Repeated crashes, disk utility says disk is fine

My Macbook Pro (2007-era?), running Snow Leopard, has been suffering frequent crashes for the past several months.  There appears to be no consistent trigger, but I will suddenly get the down-from-the-top screen of death that tells me I need to press and hold the power button to turn it off.  When it starts up again, the problem appears to have something to do with spinlocks and mutex'es.  I have tried repairing disk permissions, but that doesn't work.  Interestingly, if I repair disk permissions twice in a row, the second time still reports that it is changing permissions.  When I run "check disk" from the disk utility, it says my disk is fine.  Even booting from the startup disk and running "repair disk" reports that the disk is fine.  Any ideas?
Side note 1:  The battery no longer works correctly, so if the power cord is unplugged the computer runs for a minute or two and then shuts off unexpectedly.  I attempt to avoid this, and when it does happen I immediately repair disk permissions.
Side note 2:  I have MATLAB R2010b installed, and this often crashes itself, reporting a segmentation fault.  The MATLAB crashes and system crashes do not appear temporally correlated, and the system will crash even when MATLAB is not running.  Deleting and reinstalling MATLAB does not solve the problem.
Thanks for any help!

Sample crash report:
panic(cpu 0 caller 0x226ec0): "thread_invoke: preemption_level -1, possible cause: unlocking an unlocked mutex or spinlock"@/SourceCache/xnu/xnu-1504.15.3/osfmk/kern/sched_prim.c:1471
Backtrace (CPU 0), Frame : Return Address (4 potential args on stack)

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