MBP won't boot kernel panic

Question

Hello good people
Out of nowhere my MacBook Pro has been acting funny. I have no clue to why this happened, but it happened after I rebooted the machine after Chrome started hanging while trying to purchase something. Chrome didn't crash or freeze, but no connections were working. I don't know for sure that my internet connection was working though. Anyway I figured I would close everything and try the ol' reboot trick, but when it booted a kernel panic happened. Since then a kernel panic happens every time I boot the machine. The panic logs are very similar though they don't match exactly.
Here are 4 of them on pastebin:
First: http://pastebin.com/UEVGr2RA
Second: http://pastebin.com/3EPPpJWQ
Third: http://pastebin.com/iVKZD87h
Fourth: http://pastebin.com/MEuUxWDt
I have tried resetting NVRAM and the SMC. Neither worked.
I can't boot in safe mode, but I can boot from an external hard drive connected via USB. Last week I installed an SSD drive and cloned my old harddrive, so I have a pretty similar setup on hand. It's the SSD drive that fails to boot.
The Disk Utility doesn't see anything wrong with either the permissions or the drive in general.
The disk mounts fine in Finder and I can seemingly browse all the data on there.
I removed the Little Snitch kext when I saw that on the first to panic logs right, but that didn't help either.
I tried the 'sudo touch /System/Library/Extensions' trick. Didn't help.
I am beginning to lean towards a reinstall but I really don't want to if I can avoid it, so I thought I'd throw it at the community. I hope someone out there can help. My own theory is that a file or something is corrupted and since I've got the same installation (albeit about a week old) I think I could replace the broken part if I can find out what it is.
Thanks in advance!

Answer 1

Reinstalling Lion/Mountain Lion Without Erasing the Drive
Boot to the Recovery HD: Restart the computer and after the chime press and hold down the COMMAND and R keys until the menu screen appears. Alternatively, restart the computer and after the chime press and hold down the OPTION key until the boot manager screen appears. Select the Recovery HD and click on the downward pointing arrow button.
Repair the Hard Drive and Permissions: Upon startup select Disk Utility from the main menu. Repair the Hard Drive and Permissions as follows.
When the recovery menu appears select Disk Utility. After DU loads select your hard drive entry (mfgr.'s ID and drive size) from the the left side list.  In the DU status area you will see an entry for the S.M.A.R.T. status of the hard drive.  If it does not say "Verified" then the hard drive is failing or failed. (SMART status is not reported on external Firewire or USB drives.) If the drive is "Verified" then select your OS X volume from the list on the left (sub-entry below the drive entry,) click on the First Aid tab, then click on the Repair Disk button. If DU reports any errors that have been fixed, then re-run Repair Disk until no errors are reported. If no errors are reported click on the Repair Permissions button. Wait until the operation completes, then quit DU and return to the main menu.
Reinstall Lion/Mountain Lion: Select Reinstall Lion/Mountain Lion and click on the Continue button.
Note: You will need an active Internet connection. I suggest using Ethernet if possible because it is three times faster than wireless.