Mail and GMail and Filters?!

i am realizing i don't understand something. i use mail on my laptop, desktop and iphone using IMAP. i have a GMail and many, many other accounts.
in order to retain mail but not have it clog up IMAP, i DOWNLOAD this mail by /moving/ it to the ON MY MAC section of my desktop machine. so this mail shows up in FOLDERS under "ON MY MAC". so my understanding is that this mail is no longer on IMAP and instead it is in Mail basically residing on my hard drive somewhere.
so now i want to /organize/ some of my mail and to /filter/ some incoming mail. so now i am noticing that i have set up some FOLDERS that are listed under the portion of my GMAIL account that shows up UNDER the ON MY MAC area. i mean, it is not /nested/ under this listing but it does show up under this listing along with all my other accounts. under each of these accounts is listed a series of folders which includes in all cases one titled "Mail".
ALSO, i have a series of FOLDERS that i set up under my GMAIL account that are listed down here with the intention of using these to FILTER incoming mail into my GMail account. the reason i did this is that i am not seeing a way to see this
i am wondering a couple of things.
1. am i correct in thinking that the mail that goes into the GMail account is basically a IMAP folder that can be seen on all my devices? and if so, can i set up one of these in ANY of my IMAP accounts simply by creating a folder in this account? if so, is there a good reason to create one of these folders in my GMAIL account as opposed to one of these other accounts? i mean, for some reason at one point i was thinking that it was necessary to create these folders in GMail (or that there was some benefit to doing it this way) but now i am not so sure.
2. if i set up a FILTER in Mac Mail how does this work? i mean, if i set one up on my desktop machine does Mac Mail need to be on for the filter to take effect? i see one listed on my desktop and it is not listed on my laptop so it must be machine specific.
3. if i want to start FILTERING Mail can i do this by just using Rules in Mac on my desktop?
4. anyone out there sent all their Mail to Google and let google handle all of this?
5. do Mail rules/filters have problems?
i don't want to spend a ton more time trying to fix something if it is broke but at the same time i don't want to have my inbox as messy as it looks right now.
THANKS

Q.1 part 1: Gmail isn't really IMAP, but it can act more or less like it. (One way that Gmail isn't really IMAP is that oneGmail message can have multiple tags, which makes it look like it is in multiple IMAP folders. Another is that every Gmail message is in a special All Mail "folder" in addition to any tag "folder(s)."
Q.1 part 2: Yes, you should be able to set up folders in any IMAP account.
Q.1 part 3: One possible reason to use Gmail for this is that Gmail storage quotas are higher than for many other free accounts.
Related point: Another approach is to spread out your folders among several servers, either to expand the total quota or for functional reasons.
Q.2: Yes, the Mail application must be running and fetching mail for its filters to be active. Yes, filters are machine-specific, but they can interact. Whichever machine happens to notice a new message in its inbox first will start trying to match the message to its filters. If another machine then notices the same new message in the inbox before the first machine moves it out, it will also try to match the message to its filters. If two filters on different machines try to move the same message, whether to the same folder or different folders, the results are ill-defined. I have observed one message appearing twice after filtering. This is called a "race condition."
Q.3: Yes, you can start by defining filters on your desktop machine.
Related point: Some mail service providers let you run filters on incoming mail before the mail ever hits your inbox. This would eliminate the possibility of a race condition, since none of your clients would ever see those messages in the inbox. A limitation of this feature is that server-based filters are usually limited to moving mail from that server's inbox to another folder on the same server. Gmail and iCloud offer server filters, as do many but not all IMAP-based mail services.
Q.4: Probably somebody has, but I have not.
Q.5: Other than the possibility of a race condition as described above, Mail filters (called "rules") have limitations in what you can search for and the complexity of the condition allowed. Some server-based filters are capable of more, some are more restricted.

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