How to find out what the authentication is for

This is a general info-sec-related question applicable to all recent OS X versions.
Occasionally when I'm doing things on my Macbookpro running Mavericks I get a dialog that I'm sure all of us have seen. It says something along the lines "[Some program] wants to make changes to the system. Enter admin password to authorize."
How do I find out what exactly I am giving permission for when entering admin password? How do I know which restricted resource [Some program] is trying to write to? Is there an advanced user view of that dialog?
It just doesn't seem fair to have the choose between failing the task I'm trying to accomplish by canceling and giving some shady program, basically, root access by giving it admin password.

Boooooo thumbs down for that answer: completely useless, counter productive, diverting discussion away from solving the problem towards pointless discussion of what I should've known and not known. Please refrain responding unless you have comments that are constructive. We can discuss the theory of UI design after this problem is solved.
Here is a specific example showing how diverse range of issues affected by the problem is. I just ported a copy of Ableton Live to another account my Mac. That includes several complex sample libraries and configuration folders. Since they used to belong to the other account, the ownership and permissions of all of the was super messed up. I fixed most of permission issues before firing up any big projects. A typical project references hundreds of files. At some point while working on one of the typical project the dialog saying "Live wants to change your system. Enter password if you authorize." Pops up. How do I find out which resource has broken permissions without the prohibitively expansive trial and error linear search of all possibilities?

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How to find out what the authentication is for

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