MPLS core questions

Hi,
I want to know the answers for the following failure scenario
1.Unknown LSP connectivity problem: LSP connectivity problem ,Data plan issue, or unknown cause
2.Distributed LFIB table discrepancy: There is a discrepancy in the LFIB table between the route processor and line cards
3.Distributed LFIB table discrepancy: There is a discrepancy in the FIB table between the route processor and line cards

hello dear mohisaxe,
so sorry for the late response, yes we plan to use them on separate ports and both CE and use the same line card as both customer and MPLS core facing.
just another quick question i have here:
1- as Mr. Xander's information, MOD80 line card has 2 typhoons each of them can accommodate 32K PPPOE sessions with limitation of 64K limit per line card.
2- as we have MOD160 line card with 4 typhoons, do we have the same limitation as above?
thanks for your support :)

Similar Messages

Load-balancing in MPLS Core

How is load-balancing achieved in MPLS L3 vpns and equal cost multiple links exist to reach egress PE along with per-destination load-balancing enabled on interfaces.
I have tried to simulate the network below
Ingress PE--->P1--->>P2--->Egress PE
Multiple equal cost links exist between P1 and P2, cisco platform,LDP, IGP-ospf being used.

Hi,
Destination based load balancing in MPLS L3VPNs can be categorized into two scenarios:
1) multiple pathes between two PE routers
2) multiple access links to a single CE or site
Your question as I understand it was about the first scenario. So let me first quickly review how customer traffic is forwarded between VRFs on two different PE routers.
The VRF routing table will have BGP entries for the routes learned from the remote PE usually with next hop addresses being the remote PE loopback IP used for PE-to-PE BGP peering.
The traffic will be forwarded across P routers using the label for the BGP next hop.
Thus the load balancing accross the MPLS core in a first step is decided by the IGP, which has to insert several equal cost pathes into the global routing table for the BGP next hop networks (PE loopbacks).
Side note: MPLS traffic engineering in the core would allow for unequal cost load balancing.
The decision, which labeled packet to send across which path in the core is done by CEF using a hash algorithm. To achieve the same load balancing as with unlabeled IP traffic, a Cisco MPLS enabled router will look for the bottom label - the one with bottom-of-stack bit set to 1 - and try to determine, if the transported packet behind the bottom label is IP. If so, the hash is calculated for the customer IP header like for normal IP traffic. This ensures all traffic for a certain customer destination will always go through the same path. No unwanted packet reordering will occur.
Be aware, that the customer IP packet header will only be used for CEF hash calculation, no IP lookup will be performed, as core routers in MPLS L3VPNs do not have any knowledge about customer addresses.
As a side note: if the traffic transported is not IP (e.g. Ethernet over MPLS), the bottom label will be used for the CEF load balancing (e.g. the VC label).
For the second scenario - CE load balancing with multihomed CE/sites - it is first required to have two equal cost entries in the VRF routing tables. The difference will be the two different PE BGP next hop addresses. The first load balancing decision is the performed by CEF based on the IP packet received by the CE and the VRF routing table entries. Once CEF decided, which VRF entry to use, the required BGP next hop label (and the VPN label) is applied and the packet is transported across the MPLS core. load balancing there is done as described above.
Hope this helps! Please rate all posts.
Regards, Martin

BGP Best Practice / Private-AS vs. Public-AS in the MPLS Core

Dears,
We have recently aquired a large network with ASR9K as Internet Gateways and non-Cisco devices in the MPLS Core.
We would liike to know which is the best recommended solution to use Private MP-BGP AS in the MPLS Core or extend the IGW Public AS, knowing that the IGW will be in a VRF and not the global routing table. Moreover, the clients of the MPLS Core have their own BGP Public AS and would need to connect to the MPLS Core to obtain internet services from the IGW.
(Cust1)------EBGP------[VRF_Cust_1](MPLS CORE AS_2)[VRF_IGW]------EBGP-----(IGW AS_1) in the case of having a private BGP AS in the core
(Cust1)------EBGP------[VRF_Cust_1](MPLS CORE AS_1)[VRF_IGW]------iBGP-----(IGW AS_1) in the case of having same public BGP AS in the core
Waiting for your feedback and thoughts.
Thanks,
Michel.

Michel,
if your mpls core is also used for internet transit, then it is best to be a public AS.
if not, then you can leave it be and remove the private AS at your border routers.
If oyu are connecting multiple MPLS networks together to link L2 or L3 VPN services, I think it is easiest to have it all one AS, otherwise you end up with complex designs such as Carrier supporting Carrier (CSC) or Inter-AS option A (vrf lite), B (using vpnv4 at the inter AS gateay) or C (using vpnv4 at the interAS gateway with route reflectors in each AS peering with each other).
regards
xander
Xander Thuijs CCIE #6775
Principal Engineer
ASR9000, CRS, NCS6000 & IOS-XR

L3 VPN and MPLS core

Hi all,
1) I am new to MPLS and trying to configure a scenario in a non production environment. Is it possible to have L3 VPN's without using BGP in MPLS core network? For some reason I am more inclined to use RIPv2, EIGRP or OSPF in the core.
2) Is it possible to use 2600 series router as PE?
Thanks in advance.

hi SHAH
to add to the nice cooments in the discussion
the BGP used with mpls and L3 VPN called MP-BGP
the VPN in with VRFs, RD and RT each one add to the ip packet an identifier to distingush the packet with the provider network from other packet and make it uniqe to pass these identifiers from router to router especiallt from PE router to PE router u need the BGP (MP-BGP)
hope this helpful

7600 as Backbone router for MPLS core

I have 7600's and 7500's in my backbone and 7200's on the edge. My question is that when I look at the feature navigator the 7600 with Sup 720 is missing a lot of basic features required to be a core router of an MPLS Backbone. Features like Traffic engineering fast reroute, MPLS enabled Netflow are missing on this platform, is this platform not a good candidate to be a Backbone router for a service provider offering MPLS services??? 7500 on the other hand it seems 7500 seems to have support for the MPLS related features.

Not sure what version you where looking at but...
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) s72033_rp Software (s72033_rp-ADVIPSERVICESK9_WAN-M), Version 12.2(18)SXF, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2005 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Sat 10-Sep-05 01:18 by ccai
Image text-base: 0x40101040, data-base: 0x42D60000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.2(17r)S2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
BOOTLDR: s72033_rp Software (s72033_rp-ADVIPSERVICESK9_WAN-M), Version 12.2(18)SXF, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
CASAN_Core1 uptime is 1 week, 4 hours, 9 minutes
Time since CASAN_Core1 switched to active is 1 week, 4 hours, 8 minutes
System returned to ROM by power cycle (SP by power on)
System image file is "disk0:s72033-advipservicesk9_wan-mz.122-18.SXF.bin"
This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United
States and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and
use. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply
third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.
Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for
compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product you
agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unable
to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.
A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:
http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html
If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to
[email protected].
cisco CISCO7609 (R7000) processor (revision 1.1) with 983008K/65536K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID FOX092307Q5
SR71000 CPU at 600Mhz, Implementation 0x504, Rev 1.2, 512KB L2 Cache
Last reset from power-on
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
Bridging software.
TN3270 Emulation software.
1 SIP-200 controller .
1 Virtual Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface
74 Gigabit Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interfaces
1917K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of packet buffer memory.
65536K bytes of Flash internal SIMM (Sector size 512K).
Configuration register is 0x2102
CASAN_Core1#
CASAN_Core1(config)#mpls traffic-eng ?
auto-bw auto-bw parameters
fast-reroute fast-reroute parameters
link-management Link Management configuration
logging Trap logging configuration
path-selection Path Selection Configuration
reoptimize Reoptimization parameters
signalling Traffic Engineering Signalling Parameters
topology Topology Database Configuration
tunnels Traffic Engineering tunnels

URGENT: QoS Design on Data Center MPLS - MediaNet Question...

Hello,
I am posting this in hopes I can get some guidance from anyone who has done this in the field. We have a large enterprise customer with 21 sites all around the world, they have Verizon MPLS and are experiencing QoS related issues on their WAN regarding Video/Voice. We have proposed remediating their network acccording to the Enterprise QoS SRND 3.3 and the new MediaNet SRND to account for Video and TP QoS (
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND_40/QoSCampus_40.html )
Here is the problem/question that was proposed in our presales meeting and I honestly don't know where to look for an answer... I am not asking for anyone to design a solution for me, just merely point me in the right direction:
The Data Center has a ~40MB MPLS Connection ( full mesh ) into the cloud ( Verizon )
Site A has a 8MB connection
Site B has a 4MB connection
I know on the Service policy and the interfaces at SiteA and SiteB I can assign "Bandwidth xxxx" and use ~95% of the bandwidth to do queuing and shaping/policing ect. I am not concerned with SiteA and SiteB, that I think I can handle...
Question was posed from the customer, "How can we ensure at the DataCenter level the 40MB MPLS is "chopped" up so that only 8MB of the total speed goes to SiteA ALONG with an attached QoS policy designed for that specific site, as well as ensure only 4MB goes to SiteB with an attached QoS policy.
So I am looking for a way to allocate bandwith per site on the DC 40MB connection going into the cloud ( so that SiteB cannot use more than 4MB ) and attach a MediaNet specific QoS Service policy to that site. The customer does not have seperate MPLS circuits for each site, they all come into the DC on 40MB shared ethernet connection ( no VC, or dedicated circuits to other sites ).
Any thoughts on if this is possible?
Thanks!
Alex

This is an example I have seen and I hope that is useful to you.
Site A
Subnet: 172.16.1.0/24
Site B
Subnet:172.16.2.0/24
HeadOffice:
ip access-list extended Site_A
permit ip any 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255
ip access-list extended Site_B
permit ip any 172.16.2.0 0.0.0.255
class-map match-any Site_A
match access-group name Site_A
class-map match-any Site_B
match access-group name Site_B
policy-map To_Spokes
class Site_A
shape average 8000000
service-policy Sub_Policy(Optional)
class Site_B
shape average 4000000
service-policy Sub_Policy(Optional)
class class-default
shape average 28000000
service-policy Sub_Policy(Optional)
Interface G0/0
Description To MPLS cloud
bandwidth 40000000
service-policy output To_Spokes
interface G0/1
Description To HeadOffice
bandwidth 40000000
service-policy output To_Spokes
It would be greatly appreciated if someone can correct this or improve it as I am still learning.
Please see the netflow graph from one of our routers using a similar policy as above.

Best Practice QOS in MPLS core

Hi.
Wath is the recommendation in configuring QOS in the core mpls (PE-P)
we have a mixture of traffic of data, cell signalling, O&M, voice R4, IVR.etc. We have 7600 as PE and 12000 as P. The PE's have SIP-GE and WS-GE cards against the P. In some cases the traffic goes through two P's connected via SIP-GE cards. I Had seen that the WS cards have some special considerations about QOS.

Hi,
Here is a good starting point regarding the best practices:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/WAN_and_MAN/QoS_SRND/VPNQoS.html
The how to configure QoS for MPLS on 7600 :
WS cards: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/routers/7600/ios/12.2SR/configuration/guide/mplsqos.html
SIP cards: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/interfaces_modules/shared_port_adapters/configuration/7600series/76cfgsip.html#wp1162382
HTH
Laurent.

Advantages of Running IPv6 in MPLS Core

Folks,
Cisco has 6PE solution for providers who have IPv4 backbones running MPLS and want to add support for IPv6.
My question is what is a New SP who wants to enable IPv6 in the backbone ( Loopback IP address, Ospf V3, IPv6 MPBGP,etc). Would this SP have any advantage???
To the best of my knowledge cisco still does not support MPLS VPN for IPv6, customer isolation is done using prefix list, I know juniper has support, any thoughts on why cisco still does not support IPv6 Vrf and if it has any plans to do it in the future would be hiighly appreciated?
Thanks

I see two questions in your posting.
1- What is the advantage of running IPv6 native all over your backbone.
The answer to that is it depends. If you are a transit provider only providing IPv6 to your customer then I see no advantage in running IPv6 natively in the backbone as 6PE does an excellent job at that. If you are a content provider then it is a different story.
2- MPLS VPN for IPv6 (aka 6VPE). This feature will be supported in the near feature. For more information on the road map, please contact your account team.
Hope this helps,

Switching an old dual 1.8 to a new mac pro 8 core questions

hi
Tomorrow i am getting a new Mac Pro 8 core 2.8, the basic model, 2 gigs ram (for now) and the on 320 gig HD. I am not a great mac person, i used my old one for some final cut express stuff and that was about it. so i was wondering if someone could answer these questions for me
1) will final cut HD load fine on the new one in terms of licenses? in that, will that license or serial number i have used on the old one be ok on the new one?
- same things for aperture, these are really the only 2 programs i have and really need on the new one, till i move up to final cut full
2) i have an older "projects" western digital HD with the projects, pics etc on it, can i swap that HD into one of the new slots till i get another newer drive? its sata, but i am not sure what speed?? its probably 3 years old now
3) what exactly does the new mac pro come with?? in the apple store it really doesn't go into it, i have ilife 05 on my old one, is it worth getting the new one? does it come with things like that?
4) i mainly do home movie's and video editing on my mac, if i end up with final cut studio 2 i think it is, what is the recommended RAM?
5) where is the best place to buy more RAM and HD's for the mac? i will need or want 3 more 500 gig min, 7200 speed drives and probably 2-6gigs more ram.
ok, that should confuse me pretty well for a while
thanks for any help!

1. As long as the software is not installed on more than one CPU you are not in violation of the software license. You will use the same serial number.
2. Any SATA drive can be installed in the computer.
3. New computers come with OS X and iLife pre-installed. Also trial versions of iWork, MS Office, and Quicken's Quick Books.
4. I would recommend at least 4 GBs of RAM.
5. You can buy RAM from any online vendor that has the proper type of RAM with the proper heat sinks. Suitable vendors are Data Mem and MacSales.com. Hard drives are available at any number of online vendors such as:
MacSales.com
Buy.com
NewEgg.com

MPLS training question

Hey guys,
I took an MPLS course online and it pointed something out I really didn't get, or at least need clarification on.
The person giving the course said that because of how the PE's interact with the P LSR's that is isn't necessary to run a routing protocol in the core on the P's and that savings in resource is a reason to go to MPLS.
Can I get some clarification?
Do the P MPLS LSR's rely only on labels for routing or are they running a routing protocol in the background?
Thanks,
BR

Hi Brent,
Let me see if I can bring clarification.
The trainer said that running a routing protocol on the P routers was not necessary.
Let's have only a look at an MPLS VPN network, because that is what is referred to here, I think.
(Also, we only consider LDP and not TE as label distribution protocol.)
In that case, all PE and P routers need to run an IGP. When MPLS is deployed, MPLS still relies on
a routing protocol, which distributes the routes. LDP distributes the labels. LDP only assigns
labels to IGP routes in the routing table, hence an IGP is needed in the core. The routes from the
IGP and the labels from LDP are the two main ingredients needed to build the LFIB which is used
to forward the labeled packets.
Now, perhaps I know where the confusion comes from. I believe that in the training a hypothetical
alternate solution to MPLS VPN as we know it, was presented. Namely, that the VPN routes
could be distributed hop-by-hop from PE to P to PE routers by one IGP per VPN (and LDP
distributing the labels). This could be theoretically possible, but it would lead to scalability
issues because of the number of routing protocols. It also leads to an operational nightmare
for the people operating the MPLS network. Hence, that kind of MPLS VPN was never implemented.
I believe this could be the "savings in resource" that you mentioned.
In the real MPLS VPN solution, we run BGP between the PE routers which carry the VPN routes (and the VPN label),
hence the P routes do not need to run an IGP per VPN. They only need to run one IGP for the global routes.
BGP is not needed on the P routers.
Well, that's what I can come up with as an explanation. Anyway, you need to run an IGP on the P routers.
Thanks,
Luc.

Going From G4s to Duo 2 Core Questions

I'm going from 2 G4's to Duo 2 Cores (shipment to arrive early next week). Three questions to those who have already done it, to avoid problems:
1) I will import my data from the G4s to the new Macs via Target Disk Mode (no Migration to avoid bringing something over that might muck up the works).
Which computer should I boot into Target Disk Mode - the source (G4) or destination (Duo 2 Core)?
Should I boot into Target Disk Mode and then firewire connect, or firewire connect and then boot into TDM?
2) I currently use Office X (Word and Entourage) as my data staple; am upgrading with the purchase of the Duo 2 Cores to Office 2004.
How do I get my Office X Word and Entourage preferences (Normal Template; Address Book, etc) into Office 2004 once 2004 is loaded? Should I install the 2004 appliication onto the Duo 2 Cores, then copy over my Microsoft User Date from Office X (from the G4's to the new computers), then launch Office 2004 on the new computers and somehow import my prefernces; if so, how? If not, what's the best procedure?
3) I use Firefox as my main browser. I do a lot of public records research. Most public records are in PDF format. I currently use the PDF Browser Plug-in (private edition) for viewing. Is that a safe option for Intel Macs? If not, any alternatives suggested?
Lots of questions, but thanks in advance for any input and assistance!
Any other suggestions on a smooth transition will also be most appreciated!
Again - Thanks and Cheers!
iMac Flat Panel Mac OS X (10.4.8)
iMac CDRW

1) I connected my new MacBook to my turned of PowerBook while the MacBook was on. Then I turned on the PowerBook booting into FireWire Target Disk Mode. BTW, I copied Library folder from my PowerBook onto the MacBook's desktop. The rest I just copied directly into my new MacBook personal directory. IOW I opened up both Document folders and copied from PowerBook to MacBook. I was more careful about what I copied from the old Library folder and I did just a little at a time so if trouble developed I could remember what I'd just copied in and remove it. This minimized the number of programs I had to reserialize and configure.
2) This is a good question - I bought MacOffice and used it with the PowerBook. I don't remember the process of moving in - whether it was done automatically or whether I was prompted for where to import files from. I just remember it being pretty painless. Perhaps the safest method would be to install Office on the old G4 first and get it all sorted out there first.
3) There's an Intel updated version of the plug-in available - I'm using it.

Dual core question

I created a java program that runs a whois pearl script on the ip addresses in the program�s array. The program runs flawlessly on a single core processor, but when I run the program on my dual core, sometimes some threads (synchronized threads) return an exit value of 9 instead of 0. I tried finding out what this exit value means, but could not find any information on it, so my questions are: 1) does anyone know what this exit value means? 2) Do I need to change the way I use threads when it comes to multi-core processors?
Thanks for your time

A Thread doesn't have a return value. At least, the standard Thread class in the Java API doesn't. Now it's possible you are working with a class that somebody else wrote, and it wraps a Thread with something that does somehow return a value. Or something like that. But if that's the case, you should direct your questions about the return value to whoever wrote the code.
Or if that person has vanished and taken all copies of the documentation (if there ever was any) then you could post the code here.

MPLS Core sharing a net /25

Hi,
I need help, I have a core MPLS made by four devices. They are ASR 9006, everything works perfect, lately we installed a client that need redundancy so I configure two BGP session on my internet VRF, the problem is that I assigned to the client a netmask 25. A client that depends on the same ASR can make ping to the new client but if a client depends of another ASR can make ping to this client. I checked and I have to entries for this net on my routing table, I don't know which is the problem. can you help me?
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:ASR9K_PEREIRA#show route vrf INTERNET 190.X.243.1
Thu Jan 8 10:20:18.860 gmt
Routing entry for 190.X.243.0/24
Known via "bgp 2X51", distance 200, metric 0, type internal
Installed Dec 30 01:29:43.582 for 1w2d
Routing Descriptor Blocks
10.248.10.1, from 10.248.10.1
Nexthop in Vrf: "default", Table: "default", IPv4 Unicast, Table Id: 0xe0000000
Route metric is 0
No advertising protos.
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:ASR9K_PEREIRA#show route vrf INTERNET 190.X.243.129
Thu Jan 8 10:20:21.793 gmt
Routing entry for 190.X.243.128/25
Known via "bgp 2X951", distance 200, metric 0
Tag 65497, type internal
Installed Dec 30 01:29:44.163 for 1w2d
Routing Descriptor Blocks
10.248.10.1, from 10.248.10.1
Nexthop in Vrf: "default", Table: "default", IPv4 Unicast, Table Id: 0xe0000000
Route metric is 0
No advertising protos.
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:ASR9K_PEREIRA#
The problem is only with the last /25.
Sorry for my english.

hi ,
i have been troubleshooting the same issue for the last 2 days , i go the same message
*Mar 2 02:06:34.973: TE-PCALC_PATH: get_path: system_id not initialized!
R6#show mpls traffic-eng tunnels
Name: R6_t1                               (Tunnel1) Destination: 1.1.1.1
Status:
    Admin: up         Oper: down   Path: not valid   Signalling: Down
    path option 10, type dynamic
Config Parameters:
    Bandwidth: 0        kbps (Global) Priority: 7 7   Affinity: 0x0/0xFFFF
    Metric Type: TE (default)
    AutoRoute: disabled LockDown: disabled Loadshare: 0        bw-based
    auto-bw: disabled
History:
    Tunnel:
      Time since created: 1 days, 17 minutes
    Path Option 10:
      Last Error: PCALC:: Local system ID has not been set
R6#
i am using ISIS as routing protocol , I dont know if is a bug with GNS3 or something is wrong with my config wich i dont think so !!
can anybody help me please !

Duo core question

i have a quick question about this duo core business. does this mean i can run a windows program on a mac? i have ACID pro 6 and it says i need Microsoft® Windows® 2000 (SP4) or XP
is there any way this would work on the new macbook pros?
thank you
pc....jesus christ Windows XP

i have a quick question about this duo core business.
does this mean i can run a windows program on a mac?
i have ACID pro 6 and it says i need Microsoft®
Windows® 2000 (SP4) or XP
is there any way this would work on the new macbook
pros?
thank you
pc....jesus
christ Windows XP
Core Duo and the later Core 2 Duo is the technology that places two cpu cores together on a single silicon chip. This has no bearing on the ability to run Windows Applications.
The technologies that would interest you in this regard are programs that allow you to run Windows programs on your Mac. There are several, but perhaps the two most comon ones are Parallels and Boot Camp.
Boot Camp will allow you to dual boot your Mac into the Windows environment where you can run Windows XP natively on your Mac hardware.
Parallels will let you set up a virtual machine environment where you can run Windows XP from within the Mac OS X enviroment.
http://www.parallels.com/
There are a few other solutions available as well such as Crossover for Mac.
http://www.codeweavers.com/products/cxmac/
You may find this article of interest as it details some of the strengths and weaknesses of each.
http://www.macworld.com/2007/04/features/windows_intro/index.php

975X quad core question

Hey guys, I have a 975X Platinum Power Up Edition, and I'm trying desperately to avoid having to replace it. From what I can tell, the Q6600 or Q6700 (depending on which I can find the best price on), is the best CPU that the board supports (65nm limitation is killing me!).
Here's my question: do I need to flash the BIOS to add quad core support, or is it strictly a plug and play deal? I can't recall ever having updated the BIOS, so I actually don't even know which version I'm running. I just checked it, and I didn't see "BIOS Version 7.0" or anything, so... ?

Quote from: Rake on 23-April-09, 09:05:22
This is what my screen shows me at first (cut off number is BIOSv1.06.63):
And then, for about 0.2 seconds, this flashes onscreen:
And that's it.
That seems to suggest that I need BIOS 7.6. Is that correct?
You are looking at wrong places, check the images again!
Or:
Quote from: Henry on 23-April-09, 08:04:08
>> Use the MSI HQ Forum USB flasher <<
It will tell you what BIOS version is currently installed.

MPLS core questions

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