How to restore Time Machine multiple drives

Hey, fellow Mac-ers.  I have a new situation for me, and some questions on how Time Machine works.  I have a Macbook Pro, bought it from Apple, set up Time Machine, and voila, everything is awesome.  But, now I have upgraded it to a second hard drive (made the Superdrive external), and Time Machine appears to be backing up the iTunes and iPhoto libraries that I moved to the second drive.  Great.
A.  But, let's say the worst happens - how do I restore it?
A.1.  Let's say I have to buy a new hard drive, this one with double-capacity, so can I restore both drives to the one?
A.2.  Or, let's say the second drive (a standard hard disk instead of SSD) dies, can I just restore that volume?
A.3.  Or, let's just say I have 2 new blank hard drives, will Time Machine just restore volume-to-volume like it was backed up?
B.  That takes me back to, how does Time Machine work after all?  It seems to have automatically recognized the new volume and included that in the backups, but I am inferring that from the total data size it says it is backing up.
B.1.  How can I tell for sure? I see where I can exclude from backup, but nowhere where I can include, or a list of backed up folders/volumes.  I guess I can open Finder to a folder on the new volume, and enter Time Machine - that should show a stack of folders back through time.
B.2.  On the new volume, what exactly is it backing up?  Everything?  I noticed it didn't back up everything from my boot volume - it probably only backs up /Applications, /Users, things like that - but not /etc, /var, or other stuff where I may have edited scripts and config files.  My cron jobs were gone after restore.

Exactly what happens with Time Machine (TM) in yosemite is somewhat of a mystery to all of us.
But if you want to know some basics of how TM works.. it is here.
http://pondini.org/OSX/Home.html
Read at least the first two articles.. and at least glance over FAQ and Troubleshooting so you know what is in there.
The stuff at the bottom of the home page about using TM as recovery is also very helpful albeit rather old.
TM is designed to be very automated.. and not require user intervention on any major scale. So lots of times people do not know that their backups are not working or have failed.
I think you are better reading the background than me jumping in to answer the specifics.. except to say the multiple volumes is covered in Q32 of FAQ.
You will also see that finding out the exact details of what TM is doing is not super easy.
Read Q7-8 in the FAQ.
But the guy who wrote it all up.. James Pond died a couple of years ago now so it is not up to date past Mountain Lion. Most of it is still relevant.. but Yosemite has been very unreliable.
I have taken to recommending people use an alternative.. there are several third party backups.. The first article you read from above will show you how TM is different from the clone type backups.. let me encourage you to use a cloner. I use Carbon Copy Cloner. It costs $40 but can produce a bootable clone to any external drive. The end result is a backup you can test in a matter of moments that it works. And as a clone it copies everything. That doesn't stop you using TM.. it is excellent for what it does.. (once we get past the buggy introduction of Yosemite at least).
There are a number listed.. Superduper has long been popular and Chronosync has also got a following. I find CCC works great.. but I am not connected.. and I paid my $40 and will have to pay to upgrade when I can stomach Yosemite for more than an hour, so I am not on a free ride.

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    Sharlo wrote:
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    alazahee wrote:
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    Pondini wrote:
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    Beep, beep, beep....
    Hold ON! Getting a call on the red phone.
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