How to backup data when hard drive is failing.

I think my hard drive is failing..
I booted using Install DVD, and got message in Disc Utility that "this drive has a hardware problem that can't be repaired." It mentioned I should backup data and consult apple representative..
I clicked on Macintosh HD under the red physical drive (500.11 GB Hitachi HTS) and did disc repair.
Strangely, the message went away on the physical drive when I finished.  It turned back to black wording and gave green "verified/repaired" messages in the log.
I am still able to boot my macbook, although everything is running slowly... Desktop excel files take 15 mins to open.
Does this still sound like a failing hard drive?
I am trying to act fast and borrowed my sister's external harddrive/ "passport for mac", and it slowly prompted a time machine backup. It is slowly working through "8.34GB of 200.33GB"
I do not really understand what I am doing, but hoping this is the right move. Could someone explain what time machine will do or how it will help?
Is there any chance I will harm her external hd?
I am mostly worried about iPhoto and itunes library, iMovie projects,and important excel spreadsheets on my desktop. Is time machine looking after these concerns?
Any help greatly appreciated.

Where is you TM backup?
Where are your external data redundancies?
Now you will need to use very expensive data recovery experts to recover data when you could have had it safely on a $100 worth of 2 external HD.  
Mechanical HD failure circumvents using recovery software.......so,  now you backed yourself into a corner and needed expensive data expert recovery.
You took a wrong turn a long while back before reaching this cliff edge.
that wrong term was not having (preferably 2) external HD as a redundant data archive.

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