Should I backup my hard drive before I do a disk repair in disk utility?

I want to do a disk repair but I don't have an external hard drive to backup information on, so I'm wondering if I can just not back it up and do the disk repair? Does it kill information? How does disk repair even work? Is it a defragger?

You should always have a reasonably current backup and especially before any major software change such as an OS upgrade and, in this case, a disk repair.  Running without a backup is like walking a tightrope without a net.  External disks are inexpensive.  Your data is not.  Choose an external USB 3.0 disk that is double or more the size of your system disk and dedicate it as your Time Machine backup.
Time Machine Basics: http://support.apple.com/kb/ht1427
Most commonly used backup methods: 
https://discussions.apple.com/docs/DOC-3045
A disk repair is actually a filesystem repair.  It updates links that are in the filesystem directory.  Usually this runs quickly and repairs any faulty links with no issues.  It is a fairly safe action.  Sometimes the directory cannot be repaired and the cure is to erase the disk, reinstall the OS and reload the data from a backup.  Of course one does not erase the disk until they have completed the backup.
When you are ready to repair the disk:
Disk Utility 12.x: Repair a disk
http://support.apple.com/kb/PH5836

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