How to back up data and applications?

Hi,
I have two issues, both relating to data backup. The first results becaus I have very little space left on my hard drive. I have deleted all languages that I don't use and cleaned out every file that I'm sure I can delete, so I'm fairly sure that my hard drive is about as clean as it can get. The actual amount of free space seems to fluctuate between about 1 gig to 100 megs, depending on what applications I have open. I have read that having very little hard drive space is not good for the drive and can put me at increased risk of hard drive failure (sounds like a medical condition ). Is this true? I've also read that in such situations, it is a good idea to backup the hard drive and do a clean install of the operating system. Why is this a useful step to take? Will it help protect me from hard drive failure? I keep my computer very organized, so I would basically be restoring everything that I would have to take off my hard drive. The only thing that could possible change, as far as I can tell, would be system files or other hidden files.
So, the second issue, regardless whether or not I should perform a clean install, is how to go about backing up my hard drive. I have a number of applications that I have downloaded, for which I have no install disks. I have also purchased program upgrades from the internet, and I would not want these upgrades to be lost. I use Unix and Tex quite a bit, so I have lots of files, settings, etc. hiding out in the dark and hidden corners of my hard disk, in places like /usr. My computer is running well, Tex and X11 are behaving nicely, but its taken me a long time to reach this state of stable equilibrium. I would like to preserve this current state of affairs in a backup, as well, which will presumably require backing up more than just my home directory. What is the best way to do this kind of complete backup? I was thinking of doing something like "mv /* external_hd" in Terminal. Will this work, and is it a bit excessive?
Any advice on any of these questions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks very much.

Hi, Adrian.
1. There's no such thing as a "clean install" in Mac OS X. That's obsolete Mac OS 9 terminology. The closest concept to this in Mac OS X is an Archive & Install and you don't have enough free space to do that: it requires a minimum of 3-5 GB of free space, and I'd recommend having even more.
2. Reinstalling the OS via an Archive and Install won't free up disk space. In fact, it will take up more initially since it saves your previous system along with installing the new system. See my "General advice on performing an Archive and Install" FAQ for important tips on this process.
3. There may be more simple steps you can take to free up disk space: see my "Freeing Space on your Mac OS X startup disk" FAQ.
4. Hard drive failure isn't a risk of having a full or nearly-full hard drive, but there are other potential problems that can arise: see my "Problems from insufficient RAM and free hard disk space" FAQ.
5. For advice on the backup and recovery solution I employ, see my "Backup and Recovery" FAQ.
6. I really recommend that you invest in a FireWire drive for backup as having a bootable backup can really save your bacon, e.g. if your hard drive fails, since you cannot startup your PowerBook from a USB drive. I buy all my FireWire drives form Other World Computing (OWC).
Good luck!
Dr. Smoke
Author: Troubleshooting Mac® OS X
Note: The information provided in the link(s) above is freely available. However, because I own The X Lab™, a commercial Web site to which some of these links point, the Apple Discussions Terms of Use require I include the following disclosure statement with this post:
I may receive some form of compensation, financial or otherwise, from my recommendation or link.

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