Export settings to print images

Normally I export my images and then upload them to the web and thats it but today I needed to actually make some prints and I exported a 7 inch by 7 inch images and  saved them onto a card then when to the local camera shop to print and what I found out was shocking. Apparently my images which I shoot RAW and export as JPEG were only the size of a thumbnail! When we looked at the properties of the images they were the size of a KB and the guy at the shop said they were too small to print. He said I might be able to get a 4x6 but not anything larger than that. He said they should be Megabytes!
So I just did exported out a test image and this time I set it to the original size and when I checked the properties of that one it was in fact large enough to be to be printed large and was in the megabytes.
So I would like to create a preset for when I want to print out images again. Some of the other settings I am not sure about and would like some assistance. As for DPI what should that be set at? Currently I have it set to 100 dpi. Should it be higher than that? I have seen some set to 72 dpi, would that signify low resolution? What about Gamma Adjust and Color Profile?
Again this is all new to me since I hardly ever print my images. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Also I am planning on making some photo books for gifts and taking the images right out of my Aperture library. Is there anything special I need to do with setting that up? I have made calendars via iPhoto in years past and they turned out nice but with everything I found out today about printing my images I just want to make sure I am on point with everything before I send my images off to make the books.
Thanks a bunch!!!

I understand the math better now, but am still stuck on how to set the size using File>Export.
When exporting as a JPEG file, for example, I have the following options:
If I enter 5000 ppi in the Resolution field (or even 2400), I get an error that Illustrator can't export at that high a resolution. I tried opening the Illustrator files directly in Photoshop, but the images are distorted and unusable as they appear there.
I don't see any options to set the image size to 2000x2000 pixels upon export. Sorry if I am being obtuse--I feel I must be missing something very basic here!

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