Mac starts up but won't get past the blue screen and the rainbow wheel

I had this problem before a couple of years ago. The hard drive had to be replaced. Now I'm just trying to start it up so I can back up data. I reinstalled OS 10.4 last week, it started OK a couple of times. Now it won't go to the log-in screen again.
I know I can reinstall OS 10 again but isn't there a command key I can hold down while it's starting up that will let me log in?
Also it makes that long BEEP sound when I start it up. What does that mean?
Finally, I do not have an emergency troubleshooting guide. I don't think I ever had one. Can I download a .pdf of that somewhere?

Hi spiffyhere, and a warm welcome to the forums!
I know I can reinstall OS 10 again but isn't there a command key I can hold down while it's starting up that will let me log in?
Possibly...
Mac OS X: What is Safe Boot, Safe Mode...
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1564
PS. Safe boot may stay on the gray radian for a long time, let it go, it's trying to repair the Hard Drive.
Option key on bootup will show which devices you can boot from.
Does it boot to Single User Mode, CMD+s keys at bootup, if so try...
/sbin/fsck -fy
Repeat until it shows no errors fixed.
(Space between fsck AND -fy important).
Resolve startup issues and perform disk maintenance with Disk Utility and fsck...
http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=106214
Also it makes that long BEEP sound when I start it up. What does that mean?
Bad sign, and likely the source of the problem...
How many beeps?
Beep_Codes">https://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/wiki/LIS/AppleComputer_BeepCodes
The Beeps may be a Hardware problem, see if this helps...
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1547

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