How does iTunes check if files change?

I used MP3Gain to smooth the volume levels of my whole iTune directory. I get the feeling that it touched hundreds of files. When I synced, iTunes updated a suspiciously small number of songs. How can I check, if a given song is up-to-date between iTunes and iPod or not? What's the algorithm to decide, whethet a song file needs to be updated? The Windows change date? Is this reliable, or could MP3Gain modify it so that it stays the same?
Is there a way to force the update of songs manually, without resetting the iPod (besides fake "changes")?
PC   Windows XP Pro  

My guess is that if you use an application outside of iTunes and make changes to the source files, iTunes will not know they are changed. iTunes only would update songs on the iPod if you make a chance to them within iTunes.
If you want to be absolutely sure all the tunes are updated in your iPod, then you will want to remove them all from the iPod and get everything re-synced back into the iPod.
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