Keeps corrupting disk partition, even new disk

After 6.5 reliable years, my Macbook Pro (mid-2007 model 3,1) failed to boot, just freezing at the white screen (in Mtn. Lion) even when the shift is held down for "safe boot". Although Disk Utility and Apple Hardware Test found nothing wrong with the hard drive, I replaced it along with the battery with brand new ones. Since then, no matter what OS X version I load (10.6.8, 10.8, Mavericks), the same problem occurs without warning after 2 or 3 weeks of normal use.
Disk Warrior finds one or two damaged, seemingly non-crucial files each time, but their removal does not correct things. I partitioned the disk last time, and loaded Snow Leopard onto both so I would have a spare. Also fixed permissions. But sure enough, after a couple of weeks the partition most used is not openable while the other one still operates beautifully, no twirling beach balls or anything. But I know it's living on borrowed time.
Can a logic board crap out after years pass and permanently corrupt a disk partition while leaving the rest intact? Could a failing PRAM battery do something like this?

Could be that your new disk is also borked, but I would try getting a new SATA cable in the meantime.
Good luck!

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