Help! My Mac OS Partition Vanished!

I turned on my Macbook this morning and a little folder with a question mark appeared in the middle of the screen instead of the apple logo, so it ran Windows XP instead.
Now when I turn it on and hold "option" the only partition is the Windows one.
My Mac OS was working fine last night when I turned off the cpu, and now it's not even there!
Can someone please help me get back my Mac OS?!

The "?" means that no valid system can be found. As Doug has pointed out this could be due to disk directory damage and may be fixed by repairing the hard drive. More likely is a corrupted file which cannot be repaired by Disk Utility. The only recovery is to restore your system from your backups (you do maintain backups, right?) or do an Archive and Install.
How to Perform an Archive and Install
1. Be sure to use Disk Utility first to repair the disk before performing the Archive and Install.
Repairing the Hard Drive and Permissions
Boot from your OS X Installer disc. After the installer loads select your language and click on the Continue button. When the menu bar appears select Disk Utility from the Installer menu (Utilities menu for Tiger.) After DU loads select your hard drive entry (mfgr.'s ID and drive size) from the the left side list. In the DU status area you will see an entry for the S.M.A.R.T. status of the hard drive. If it does not say "Verified" then the hard drive is failing or failed. (SMART status is not reported on external Firewire or USB drives.) If the drive is "Verified" then select your OS X volume from the list on the left (sub-entry below the drive entry,) click on the First Aid tab, then click on the Repair Disk button. If DU reports any errors that have been fixed, then re-run Repair Disk until no errors are reported. If no errors are reported, then quit DU and return to the installer.
If DU reports errors it cannot fix, then you will need Disk Warrior (4.0 for Tiger) and/or TechTool Pro (4.5.2 for Tiger) to repair the drive. If you don't have either of them or if neither of them can fix the drive, then you will need to reformat the drive and reinstall OS X.
2. Do not proceed with an Archive and Install if DU reports errors it cannot fix. In that case use Disk Warrior and/or TechTool Pro to repair the hard drive. If neither can repair the drive, then you will have to erase the drive and reinstall from scratch.
3. Boot from your OS X Installer disc. After the installer loads select your language and click on the Continue button. When you reach the screen to select a destination drive click once on the destination drive then click on the Option button. Select the Archive and Install option. You have an option to preserve users and network preferences. Only select this option if you are sure you have no corrupted files in your user accounts. Otherwise leave this option unchecked. Click on the OK button and continue with the OS X Installation.
4. Upon completion of the Archive and Install you will have a Previous System Folder in the root directory. You should retain the PSF until you are sure you do not need to manually transfer any items from the PSF to your newly installed system.
5. After moving any items you want to keep from the PSF you should delete it. You can back it up if you prefer, but you must delete it from the hard drive.
6. You can now download a Combo Updater directly from Apple's download site to update your new system to the desired version as well as install any security or other updates. You can also do this using Software Update.

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I can't find that model. If you open System Profiler in the Utilities folder look for the Model Identifier over in the right hand display. What do you find for the model ID? If your computer supports Internet Recovery here's what to do:
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Here you go
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   0:      GUID_partition_scheme                        *750.2 GB   disk0
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   2:          Apple_CoreStorage                         650.3 GB   disk0s2
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   0:                  Apple_HFS Macintosh HD           *645.8 GB   disk1
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Disk: /dev/disk0 geometry: 91201/255/63 [1465149168 sectors]
Signature: 0xAA55
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1: EE 1023 254 63 - 1023 254 63 [         1 -     409639] <Unknown ID>
2: AC 1023 254 63 - 1023 254 63 [    409640 - 1270110576] <Unknown ID>
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           1           1         Pri GPT header
           2          32         Pri GPT table
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1270520216     1269536      3 GPT part - 426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
1271789752        1864
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Greetings,
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TestDisk - CGSecurity.
TestDisk is a powerful free data recovery software! It was primarily designed to help recover lost partitions and/or make non-booting disks bootable again when these symptoms are caused by faulty software, certain types of viruses or human error (such as accidentally deleting a Partition Table). Partition table recovery using TestDisk is really easy.
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* Recover NTFS boot sector from its backup
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# NTFS ( Windows NT/2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008 )
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http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk
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