How to best store images with Aperture's Library?

I do not understand, after all this time, how the Aperture library works. I've done a little research online but I cannot see anything which satisfies me. The problem is that I have a 500GB HDD and its getting full, with Aperture taking up roughly 300GB of it!
I find that I have a library with 317.91GB in it and the folder has 47k images, but my library has over 100k, so are the rest inside the library? Am I doubling up the amount of imagery with them organised in my Photos folder and a big Aperture library?
I'm not sure if I need the two or wether I can amalgamate the two, so if anybody know please let on thanks.

Thanks SierraDragon for your thorough reply, but I can't be using Managed-Masters because 95% of my Pictures are outside of the library and referenced, I have since found out. I wasn't under the impression the default was to store inside the library, I have always saved to the Pictures folder.
I know about the 70% HDD issue (although I thought it was 50%), but what can I do, I can't split my Aperture Library, I wan't everything in one place. Storage on an external drive is a no no because I use a MacBook, also I have only FW400 and USB2, so I know internal storage is best and of course SSD would solve a lot of my problems.
Mr. Endo is advocating the use of Managed-Masters while you keep telling me to rely on a Referenced-Masters library, but I think Managed is better because everything is in one place. Also, I'm had an internal HDD failure before and although I'd made a recent backup with Vaults (I have backed up with vaults since v.2 by the way) and Time Machine, the process of piecing back together the library was arduous to say the least - it was all manual!! If it were all contained inside the library file It would have been simple, right?
As my library is already 317.91GB I am left a little unsure as to why, because I know I have most of my images stored in the Pictures folder (122.64GB) but not sure why its so big just from Reference images and metadata (which is basically text!). I base this on the "File Searches" (Managed/Referenced) which Mr Endo advised me to do and with only 7321 images as Managed the rest (126,422) are not inside, so why so big, my library being mostly JPEG and consisting of 133,743 images??
How can the Referenced-Masters Library remain a reasonable size if placed on an external source like you say? surely it will be the same size anywhere?! You mean my local HDD will be kept under control, well sure, but tethering an external HDD is no fun with a MacBook as I use it on my lap. I think that storing imagery inside the Library is better, I'm not one of those who touches the folder structures in the Pictures folder and work exclusively inside Aperture, it seems like those who use referenced masters are worried about that.
I base my decision on centralisation as, having read the following, I get the impression that Managed will allow Vaults to back everything up, even though I have a Time Machine its easier this way. The only part of the document which I think is opinionated, rather than factual, is the last bit which mentions:
"As a point of comparison; most hobbyists use Managed, most pros use Referenced."
ref: http://aperture.maccreate.com/2010/01/12/tip-0-referenced-vs-managed-files/
..I must be a hobbyist because I don't shoot weddings and edit on the road.
Another site had most people using Managed because its easier to handle imagery and back up, while those who used a reference library did so because of the restrictions of space on a portable and bad habits from the past. Yet I believe that I can manage my library on one HDD and don't fancy the idea of tethering external storage from a MacBook.
The only things I am concerned with now are the the "Offline" and "Missing" discrepancies in my library; which come to 1277 images, I don't know how this happened but I should be able to get them back with my Time Machine backup shouldn't I?
So, if I move to a Managed Library with the built in tool (set to move, not copy) I've been told I might get duplicates, hmm, this is to be avoided, but what on earth is taking 317.91GB of space when 95% of my library is outside of it and in a folder which totals to 122.64GB?? Further, is it an all or nothing affair when engaging in this change or can I do selected imagery at a time?
Thanks.

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