How to Back Up a Hard Drive from Recovery Mode when Disk Can't Boot

I have a mid-2009 MBP that is experiencing problems booting. I was trying to repair my disk because I was experiencing problems with my finder and spotlight not returning any results upon my requests. I read some support discussions that indicated it might have been because my preferences/plist files had been corrupted. I deleted the files and they regenerated but then my computer froze and so I rebooted it.
My actual back-up for my hard drive is back in the u.s. (I'm currently doing field work in Brazil) but I have acquired another external hard drive to use for either booting or backing up my computer. I would normally just return my computer to a prevoius Time Machine backup, but I have valuable work from the last week that is not backed up I need to recover that my Time Machine does not include.
I tried resetting my pram and starting the computer to the command line interface and doing the fsck, but neither worked; my disk could not be repaired because of an incorrect node structure, and it exited with signal 8.
Is there a way to access migration assist or to copy my user files beyond the core to my hard drive in recovery mode or otherwise?

Just turn off your wireless router until you can run Time Machine to backup your Mac notebook.
Or remove the drive from the system and connect it to another Mac and copy all your files off it. But again it would be best to disable any and all Wifi systems in your house before you do that.
Not sure but there may be a way to turn off the Wipe command and or it is only issued once. Never had to use it so I'm uncertain on how it actually works.

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