? I need to do display set of rows which are resulted by joining few tables.
    Is it possible?
    Please help..
    TIA
    Regards,
    Rao Santapur.
    null

    <BLOCKQUOTE><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica">quote:</font><HR>Originally posted by Raymond Tang ([email protected]):
    You can use 'REF CURSOR'<HR></BLOCKQUOTE>
    I have created a stored procedure with a ref cursor- what parameters do i need to pass via Sql*Plus to get results?
    [email protected]
    null

  • Calling stored procedure from a stored procedure

    I have a stored procedure that accepts a customer prefix like "abc" and returns a customer document number like "abc-0021". (Thanks V Garcia)
    This sp works when I call it from SQL Plus Worksheet.
    But I need to call it from another stored procedure and store it in a local variable so that I can insert it into a table with the rest of the information.
    This is what I have tried so far:
    CREATE OR REPLACE  PROCEDURE "SCHEMANAME"."SP_XXTESTXX" ( seq_name in
        varchar2)
    AS
          id_out varchar(10);
    BEGIN
       execute SP_GET_NEXT_DOC_NUMBER(seq_name,:id_out);
       print id_out;
    END;but this will not compile. I get this error:
    Line # = 8 Column # = 12 Error Text = PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol "SP_GET_NEXT_DOC_NUMBER" when expecting one of the following:     := . ( @ % ; immediate The symbol ":=" was substituted for "SP_GET_NEXT_DOC_NUMBER" to continue.
    Line # = 8 Column # = 41 Error Text = PLS-00049: bad bind variable 'ID_OUT'
    Line # = 10 Column # = 10 Error Text = PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol "ID_OUT" when expecting one of the following:     := . ( @ % ; The symbol ":=" was substituted for "ID_OUT" to continue.

    I think I got it.
    CREATE OR REPLACE  PROCEDURE "SCHEMANAME"."SP_XXTESTXX" ( seq_name in
        varchar2)
    AS
      id_out varchar(10);
    BEGIN
      SP_GET_NEXT_DOC_NUMBER(seq_name,id_out);
      dbms_output.put_line(id_out);
    END;This works like I wanted it to do.

  • Call a Vbscript from a stored procedure

    Hi,
    I wonder is it possible to call a Vbscript from a stored procedure, any good reference for this.
    thanks

    Well here is quick and dirty example I just created.
    Step 1. Create a test_batch.bat file that creates a folder "c:\test_dir" and copy "c:emp.lst" into it.
    C:\oracle102\examples\test_batch.bat
    md c:\test_dir
    copy c:\emp.lst c:\test_dir
    Step2. From SQLPLUS, spool scott.emp into c:\emp.lst and call the batch from the dbms_scheduler that kicks off right away,
    set echo off
    set feedback off
    spool c:\emp.lst;
    select * from scott.emp;
    spool off;
    begin
         dbms_scheduler.create_job(job_name => 'run_batch',
         job_type => 'EXECUTABLE',
         job_action => 'C:\oracle102\examples\test_batch.bat',
         start_date => sysdate,
         enabled => true,
         comments => 'Run VB Script');
    end;
    Check if the directory is created and if the file is copied over. Task is to kick off the executable and test is the VBscript within the batch. Challenge is how long the script runs before the next statement in the PL/SQL runs. May be you have to introduce sleep in between.
    Note: You must have at least "CREATE JOB" privilege.
    Happy coding!
    Prakash
    Message was edited by:
    Prakash Rai

  • Trigger Unix Program from a stored procedure

    Is it possible to start a Unix program as a background OS process from a stored procedure?
    In fact I want to call a stored procedure which starts a Unix process. After the termination of this process get the results of the programm (a text file) using UTL_FILE package from the stored procedure and produce an HTML document based on the output of the started process using the htp package.
    Thanks, JV

    wrote:roadbike
    Whats the best way to start a host (Unix) program from a stored procedure or trigger without having to wait for a response from the program (i.e start it and forget it )The BEST way depends on your operating system and version of the Oracle database. If you are at Oracle 10g or higher, I would certainly suggest using dbms_scheduler. In 10gR2 you can set a program to execute on receipt of an event, and the trigger or stored procedure can be the cause of the event.

  • Read data from a Stored Procedure in Android

    I have a Stored Procedure say CustOrdersDetail. I have created a MBO for it in the workspace and deployed it on SAP Mobile Server. I am unable to read data from the stored procedure in code of the Android Application. If I pass a default load argument, then I am able to read data using findAll method. How to get the data from the stored procedure by passing it an argument in the Android Code ?
    Message was edited by: Abhijit Kadam

    Currently I am trying to call the stored procedure and retrieve the results. The stored procedure accepts 'orderId' as an argument and fetches the Product and Order Details.

  • Messages in forms for stored procedures/functions

    Hi!
    i wand to send message or raised exception from the
    stored procedure/function to the oracle forms during
    processing . how can i do this
    Thanking U

    Declare
      invalid_code  EXCEPTION;
      PRAGMA        EXCEPTION_INIT     (invalid_code, -20009); -- raised from server side functionBEGIN
    DO what eva ..... to raise exception
    EXCEPTION
    WHEN invalid_code
    THEN handle appropriately
    END;
    Thanks,
    N.

  • Get variable values from a stored procedure

    I am using SQL 2008R2 and I want to replace a view inside a stored procedure with a new stored procedure to return multiple variable values. Currently I am using the code below to get values for 4 different variables.  I would rather get the 4 variables
    from a stored procedure (which returns all of these 4 values and more) but not sure how to do so.  Below is the code for getting the 4 variable values in my current sp.
    DECLARE @TotalCarb real;
    DECLARE @TotalPro real;
    DECLARE @TotalFat real;
    DECLARE @TotalLiquid real;
    SELECT @TotalCarb = ISNULL(TotCarb,0),
    @TotalPro = ISNULL(TotPro,0),
    @TotalFat = ISNULL(TotFat,0),
    @TotalLiquid = ISNULL(TotLiq,0)
    FROM dbo.vw_ActualFoodTotals
    WHERE (MealID = @MealID);

    You can replace the view with inline table valued user-defined function:
    http://www.sqlusa.com/bestpractices/training/scripts/userdefinedfunction/
    See example: SQL create  INLINE table-valued function like a parametrized view
    Kalman Toth Database & OLAP Architect
    SQL Server 2014 Design & Programming
    New Book / Kindle: Exam 70-461 Bootcamp: Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012

  • Updateable recordset from a stored procedure

    I would like to retrieve an updateable recordset from a stored procedure using the oracle 9.2.0.2.0
    oledb provider
    I am using the sample code/tables provided from Oracle.
    Does anyone have an example or has actually created an updatedable recordset from a stored procedure ?

    Assuming your stored procedure is returning a REF CURSOR, it cannot be done. Oracle's REF CURSORS are read only constructs.
    Justin

  • How to get an updatable ADODB Recordset from a Stored Procedure?

    In VB6 I have this code to get a disconnected ADODB Recordset from a Oracle 9i database (the Oracle Client is 10g):
    Dim conSQL As ADODB.Connection
    Dim comSQL As ADODB.Command
    Dim recSQL As ADODB.Recordset
    Set conSQL = New ADODB.Connection
    With conSQL
    .ConnectionString = "Provider=OraOLEDB.Oracle;Password=<pwd>;Persist Security Info=True;User ID=<uid>;Data Source=<dsn>"
    .CursorLocation = adUseClientBatch
    .Open
    End With
    Set comSQL = New ADODB.Command
    With comSQL
    .ActiveConnection = conSQL
    .CommandType = adCmdStoredProc
    .CommandText = "P_PARAM.GETALLPARAM"
    .Properties("PLSQLRSet").Value = True
    End With
    Set recSQL = New ADODB.Recordset
    With recSQL
    Set .Source = comSQL
    .CursorLocation = adUseClient
    .CursorType = adOpenStatic
    .LockType = adLockBatchOptimistic
    .Open
    .ActiveConnection = Nothing
    End With
    The PL/SQL Procedure is returning a REF CURSOR like this:
    PROCEDURE GetAllParam(op_PARAMRecCur IN OUT P_PARAM.PARAMRecCur)
    IS
    BEGIN
    OPEN op_PARAMRecCur FOR
    SELECT *
    FROM PARAM
    ORDER BY ANNPARAM DESC;
    END GetAllParam;
    When I try to update some values in the ADODB Recordset (still disconnected), I get the following error:
    Err.Description: Multiple-step operation generated errors. Check each status value.
    Err.Number: -2147217887 (80040E21)
    Err.Source: Microsoft Cursor Engine
    The following properties on the Command object doesn't change anything:
    .Properties("IRowsetChange") = True
    .Properties("Updatability") = 7
    How can I get an updatable ADODB Recordset from a Stored Procedure?

    4 years later...
    I was having then same problem.
    Finally, I've found how to "touch" the requierd bits.
    Obviously, it's hardcore, but since some stupid at microsoft cannot understand the use of a disconnected recordset in the real world, there is no other choice.
    Reference: http://download.microsoft.com/downlo...MS-ADTG%5D.pdf
    http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc221950.aspx
    http://www.xtremevbtalk.com/showthread.php?t=165799
    Solution (VB6):
    <pre>
    Dim Rst As Recordset
    Rst.Open "select 1 as C1, '5CHARS' as C5, sysdate as C6, NVL(null,15) as C7, null as C8 from DUAL", yourconnection, adOpenKeyset, adLockBatchOptimistic
    Set Rst.ActiveConnection = Nothing
    Dim S As New ADODB.Stream
    Rst.Save S, adPersistADTG
    Rst.Close
    Set Rst = Nothing
    With S
    'Debug.Print .Size
    Dim Bytes() As Byte
    Dim WordVal As Integer
    Dim LongVal As Long
    Bytes = .Read(2)
    If Bytes(0) <> 1 Then Err.Raise 5, , "ADTG byte 0, se esperaba: 1 (header)"
    .Position = 2 + Bytes(1)
    Bytes = .Read(3)
    If Bytes(0) <> 2 Then Err.Raise 5, , "ADTG byte 9, se esperaba: 2 (handler)"
    LongVal = Bytes(1) + Bytes(2) * 256 ' handler size
    .Position = .Position + LongVal
    Bytes = .Read(3)
    If Bytes(0) <> 3 Then Err.Raise 5, , "ADTG, se esperaba: 3 (result descriptor)"
    LongVal = Bytes(1) + Bytes(2) * 256 ' result descriptor size
    .Position = .Position + LongVal
    Bytes = .Read(3)
    If Bytes(0) <> 16 Then Err.Raise 5, , "ADTG, se esperaba: 16 (adtgRecordSetContext)"
    LongVal = Bytes(1) + Bytes(2) * 256 ' token size
    .Position = .Position + LongVal
    Bytes = .Read(3)
    If Bytes(0) <> 5 Then Err.Raise 5, , "ADTG, se esperaba: 5 (adtgTableDescriptor)"
    LongVal = Bytes(1) + Bytes(2) * 256 ' token size
    .Position = .Position + LongVal
    Bytes = .Read(1)
    If Bytes(0) <> 6 Then Err.Raise 5, , "ADTG, se esperaba: 6 (adtgTokenColumnDescriptor)"
    Do ' For each Field
    Bytes = .Read(2)
    LongVal = Bytes(0) + Bytes(1) * 256 ' token size
    Dim NextTokenPos As Long
    NextTokenPos = .Position + LongVal
    Dim PresenceMap As Long
    Bytes = .Read(3)
    PresenceMap = Val("&H" & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(0)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(1)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(2)), 2))
    Bytes = .Read(2) 'ColumnOrdinal
    'WordVal = Val("&H" & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(0)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(bytes(1)), 2))
    'Aca pueden venir: friendly_columnname, basetable_ordinal,basetab_column_ordinal,basetab_colname
    If PresenceMap And &H800000 Then 'friendly_columnname
    Bytes = .Read(2) 'Size
    LongVal = Bytes(0) + Bytes(1) * 256 ' Size
    .Position = .Position + LongVal * 2 '*2 debido a UNICODE
    End If
    If PresenceMap And &H400000 Then 'basetable_ordinal
    .Position = .Position + 2 ' 2 bytes
    End If
    If PresenceMap And &H200000 Then 'basetab_column_ordinal
    .Position = .Position + 2 ' 2 bytes
    End If
    If PresenceMap And &H100000 Then 'basetab_colname
    Bytes = .Read(2) 'Size
    LongVal = Bytes(0) + Bytes(1) * 256 ' Size
    .Position = .Position + LongVal * 2 '*2 debido a UNICODE
    End If
    Bytes = .Read(2) 'adtgColumnDBType
    'WordVal = Val("&H" & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(0)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(bytes(1)), 2))
    Bytes = .Read(4) 'adtgColumnMaxLength
    'LongVal = Val("&H" & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(3)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(2)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(1)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(0)), 2))
    Bytes = .Read(4) 'Precision
    'LongVal = Val("&H" & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(3)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(2)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(1)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(0)), 2))
    Bytes = .Read(4) 'Scale
    'LongVal = Val("&H" & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(3)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(2)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(1)), 2) & Right$("0" & Hex$(Bytes(0)), 2))
    Dim ColumnFlags() As Byte, NewFlag0 As Byte
    ColumnFlags = .Read(1) 'DBCOLUMNFLAGS, First Byte only (DBCOLUMNFLAGS=4 bytes total)
    NewFlag0 = ColumnFlags(0)
    If (NewFlag0 And &H4) = 0 Then 'DBCOLUMNFLAGS_WRITE (bit 2) esta OFF
    'Lo pongo en ON, ya que quiero escribir esta columna LOCALMENTE en el rst DESCONECTADO
    NewFlag0 = (NewFlag0 Or &H4)
    End If
    If (NewFlag0 And &H8) <> 0 Then 'DBCOLUMNFLAGS_WRITEUNKNOWN (bit 3) esta ON
    'Lo pongo en OFF, ya que no me importa si NO sabes si se puede updatear no, yo lo se, no te preocupes
    'ya que quiero escribir esta columna LOCALMENTE en el rst DESCONECTADO
    NewFlag0 = (NewFlag0 And Not &H8)
    End If
    If (NewFlag0 And &H20) <> 0 Then 'DBCOLUMNFLAGS_ISNULLABLE (bit 5) esta OFF
    'Lo pongo en ON, ya que siendo un RST DESCONECTADO, si le quiero poner NULL, le pongo y listo
    NewFlag0 = (NewFlag0 Or &H20)
    End If
    If NewFlag0 <> ColumnFlags(0) Then
    ColumnFlags(0) = NewFlag0
    .Position = .Position - 1
    .Write ColumnFlags
    End If
    .Position = NextTokenPos
    Bytes = .Read(1)
    Loop While Bytes(0) = 6
    'Reconstruyo el Rst desde el stream
    S.Position = 0
    Set Rst = New Recordset
    Rst.Open S
    End With
    'TEST IT
    On Error Resume Next
    Rst!C1 = 15
    Rst!C5 = "MUCHOS CHARS"
    Rst!C7 = 23423
    If Err.Number = 0 Then
    MsgBox "OK"
    Else
    MsgBox Err.Description
    End If
    </pre>

  • Retruring Multiple rows from a Stored Procedure

    The Oracle JDBC documentation shows how to return a cursor pointer through the parameter list of a stored procedure allowing a Java program to use the cursor like a normal result set. I've tried it (using the thin driver) and it works fine - however, I'm having trouble getting this to work running the program under a Weblogic server (using their own JDBC implementation). So, I have two questions:
    1) Has anyone had this problem before and solved it ??
    2) Are there any other techniques for getting multiple rows back from the database without having to fire "raw" sql at it ?

    Hi
    You could return not resultset but array, for example:
    PACKAGE TEST:
    type string_table is table of varchar2(80)
    index by binary_integer;
    function get_something (
    something1 out string_table,
    arraylength in number
    ) return number;
    PACKAGE'S BODY:
    function get_something (
    something1 out string_table,
    arraylength in number /** length of the array **/
    ) return number as
    cursor C is
    select something1, ...
    from test_table;
    pos number := 1;
    begin
    for position in C loop
    exit when (pos > arraylength);
    something1(pos) := position.something1;
    pos := pos + 1;
    end loop;
    return (pos - 1);
    end;
    Of course in this example you need to know length of your array
    (arraylength parameter), but you can avoid such problem, for
    example, by using DBMS_SQL package (or dynamic SQL feature in
    the Oracle8i).
    Andrew
    Mladen Gogala (guest) wrote:
    : Phil Hildebrand (guest) wrote:
    : : Is there a way that I can return multiple rows from a stored
    : : procedure for function ?
    : : Something like:
    : : CREATE FUNCTION sp_get_children (my_nip IN port.nip_num%
    TYPE)
    : : RETURN my_nip
    : : IS
    : : CURSOR child_cur IS
    : : SELECT nip_num
    : : FROM logical_port
    : : WHERE port_num = my_nip;
    : : child_rec child_cur%rowtype;
    : : BEGIN
    : : FOR child_rec IN child_cur
    : : LOOP
    : : RETURN my_nip;
    : : END LOOP;
    : : END tmp_sp_get_children;
    : : I know how to do it in Informix ( RETURN WITH RESUME ), but
    : I'm
    : : not running Informix ;)
    : : Thanks,
    : : Phil
    : In contrast with Informix, SQL Server and Sybase, Oracle
    : can not return a result set. the only workaround is to
    : return the cursor variable as such.
    null

Maybe you are looking for

  • Ipod Shuffle A1271 is not recognized in Windows 8 64-bit

    My Ipod Shuffle is not recognized in windows 8 (64 bit) I get an error saying the device is not recognized by the computer and was getting just a solid orange light on the ipod. I kept playing around to find a solution and in the process deleted the

  • Songs cut off at the end

    Hi, My Ipod nano has started cutting off the last 30 seconds or so of songs. Any suggestions on how to fix this? Thanks! Nano 1GB   Windows XP  

  • Installing Oracle 8i in Solaris Intel Version With Pentium 4

    Hi Guys, I am trying to Install Oracle 8i under Solaris 8 Intel version with Pentium 4 processor fixed.But iam'nt able to continue after I click "Install" button,the runInstaller exited badly with no response.I was told that even Installing Oracle un

  • Script / Smartforms

    Hi all,        Can Anyone Tell me <b>the Script /SMartforms</b> Names For The Below mentioned items <b>Sales and distribution:</b> Quotation Print out sale order print out delivery note print out excise invoice print out performance guarantee. <b>FI:

  • SAP xMII on a Mac?

    I have been able to access SAP xMII pages and development tools on a Mac using Firefox and Safari browsers. And I was able to do some Business Logic Development on a Mac using the Mac OS. Has anyone ever tried installing SAP xMII on the Mac OS? What