Keys on keyboard F1 through F12

What does each of them do?  I tried an internet search and found some eHow articles but they were mostly not thorough but far from thorough; I tried looking in the User Guide pdf on the computer; some other too-light articles found through internet search also.  I want to understand the use of these F keys along the top of the keyboard.  Other people can benefit from knowing how and when to use them, each one, too.  Does each of them do the same thing on every brand and every model and type of computer?
In my case, Systems:  Satellite Laptop 1415-S115 with Windows XP sp3; and Satellite Laptop P305-S8822 with Windows Vista Home Premium.

  I am interested in the things BEFORE Windows is started.
No way to tell that from your question! I would have passed it by. 
What happens before Windows starts is mostly up to the OEM (Toshiba in this case). It probably differs by model. Somebody else will need to tell you about those because I don't have a Toshiba machine here to look at. (I'm a Windows specialist.)
As you probably know, everybody has arranged for F8 to open a boot-options menu.
So far as the BIOS access is concerned, Toshiba offers this.
   BIOS Setup / BIOS settings -- access instructions
-Jerry

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    ****Click the White thumb to say thanks****
    ****Please mark Accept As Solution if it solves your problem****
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    Microsoft MVP - Windows Experience

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    ****Click the (purple thumbs up icon in the lower right corner of a post) to say thanks****
    ****Please mark Accept As Solution if it solves your problem****
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    ↙-----------How do I give Kudos?| How do I mark a post as Solved? ----------------↓

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