Root Password Doesn't Work on Sudo Commands

I went through the process of changing the root password in Recovery mode and it appeared everything went as expected. Rebooted the Mac. When I run a command in Terminal using "sudo", I get challenged for the root password, and authentication fails. Are there any reasons that might explain this, or is there something I need to do differently? The laptop is supplied by my work, and I have both an admin and a standard account on it. When I'm prompted for admin authentication, entering the admin username and password works fine. But I need to be able to do things that require sudo permission (like reload the hosts file without having to do a full reboot), and it's just not responding to the password I just reset. Thanks for any help.

Does your work know you enabled the root password on their hardware? They may consider that a security risk it isn't normal for Mac users to do this and it defeats the point of having sudo installed too.
Read the manual…
https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/ man8/sudo.8.html
man sudo
(NOTE: in the default configuration this is the user's password, not the root password).
You need to be an admin user to use sudo, standard accounts do not have access to it.

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