MPLS , DF bit set

Hi everybody
According to my book, if an LSR can not fragment the labelled packet because of DF bit, following will occur:
Only if the IP header has the Don’t Fragment (DF) bit set does the LSR not fragment the IP packet, but it drops the packet and returns an ICMP error message “Fragmentation needed and do not fragment bit set” (ICMP type 3, code 4) to the originator of the IP packet. As with the ICMP message “time exceeded” (type 11, code 0), which is sent when the TTL expires of a labeled packet, the “Fragmentation needed and do not fragment bit set” ICMP message is sent, using a label stack that is the outgoing label stack for the packet that caused the ICMP message to be created. This means that the ICMP message travels further down the LSP until it reaches the egress LSR of that LSP. Then it is returned to the originator of the packet with the DF bit set.
However, when i put this claim to test, i do not see that behavior.
R5---R1 f0/1-----R2----R3---R4
Above R1 f0/1 mpls mtu 1400
On R5, i generated a ping of 1500 , DF bit set. R1 should send ICMP error towards R4 which then send it to R5.
R5#debug ip icmp
ICMP packet debugging is on
R5#ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: 4.4.4.4
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]: 1500
Timeout in seconds [2]:
Extended commands [n]: y
Source address or interface:
Type of service [0]:
Set DF bit in IP header? [no]: y
Validate reply data? [no]:
Data pattern [0xABCD]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]:
Sweep range of sizes [n]:
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 1500-byte ICMP Echos to 4.4.4.4, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with the DF bit set
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
I do not see such ICMP errors message being received. Wireshark capture between R1--R2, does not show that any ICMP error message from R1 either.
I suspect the packets with DF bit are silently discarded by LSR ( R1). If this is true, then my book is pretty wrong.
thanks

Thanks Nagendra
R4#show version
Cisco IOS Software, 2600 Software (C2691-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T6, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2008 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 07-Jul-08 04:30 by prod_rel_team
ROM: ROMMON Emulation Microcode
ROM: 2600 Software (C2691-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T6, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
R4 uptime is 46 minutes
System returned to ROM by unknown reload cause - suspect boot_data[BOOT_COUNT] 0x0, BOOT_COUNT 0, BOOTDATA 19
System image file is "tftp://255.255.255.255/unknown"

Similar Messages

Wred based on MPLS exp bits on 12000

I want to use WRED with MQC on 12000 but there is no mpls/exp-bits statment on the "random-detect" command.
I found this note at cisco documentation:
Note: The legacy CLI also uses the precedence syntax for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) traffic. The router treats the MPLS bits as though they are IP Type of Service (ToS) bits and puts the appropriate packets into the correct queues. This is not at all true for MQC.
so, is there a way to use WRED with MPLS EXP-bits on MQC?

Hi,
As fas as I know the solution is as follows:
1. Use MQC on the inbound interface of your P/PE LSR to match your desired traffic and set discard-class
2. Use MQC on the outbound interface of your P/PE
LSR to set desired WRED policy based on discard-class you marked in previous step. You also need to mark WRED as "discard-class-based"
Here is an example:
Inbound:
class-map class1
match XXXXX
class-map class2
match YYYYY
policy-map in-policy
class class1
set discard-class 0
class class2
set discard-class 1
Outbound:
policy-map out-policy
class class-default
random-detect discard-class-based
random-detect discard-class 0 10 20 5
random-detect discard-class 1 20 30 5
Hope that helped.
David

TE with MPLA exp bit set

Hello
I have a multilink bundle which will be the path used for my primary tunnel. I need to set mpls exp bit for qos (bandwidth reservation for specific traffic class)
Now iam applying my service policy applied on the multilink interface.
If enable my tunnel with explicit path configured as the ips of Multilink interfaces where should my service policy go either on the tunnel interface or Multilink interface.
Futher when my primary tunnel fails i have another path configured as next path option either explicit or dynamic. Can i have the same qos on the other path also if enable the service policy on the tunnel interface.
REgards
Parthiban

The following documents have more information on marking packets in QoS.
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/105/dscpvalues.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/ps5014/products_feature_guide_chapter09186a00800ca4f0.html

MPLS EXP-BIT

class-map X
match ip dscp af41
policy whatever
class-map X
police 312000 24000 48000 conform-action set-mpls-exp-transmit 6 exceed-action set-mpls-exp-transmit 2
Question:
does the "set-mpls-exp-transmit" remark or encapsulate this AF41 to MPLS-EXP 6? My objective here is maintain "transparency" of the DSCP marking that is coming, meaning I would like this AF41 marking to remain untouched across my mpls backbone. My research tells me to do that I need to use set-mpls-exp with the "topmost" keyword which will give me DSCP Tunneling.
Can you guys clarify that for me? Am i reading this thing right?

Hi,
setting the MPLS exp bits does leave the IP DSCP bits untouched. The default behaviour by the way is to copy precedence to MPLS exp bits anyhow. With the policer you can remark in your MPLS network according to the SLA negotiated.
On some platforms you might have to use for example
policy-map CustomerIn
class business
police cir percent 25
conform-action set-mpls-exp-imposition-transmit 4
exceed-action set-mpls-exp-imposition-transmit 0
violate-action set-mpls-exp-imposition-transmit 0
Be aware that on the output from PE to CE you will have IP packets again. The exp bits are not copied to IP precedence by default. So either you use DSCP in the output policy on the PE with the customer values.
The other option is to map exp bits to a qos group and use this for the output policy. The advantage of the latter approach is that you do have consistent qos policies on a PE not refering to (different) customer markings.
Hope this helps
Martin

LR 5.5 upgrade. I only get the the 32 bit set up and an error when the 64 bit set up should be created. It says not enough disk space and no access to write. The disk space is ok and the 32 bit file was indeed created.

LR 5.5 upgrade. I only get the the 32 bit set up and an error when the 64 bit set up should be created. It says not enough disk space and no access to write. The disk space is okay and the 32 bit file was indeed created. I have Windows 7 Home edition.

Hi Rob, Thanks for your input. The temp location is on the C drive with 228 GB free space. My other drives have 123 GB and 204 GB of free space. I can see how the 32 bit set up is perfectly extracted when it stops when coming to the 64 bit set up. I have done the exercise several times and also made new downloads. I am using Norton 360 and Malwarebytes anti-malware but the dowload from Adobe should be trusted.

External route with Down Bit set by CE router

I have a question regarding the Down Bit. All the documentation I see concentrates on the redistribution of the MP-BGP into OSPF but I want to know more about the OSPF redistribution into MP-BGP. I think the rule is different for Type3 and Type5 LSAs.
Lets say the CE redistributes a RIP route into OSPF, creating an LSA Type 5 route sent to the PE router - with the Down Bit set.
Will this PE router redistribute this route into MP-BGP?
I know that LSA Type 3 summary routes will not be redistributed into MP-BGP if the Down Bit is set but I am wondering about external OSPF routes with the Down Bit set????
I am assuming that redistribution of RIP into OSPF at the CE does infact set this Down Bit before passing on to the PE router?

How can step 2 in the sequence description say that PE2-AS1 receives an OSPF route with the Down Bit already set? This comes from the CE.
I find this all very confusing when I check out these sequences - I thought only the PE router assigns Down Bit to LSA Type 3 routes?
All the other references I see show how PE1-AS1 would normally set the Down Bit as it is redistributed back into OSPF?
Thanks for your help - I feel I am getting closer. It is just this second step that is throwing me!
Cheers
Walter

Fileserver randomly gets dirty bit set

Hello,
Recently the events below started showing up in the eventlog our DFS-R enabled fileservers.
Event ID 55:
Source: Ntfs
The file system structure on the disk is corrupt and unusable. Please run the chkdsk utility on the volume Fileserver-D.
And:
Event ID 26: Application popup
Application popup: Windows - Corrupt File : Exception Processing Message 0xc0000102 Parameters 0x000007FEFD29718C 0x000007FEFD29718C 0x000007FEFD29718C 0x000007FEFD29718C
I've found several articles/threads (most of them from a while ago). One of them had a link to a Microsoft fix. But when trying to install those, they appeared not applicable.
Is there any way we can make these events provide more verbose information. The events here only show there is a problem. Not which proces, executable or file potentially caused the application popup and result in getting the dirty bit set.
The parameters with large hex numbers mean nothing to me. Can they be translated to anything useful in human language? Right now there's nothing to go on in terms of finding the cause/culprit.

Hi,
Which operating system is installed on the server? Event ID 55 has alerted you to the fact that there is corruption on the volume, and the only tool capable of resolving the file system corruption is CHKDSK. Try to run “chkdsk /f /r” to check and fix the volume.
For more detailed information, you could refer to the article below:
EVENT ID 55: When Good Bits Go Bad
http://blogs.technet.com/b/askcore/archive/2012/05/09/event-id-55-when-good-bits-go-bad.aspx
Best Regards,
Mandy
Please remember to mark the replies as answers if they help and unmark them if they provide no help. If you have feedback for TechNet Subscriber Support, contact [email protected]

OSPF down-bit set for a route originated as static?

If remote PE is redistributing a static route to VRF, local PE will get this route via BGP. Now suppose this local PE and CE is running OSPF and BGP VPNv4 route is redistributed to OSPF, will this PE set down-bit for type 5 LSAs advertised to CE?
I am bit confused by RFC-4576, it states that "When a type 3, 5, or 7 LSA is sent from a PE to a CE, the DN bit MUST be set", my understanding is that only if the route is originated from OSPF (at remote PE) then PE will set down-bit in LSAs advertised to CE.

Niranjan,
IOS also set the tag to the BGP ASN on external routes as a loop avoidance mechanism as described in RFC 4577, section 4.2.5.2. According to the same RFC, this method has to be supported by default by any compliant implementation for backward compatibility purposes.
RFC4576: Using a Link State Advertisement (LSA) Options Bit to Prevent Looping in BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4576.txt?number=4576
RFC4577: OSPF as the Provider/Customer Edge Protocol for BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4577.txt?number=4577
Regards,

New files and folders on a Linux client mounting a Windows 2012 Server for NFS share do not inherit Owner and Group when SetGID bit set

Problem statement
When I mount a Windows NFS service file share using UUUA and set the Owner and Group, and set the SetGID bit on the parent folder in a hierarchy. New Files and folders inside and underneath the parent folder do not inherit the Owner and Group permissions
of the parent.
I am given to understand from this Microsoft KnowledgeBase article (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/951716/en-gb) the problem is due to the Windows implmentation of NFS Services not supporting the Solaris SystemV or BSD grpid "Semantics"
However the article says the same functionality can acheived by using ACE Inheritance in conjunction with changing the Registry setting for "KeepInheritance" to enable Inheritance propagation of the Permissions by the Windows NFS Services.
1. The Precise location of the "KeepInheritance" DWORD key appears to have "moved" in Windows Server 2012 from a Services path to a Software path, is this documented somewhere? And after enabling it, (or creating it in the previous
location) the feature seems non-functional. Is there a method to file a Bug with Microsoft for this Feature?
2. All of the references on demonstrating how to set an ACE to achieve the same result "currently" either lead to broken links on Microsoft technical websites, or are not explicit they are vague or circumreferential. There are no plain Examples.
Can an Example be provided?
3. Is UUUA compatible with the method of setting ACE to acheive this result, or must the Linux client mount be "Mapped" using an Authentication source. And could that be with the new Flat File passwd and group files in c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc
and is there an Example available.
Scenario:
Windows Server 2012 Standard
File Server (Role)
+- Server for NFS (Role) << -- installed
General --
Folder path: F:\Shares\raid-6-array
Remote path: fs4:/raid-6-array
Protocol: NFS
Authentication --
No server authentication
+- No server authentication (AUTH_SYS)
++- Enable unmapped user access
+++- Allow unmapped user access by UID/GID
Share Permissions --
Name: linux_nfs_client.host.edu
Permissions: Read/Write
Root Access: Allowed
Encoding: ANSI
NTFS Permissions --
Type: Allow
Principal: BUILTIN\Administrators
Access: Full Control
Applies to: This folder only
Type: Allow
Principal: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
Access: Full Control
Applies to: This folder only
-- John Willis, Facebook: John-Willis, Skype: john.willis7416

I'm making some "major" progress on this problem.
1. Apparently the "semantics" issue to honor SGID or grpid in NFS on the server side or the client side has been debated for some time. It also existed as of 2009 between Solaris nfs server and Linux nfs clients. The Linux community defaulted to declaring
it a "Server" side issue to avoid "Race" conditions between simultaneous access users and the local file system daemons. The client would have to "check" for the SGID and reformulate its CREATE request to specify the Secondary group it would have to "notice"
by which time it could have changed on the server. SUN declined to fix it.. even though there were reports it did not behave the same between nfs3 vs nfs4 daemons.. which might be because nfs4 servers have local ACL or ACE entries to process.. and a new local/nfs
"inheritance" scheme to worry about honoring.. that could place it in conflict with remote access.. and push the responsibility "outwards" to the nfs client.. introducing a race condition, necessitating "locking" semantics.
This article covers that discovery and no resolution - http://thr3ads.net/zfs-discuss/2009/10/569334-CR6894234-improved-sgid-directory-compatibility-with-non-Solaris-NFS-clients
2. A much Older Microsoft Knowledge Based article had explicit examples of using Windows ACEs and Inheritance to "mitigate" the issue.. basically the nfs client "cannot" update an ACE to make it "Inheritable" [-but-] a Windows side Admin or Windows User
[-can-] update or promote an existing ACE to "Inheritable"
Here are the pertinent statements -
"In Windows Services for UNIX 2.3, you can use the KeepInheritance registry value to set inheritable ACEs and to make sure that these ACEs apply to newly created files and folders on NFS shares."
"Note About the Permissions That Are Set by NFS Clients
The KeepInheritance option only applies ACEs that have inheritance enabled. Any permissions that are set by an NFS client will
only apply to that file or folder, so the resulting ACEs created by an NFS client will
not have inheritance set."
"So
If you want a folder's permissions to be inherited to new subfolders and files, you must set its permissions from the Windows NFS server because the permissions that are set by NFS clients only apply to the folder itself."
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;321049
3. I have set up a Windows 2008r2 NFS server and mounted it with a Redhat Enteprise Linux 5 release 10 x86_64 server [Oct 31, 2013] and so far this does appear to be the case.
4. In order to mount and then switch user to a non-root user to create subdirectories and files, I had to mount the NFS share (after enabling Anonymous AUTH_SYS mapping) this is not a good thing, but it was because I have been using UUUA - Unmapped Unix
User Access Mapping, which makes no attempt to "map" a Unix UID/GID set by the NFS client to a Windows User account.
To verify the Inheritance of additional ACEs on new subdirectories and files created by a non-root Unix user, on the Windows NFS server I used the right click properties, security tab context menu, then Advanced to list all the ACEs and looked at the far
Column reflecting if it applied to [This folder only, or This folder and Subdirectories, or This folder and subdirectories and files]
5. All new Subdirectories and files createdby the non-root user had a [Non-Inheritance] ACE created for them.
6. I turned a [Non-Inheritance] ACE into an [Inheritance] ACE by selecting it then clicking [Edit] and using the Drop down to select [This folder, subdirs and files] then I went back to the NFS client and created more subdirs and files. Then back to the
Windows NFS server and checked the new subdirs and folders and they did Inherit the Windows NFS server ACE! - However the UID/GID of the subdirs and folders remained unchanged, they did not reflect the new "Effective" ownership or group membership.
7. I "believe" because I was using UUUA and working "behind" the UID/GID presentation layer for the NFS client, it did not update that presentation layer. It might do that "if" I were using a Mapping mechanism and mapped UID/GID to Windows User SIDs and
Group SIDs. Windows 2008r2 no longer has a "simple" Mapping server, it does not accept flat text files and requires a Schema extension to Active Directory just to MAP a windows account to a UID/GID.. a lot of overhead. Windows Server 2012 accepts flat text
files like /etc/passwd and /etc/group to perform this function and is next on my list of things to see if that will update the UID/GID based on the Windows ACE entries. Since the Local ACE take precedence "over" Inherited ACEs there could be a problem. The
Inheritance appears to be intended [only] to retain Administrative rights over user created subdirs and files by adding an additional ACE at the time of creation.
8. I did verify from the NFS client side in Linux that "Even though" the UID/GID seem to reflect the local non-root user should not have the ability to traverse or create new files, the "phantom" NFS Server ACEs are in place and do permit the function..
reconciling the "view" with "reality" appears problematic, unless the User Mapping will update "effective" rights and ownership in the "view"
-- John Willis, Facebook: John-Willis, Skype: john.willis7416

Display won't sleep -- PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep bit set

Hi, my Mac had a problem such that the display, which is set to sleep after 3 minutes, would not go to sleep, wasting power and lighting up my office undesirably. I just wanted to post it as a possible helpe to others.
Last night, the PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep bit got set by something called "powerd" and something I hadn't seen, NoDisplaySleepAssertion, got set by "screensharingd".
rcook@rhomemac (~): pmset -g assertions
9/26/12 11:34:08 PM PDT
Assertion status system-wide:
   PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep    1
   CPUBoundAssertion              0
   PreventSystemSleep             0
   PreventUserIdleSystemSleep     0
   ExternalMedia                  0
   UserIsActive                   0
   ApplePushServiceTask           0
   BackgroundTask                 0
Listed by owning process:
pid 59830(screensharingd): [0x0000000500000172] 00:00:00 NoDisplaySleepAssertion named: "Nameless (via IOPMAssertionCreate)"
pid 59809(powerd): [0x000000050000012d] 00:01:46 PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep named: "com.apple.powermanagement.delayDisplayOff"
        Timeout will fire in: -46.2 Action=TimeoutActionTurnOff
Something I don't understand was the negative value for "Timeout will fire in: -46.2 " What's up with that?
My solution was to turn off ScreenSharing, then go to the Terminal and do this:
sudo kill -9 59809 59830
Simply killing the offending processes didn't work, I had to explicitly turn off Screensharing first.
I then checked and PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep was 0:
rcook@rhomemac (~): pmset -g assertions
9/26/12 11:34:54 PM PDT
Assertion status system-wide:
   PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep    0
   PreventSystemSleep             0
   PreventUserIdleSystemSleep     0
   ExternalMedia                  0
   UserIsActive                   0
   ApplePushServiceTask           0
   BackgroundTask                 0
So I turned Screen Sharing back on and it remained set to 0.
Problem solved.

Hi, my Mac had a problem such that the display, which is set to sleep after 3 minutes, would not go to sleep, wasting power and lighting up my office undesirably. I just wanted to post it as a possible helpe to others.
Last night, the PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep bit got set by something called "powerd" and something I hadn't seen, NoDisplaySleepAssertion, got set by "screensharingd".
rcook@rhomemac (~): pmset -g assertions
9/26/12 11:34:08 PM PDT
Assertion status system-wide:
   PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep    1
   CPUBoundAssertion              0
   PreventSystemSleep             0
   PreventUserIdleSystemSleep     0
   ExternalMedia                  0
   UserIsActive                   0
   ApplePushServiceTask           0
   BackgroundTask                 0
Listed by owning process:
pid 59830(screensharingd): [0x0000000500000172] 00:00:00 NoDisplaySleepAssertion named: "Nameless (via IOPMAssertionCreate)"
pid 59809(powerd): [0x000000050000012d] 00:01:46 PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep named: "com.apple.powermanagement.delayDisplayOff"
        Timeout will fire in: -46.2 Action=TimeoutActionTurnOff
Something I don't understand was the negative value for "Timeout will fire in: -46.2 " What's up with that?
My solution was to turn off ScreenSharing, then go to the Terminal and do this:
sudo kill -9 59809 59830
Simply killing the offending processes didn't work, I had to explicitly turn off Screensharing first.
I then checked and PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep was 0:
rcook@rhomemac (~): pmset -g assertions
9/26/12 11:34:54 PM PDT
Assertion status system-wide:
   PreventUserIdleDisplaySleep    0
   PreventSystemSleep             0
   PreventUserIdleSystemSleep     0
   ExternalMedia                  0
   UserIsActive                   0
   ApplePushServiceTask           0
   BackgroundTask                 0
So I turned Screen Sharing back on and it remained set to 0.
Problem solved.

32 bit setting ?

I sometimes use Audio Hijack Pro to record lectures.
On my Mac Book Pro I have recently started using Safari instead of Firefox, partly because I want to sync my bookmarks with Safari on my iPhone.
It is faster but one problem is that whenever I try to record using AHP it says 'cannot record using Safari in 64 bit mode' It gives a button to automatically relaunch in 32 bit mode. However I then have to navigate back and re log in to the lecture.
Is there a way to set Safari to use 32 bit mode as the default?
thanks
Pete

Get Info window of the Safari app.

X-Fi Extreme Music 48 Khz to 96 Khz and 16 bit to 24 bit sett

?Hello guys, I recently bought this card and everything works fine, but I have some questions.
. Where are the 48khz/96 khz and 6bit/24bit settings (except 24BIT Crystializer) which I had on my old Audigy SE and SB Li've 24 bit's
2. Is there a real difference in performance/quality between Gaming Mode and Entertainment Mode? Is it ok to play games in Ent.Mode?
3. What are the correct settings to achieve best sound quality pairing a Logitech Z-5500 (volume/bass/treble/eq/crystalizer levels)?
Thank you very much and I repeat, I don't have any troubleshooting issues, I just need some advices because I am not an expert in sound and I heard this X-Fi Extreme Music is very good when you set it up correctly.

go to entertainment mode, go to digital i/o all the way on the right,then change the digital output sampling rate to 96khz

OSPF LSA with DC bit set

Hello,
If an LSA is received by an OSPF router which is not Demand Circuit capable, will that LSA be installed in link state database?
Thanks

How can step 2 in the sequence description say that PE2-AS1 receives an OSPF route with the Down Bit already set? This comes from the CE.
I find this all very confusing when I check out these sequences - I thought only the PE router assigns Down Bit to LSA Type 3 routes?
All the other references I see show how PE1-AS1 would normally set the Down Bit as it is redistributed back into OSPF?
Thanks for your help - I feel I am getting closer. It is just this second step that is throwing me!
Cheers
Walter

MPLS EXP BITS, PHB Router, forwarding treatement

Hi every body
I hope you guys are doing great. Reading this great book " MPLS fundamentals" , got some question for you guys.
Let say R1 Is PHP router , it will pop incoming label 234 before sending the plain ip packet to R2
---cloud---R1------R2---IP world
1) A mpls labelled packet ( labelled 234)arrives on R1 from MPLS cloud, what will R1 do next as far QOS forwarding of packet is concerened?
As R1 is PHB, it is supposed to POP label 234, will R1 do QOS forwarding ( scheduling, queing ) first based on EXP bits in label 234 and then POP label 234 ? Please keep in mind we are not using any qos group, i am just exploring default behavior.
Thanks and have a great weekend

Hello Sarah,
By Defaut, NO the PHP router in this Case R1 doesnt perform any QoS sheduling or Queing on label 234.
Once R1 recieves Label 234, it performs the POP operation before it applies QoS queing on label 234.
Regards,
Mohamed

K8N Neo4 RAID 0 - Windows 7 32-bit set up

I currently have Win Vista 32-bit in a RAID 0 configuration running on my K8N Neo4 without any issues. I'd like to upgrade to Windows 7 and retain the benefits of a RAID 0 configuration.
Question; Does the the Windows 2000/XP 32bit driver posted on the MSI work?
Thanks.

It is a well known fact that nforce4 chipset's nv SATA RAID is not supported in Win7.
Should you have trouble getting nv SATA RAID working on these older chipsets while installing Win7, have a look here:
http://www.nforcershq.com/forum/windows-7-nvraid-installation-guide-t72447.html

MPLS , DF bit set

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