Sql sorting question
Hello,
I have a table "XXDUMMY" with a column "F1".
Right now, When I do a "select * from XXDUMMY", I get the following...
F1
4444089014
DGV3142004
5JN430151I
7JN430151I
9JN430151I
JN430151ID
I want to order by (sort) the results so that I get rows which start with an Alphabet first and then the numeric ones (Ascending). So the expected output should be...
F1
DGV3142004
JN430151ID
4444089014
5JN430151I
7JN430151I
9JN430151I
Thanks in advance!
Bob
Message was edited by:
user615124
I think he wants something like this:
WITH DATA AS
(SELECT '4444089014' f1
FROM DUAL
UNION ALL
SELECT 'DGV3142004'
FROM DUAL
UNION ALL
SELECT '5JN430151I'
FROM DUAL
UNION ALL
SELECT '7JN430151I'
FROM DUAL
UNION ALL
SELECT '9JN430151I'
FROM DUAL
UNION ALL
SELECT 'JN430151ID'
FROM DUAL)
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT *
FROM DATA
WHERE REGEXP_LIKE (SUBSTR (f1, 1, 1), '[[:alpha:]]')
ORDER BY (SUBSTR (f1, 1, 1)))
UNION ALL
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT *
FROM DATA
WHERE REGEXP_LIKE (SUBSTR (f1, 1, 1), '[[:digit:]]')
ORDER BY (SUBSTR (f1, 1, 1)))
F1
DGV3142004
JN430151ID
4444089014
5JN430151I
7JN430151I
9JN430151I
Message was edited by:
Bolev
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1 Which is more faster - IN or EXISTS?
EXISTS is more faster than IN because EXISTS returns a Boolean value whereas IN returns a value.
2 Which datatype is used for storing graphics and images?
LONG RAW data type is used for storing BLOB's (binary large objects).
3 When do you use WHERE clause and when do you use HAVING clause?
HAVING clause is used when you want to specify a condition for a group function and it is written after GROUP BY clause. The WHERE clause is used when you want to specify a condition for columns, single row functions except group functions and it is written before GROUP BY clause if it is used.
4 What WHERE CURRENT OF clause does in a cursor?
LOOPSELECT num_credits INTO v_numcredits FROM classesWHERE dept=123 and course=101;UPDATE studentsSET current_credits=current_credits+v_numcreditsWHERE CURRENT OF X;END LOOPCOMMIT;END;
5 What should be the return type for a cursor variable.Can we use a scalar data type as return type?
The return type for a cursor must be a record type.It can be declared explicitly as a user-defined or %ROWTYPE can be used. eg TYPE t_studentsref IS REF CURSOR RETURN students%ROWTYPE
6 What is use of a cursor variable? How it is defined?
A cursor variable is associated with different statements at run time, which can hold different values at run time. Static cursors can only be associated with one run time query. A cursor variable is reference type (like a pointer in C).Declaring a cursor variable:TYPE type_name IS REF CURSOR RETURN return_type type_name is the name of the reference type,return_type is a record type indicating the types of the select list that will eventually be returned by the cursor variable.
7 What is the purpose of a cluster?
Oracle does not allow a user to specifically locate tables, since that is a part of the function of the RDBMS. However, for the purpose of increasing performance, oracle allows a developer to create a CLUSTER. A CLUSTER provides a means for storing data from different tables together for faster retrieval than if the table placement were left to the RDBMS.
8 What is the maximum buffer size that can be specified using the DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE function?
1,000,00
9 What is syntax for dropping a procedure and a function .Are these operations possible?
Drop Procedure procedure_nameDrop Function function_name
10 What is OCI. What are its uses?
Oracle Call Interface is a method of accesing database from a 3GL program. Uses--No precompiler is required,PL/SQL blocks are executed like other DML statements. The OCI library provides· -functions to parse SQL statemets· -bind input variables· -bind output variables· -execute statements· -fetch the results
11 What is difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints?
A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY whereas there can be any number of UNIQUE keys. The columns that compose PK are automatically define NOT NULL, whereas a column that compose a UNIQUE is not automatically defined to be mandatory must also specify the column is NOT NULL.
12 What is difference between SUBSTR and INSTR?
SUBSTR returns a specified portion of a string eg SUBSTR('BCDEF',4) output BCDEINSTR provides character position in which a pattern is found in a string. eg INSTR('ABC-DC-F','-',2) output 7 (2nd occurence of '-')
13 What is difference between SQL and SQL*PLUS?
SQL*PLUS is a command line tool where as SQL and PL/SQL language interface and reporting tool. Its a command line tool that allows user to type SQL commands to be executed directly against an Oracle database. SQL is a language used to query the relational database(DML,DCL,DDL). SQL*PLUS commands are used to format query result, Set options, Edit SQL commands and PL/SQL.
14 What is difference between Rename and Alias?
Rename is a permanent name given to a table or column whereas Alias is a temporary name given to a table or column which do not exist once the SQL statement is executed.
15 What is difference between a formal and an actual parameter?
The variables declared in the procedure and which are passed, as arguments are called actual, the parameters in the procedure declaration. Actual parameters contain the values that are passed to a procedure and receive results. Formal parameters are the placeholders for the values of actual parameters
16 What is an UTL_FILE.What are different procedures and functions associated with it?
UTL_FILE is a package that adds the ability to read and write to operating system files. Procedures associated with it are FCLOSE, FCLOSE_ALL and 5 procedures to output data to a file PUT, PUT_LINE, NEW_LINE, PUTF, FFLUSH.PUT, FFLUSH.PUT_LINE,FFLUSH.NEW_LINE. Functions associated with it are FOPEN, ISOPEN.
17 What is a view ?
A view is stored procedure based on one or more tables, its a virtual table.
18 What is a pseudo column. Give some examples?
It is a column that is not an actual column in the table.eg USER, UID, SYSDATE, ROWNUM, ROWID, NULL, AND LEVEL.
19 What is a OUTER JOIN?
Outer Join--Its a join condition used where you can query all the rows of one of the tables in the join condition even though they dont satisfy the join condition.
20 What is a cursor?
Oracle uses work area to execute SQL statements and store processing information PL/SQL construct called a cursor lets you name a work area and access its stored information A cursor is a mechanism used to fetch more than one row in a Pl/SQl block.
21 What is a cursor for loop?
Cursor For Loop is a loop where oracle implicitly declares a loop variable, the loop index that of the same record type as the cursor's record.
22 What are various privileges that a user can grant to another user?
· SELECT· CONNECT· RESOURCES
23 What are various constraints used in SQL?
· NULL· NOT NULL· CHECK· DEFAULT
24 What are ORACLE PRECOMPILERS?
Using ORACLE PRECOMPILERS, SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks can be contained inside 3GL programs written in C,C++,COBOL,PASCAL, FORTRAN,PL/1 AND ADA.The Precompilers are known as Pro*C,Pro*Cobol,...This form of PL/SQL is known as embedded pl/sql,the language in which pl/sql is embedded is known as the host language. The prcompiler translates the embedded SQL and pl/sql ststements into calls to the precompiler runtime library.The output must be compiled and linked with this library to creater an executable.
25 What are different Oracle database objects?
· TABLES· VIEWS· INDEXES· SYNONYMS· SEQUENCES· TABLESPACES etc
26 What are different modes of parameters used in functions and procedures?
· IN· OUT· INOUT
27 What are cursor attributes?
· %ROWCOUNT· %NOTFOUND· %FOUND· %ISOPEN
28 What a SELECT FOR UPDATE cursor represent. [ANSWER]SELECT......FROM......FOR......UPDATE[OF column-reference][NOWAIT] The processing done in a fetch loop modifies the rows that have been retrieved by the cursor. A convenient way of modifying the rows is done by a method with two parts: the FOR UPDATE clause in the cursor declaration, WHERE CURRENT OF CLAUSE in an UPDATE or declaration statement.
29 There is a string 120000 12 0 .125 , how you will find the position of the decimal place?
INSTR('120000 12 0 .125',1,'.')output 13
30 There is a % sign in one field of a column. What will be the query to find it?
'' Should be used before '%'.
31 Suppose a customer table is having different columns like customer no, payments.What will be the query to select top three max payments?
SELECT customer_no, payments from customer C1
WHERE 3<=(SELECT COUNT(*) from customer C2
WHERE C1.payment <= C2.payment)
32 minvalue.sql Select the Nth lowest value from a table
select level, min('col_name') from my_table where level = '&n' connect by prior ('col_name') <
'col_name')
group by level;
Example:
Given a table called emp with the following columns:
-- id number
-- name varchar2(20)
-- sal number
-- For the second lowest salary:
-- select level, min(sal) from emp
-- where level=2
-- connect by prior sal < sal
-- group by level
33 maxvalue.sql Select the Nth Highest value from a table
select level, max('col_name') from my_table where level = '&n' connect by prior ('col_name') >
'col_name')
group by level;
Example:
Given a table called emp with the following columns:
-- id number
-- name varchar2(20)
-- sal number
-- For the second highest salary:
-- select level, max(sal) from emp
-- where level=2
-- connect by prior sal > sal
-- group by level
34 How you will avoid your query from using indexes?
SELECT * FROM emp
Where emp_no+' '=12345;
i.e you have to concatenate the column name with space within codes in the where condition.
SELECT /*+ FULL(a) */ ename, emp_no from emp
where emp_no=1234;
i.e using HINTS
35 How you will avoid duplicating records in a query?
By using DISTINCT
36 How you were passing cursor variables in PL/SQL 2.2?
In PL/SQL 2.2 cursor variables cannot be declared in a package.This is because the storage for a cursor variable has to be allocated using Pro*C or OCI with version 2.2, the only means of passing a cursor variable to a PL/SQL block is via bind variable or a procedure parameter.
37 How you open and close a cursor variable.Why it is required?
OPEN cursor variable FOR SELECT...Statement
CLOSE cursor variable In order to associate a cursor variable with a particular SELECT statement OPEN syntax is used. In order to free the resources used for the query CLOSE statement is used.
38 How will you delete duplicating rows from a base table?
delete from table_name where rowid not in (select max(rowid) from table group by duplicate_values_field_name); or
delete duplicate_values_field_name dv from table_name ta where rowid <(select min(rowid) from table_name tb where ta.dv=tb.dv);
39 How do you find the numbert of rows in a Table ?
A bad answer is count them (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name)
A good answer is :-
'By generating SQL to ANALYZE TABLE table_name COUNT STATISTICS by querying Oracle System Catalogues (e.g. USER_TABLES or ALL_TABLES).
The best answer is to refer to the utility which Oracle released which makes it unnecessary to do ANALYZE TABLE for each Table individually.
40 Find out nth highest salary from emp table
SELECT DISTINCT (a.sal) FROM EMP A WHERE &N = (SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT (b.sal)) FROM EMP B WHERE a.sal<=b.sal);
For Eg:-
Enter value for n: 2
SAL
3700
41 Display the records between two range?
select rownum, empno, ename from emp where rowid in (select rowid from emp where rownum <=&upto minus select rowid from emp where rownum<&Start);
42 Display the number value in Words?
SQL> select sal, (to_char(to_date(sal,'j'), 'jsp'))
from emp;
the output like,
SAL (TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(SAL,'J'),'JSP'))
800 eight hundred
1600 one thousand six hundred
1250 one thousand two hundred fifty
If you want to add some text like, Rs. Three Thousand only.
SQL> select sal "Salary ",
(' Rs. '|| (to_char(to_date(sal,'j'), 'Jsp'))|| ' only.'))
"Sal in Words" from emp
Salary Sal in Words
800 Rs. Eight Hundred only.
1600 Rs. One Thousand Six Hundred only.
1250 Rs. One Thousand Two Hundred Fifty only.
43 Display Odd/ Even number of records
Odd number of records:
select * from emp where (rowid,1) in (select rowid, mod(rownum,2) from emp);
Output:-
1
3
5
Even number of records:
select * from emp where (rowid,0) in (select rowid, mod(rownum,2) from emp)
Output:-
2
4
6
44 Difference between procedure and function.
Functions are named PL/SQL blocks that return a value and can be called with arguments procedure a named block that can be called with parameter. A procedure all is a PL/SQL statement by itself, while a Function call is called as part of an expression.
45 Difference between NO DATA FOUND and %NOTFOUND
NO DATA FOUND is an exception raised only for the SELECT....INTO statements when the where clause of the querydoes not match any rows. When the where clause of the explicit cursor does not match any rows the %NOTFOUND attribute is set to TRUE instead.
46 Difference between database triggers and form triggers?
Data base trigger(DBT) fires when a DML operation is performed on a data base table. Form trigger(FT) Fires when user presses a key or navigates between fields on the screen
Can be row level or statement level No distinction between row level and statement level.
Can manipulate data stored in Oracle tables via SQL Can manipulate data in Oracle tables as well as variables in forms.
Can be fired from any session executing the triggering DML statements. Can be fired only from the form that define the trigger.
Can cause other database triggers to fire.Can cause other database triggers to fire, but not other form triggers.
47 Difference between an implicit & an explicit cursor.
PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all SQL data manipulation statements, including quries that return only one row. However,queries that return more than one row you must declare an explicit cursor or use a cursor FOR loop.
Explicit cursor is a cursor in which the cursor name is explicitly assigned to a SELECT statement via the CURSOR...IS statement. An implicit cursor is used for all SQL statements Declare, Open, Fetch, Close. An explicit cursors are used to process multirow SELECT statements An implicit cursor is used to process INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and single row SELECT. .INTO statements.
48 Can you use a commit statement within a database trigger?
No.
49 Can the default values be assigned to actual parameters?
Yes
50 Can cursor variables be stored in PL/SQL tables.If yes how. If not why?
No, a cursor variable points a row which cannot be stored in a two-dimensional PL/SQL table.
51 Can a primary key contain more than one columns?
Yes
52 Can a function take OUT parameters. If not why?
No. A function has to return a value,an OUT parameter cannot return a value.
53 What are various joins used while writing SUBQUERIES?
Self join-Its a join foreign key of a table references the same table. Outer Join--Its a join condition used where One can query all the rows of one of the tables in the join condition even though they don't satisfy the join condition.
Equi-join--Its a join condition that retrieves rows from one or more tables in which one or more columns in one table are equal to one or more columns in the second table.
54 Differentiate between TRUNCATE and DELETE
TRUNCATE deletes much faster than DELETE
TRUNCATE
DELETE
It is a DDL statement It is a DML statement
It is a one way trip,cannot ROLLBACK One can Rollback
Doesn't have selective features (where clause) Has
Doesn't fire database triggers Does
It requires disabling of referential constraints. Does not require
1 What is PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL is a procedural language that has both interactive SQL and procedural programming language constructs such as iteration, conditional branching.
2 Write the order of precedence for validation of a column in a table ?
I. done using Database triggers.
ii. done using Integarity Constraints.
I & ii.
Exception :
3 Where the Pre_defined_exceptions are stored ?
In the standard package.
Procedures, Functions & Packages ;
4 What are % TYPE and % ROWTYPE ? What are the advantages of using these over datatypes?
% TYPE provides the data type of a variable or a database column to that variable.
% ROWTYPE provides the record type that represents a entire row of a table or view or columns selected in the cursor.
The advantages are : I. Need not know about variable's data type
ii. If the database definition of a column in a table changes, the data type of a variable changes accordingly.
5 What will happen after commit statement ?
Cursor C1 is
Select empno,
ename from emp;
Begin
open C1; loop
Fetch C1 into
eno.ename;
Exit When
C1 %notfound;-----
commit;
end loop;
end;
The cursor having query as SELECT .... FOR UPDATE gets closed after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
The cursor having query as SELECT.... does not get closed even after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
6 What is the basic structure of PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL uses block structure as its basic structure. Anonymous blocks or nested blocks can be used in PL/SQL.
7 What is Raise_application_error ?
Raise_application_error is a procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD which allows to issue an user_defined error messages from stored sub-program or database trigger.
8 What is Pragma EXECPTION_INIT ? Explain the usage ?
The PRAGMA EXECPTION_INIT tells the complier to associate an exception with an oracle error. To get an error message of a specific oracle error.
e.g. PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception name, oracle error number)
9 What is PL/SQL table ?
Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables", which are modeled as (but not the same as) database tables, PL/SQL tables use a primary PL/SQL tables can have one column and a primary key.
Cursors
10 What is Overloading of procedures ?
The Same procedure name is repeated with parameters of different datatypes and parameters in different positions, varying number of parameters is called overloading of procedures.
e.g. DBMS_OUTPUT put_line
What is a package ? What are the advantages of packages ?
11 What is difference between a PROCEDURE & FUNCTION ?
A FUNCTION is always returns a value using the return statement.
A PROCEDURE may return one or more values through parameters or may not return at all.
12 What is difference between a Cursor declared in a procedure and Cursor declared in a package specification ?
A cursor declared in a package specification is global and can be accessed by other procedures or procedures in a package.
A cursor declared in a procedure is local to the procedure that can not be accessed by other procedures.
13 What is difference between % ROWTYPE and TYPE RECORD ?
% ROWTYPE is to be used whenever query returns a entire row of a table or view.
TYPE rec RECORD is to be used whenever query returns columns of different
table or views and variables.
E.g. TYPE r_emp is RECORD (eno emp.empno% type,ename emp ename %type
e_rec emp% ROWTYPE
cursor c1 is select empno,deptno from emp;
e_rec c1 %ROWTYPE.
14 What is an Exception ? What are types of Exception ?
Exception is the error handling part of PL/SQL block. The types are Predefined and user defined. Some of Predefined exceptions are.
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
NO_DATA_FOUND
TOO_MANY_ROWS
INVALID_CURSOR
INVALID_NUMBER
LOGON_DENIED
NOT_LOGGED_ON
PROGRAM-ERROR
STORAGE_ERROR
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE
VALUE_ERROR
ZERO_DIVIDE
OTHERS.
15 What is a stored procedure ?
A stored procedure is a sequence of statements that perform specific function.
16 What is a database trigger ? Name some usages of database trigger ?
Database trigger is stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table. Usages are Audit data modifications, Log events transparently, Enforce complex business rules Derive column values automatically, Implement complex security authorizations. Maintain replicate tables.
17 What is a cursor for loop ?
Cursor for loop implicitly declares %ROWTYPE as loop index,opens a cursor, fetches rows of values from active set into fields in the record and closes
when all the records have been processed.
eg. FOR emp_rec IN C1 LOOP
salary_total := salary_total +emp_rec sal;
END LOOP;
18 What is a cursor ? Why Cursor is required ?
Cursor is a named private SQL area from where information can be accessed. Cursors are required to process rows individually for queries returning multiple rows.
19 What happens if a procedure that updates a column of table X is called in a database trigger of the same table ?
Mutation of table occurs.
20 What are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution ?
The table columns are referred as OLD.column_name and NEW.column_name.
For triggers related to INSERT only NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to UPDATE only OLD.column_name NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to DELETE only OLD.column_name values only available.
21 What are two parts of package ?
The two parts of package are PACKAGE SPECIFICATION & PACKAGE BODY.
Package Specification contains declarations that are global to the packages and local to the schema.
Package Body contains actual procedures and local declaration of the procedures and cursor declarations.
22 What are the two parts of a procedure ?
Procedure Specification and Procedure Body.
23 What are the return values of functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM ?
SQLCODE returns the latest code of the error that has occurred.
SQLERRM returns the relevant error message of the SQLCODE.
24 What are the PL/SQL Statements used in cursor processing ?
DECLARE CURSOR cursor name, OPEN cursor name, FETCH cursor name INTO or Record types, CLOSE cursor name.
25 What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure ?
IN,OUT,IN-OUT parameters.
26 What are the datatypes a available in PL/SQL ?
Some scalar data types such as NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG, BOOLEAN.
Some composite data types such as RECORD & TABLE.
27 What are the cursor attributes used in PL/SQL ?
%ISOPEN - to check whether cursor is open or not
% ROWCOUNT - number of rows fetched/updated/deleted.
% FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if rows are fetched.
% NOT FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if no rows are featched.
These attributes are proceeded with SQL for Implicit Cursors and with Cursor name for Explicit Cursors.
28 What are the components of a PL/SQL Block ?
Declarative part, Executable part and Exception part.
Datatypes PL/SQL
29 What are the components of a PL/SQL block ?
A set of related declarations and procedural statements is called block.
30 What are advantages fo Stored Procedures /
Extensibility,Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability and one time compilation.
1 What is PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL is a procedural language that has both interactive SQL and procedural programming language constructs such as iteration, conditional branching.
2 Write the order of precedence for validation of a column in a table ?
I. done using Database triggers.
ii. done using Integarity Constraints.
I & ii.
Exception :
3 Where the Pre_defined_exceptions are stored ?
In the standard package.
Procedures, Functions & Packages ;
4 What are % TYPE and % ROWTYPE ? What are the advantages of using these over datatypes?
% TYPE provides the data type of a variable or a database column to that variable.
% ROWTYPE provides the record type that represents a entire row of a table or view or columns selected in the cursor.
The advantages are : I. Need not know about variable's data type
ii. If the database definition of a column in a table changes, the data type of a variable changes accordingly.
5 What will happen after commit statement ?
Cursor C1 is
Select empno,
ename from emp;
Begin
open C1; loop
Fetch C1 into
eno.ename;
Exit When
C1 %notfound;-----
commit;
end loop;
end;
The cursor having query as SELECT .... FOR UPDATE gets closed after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
The cursor having query as SELECT.... does not get closed even after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
6 What is the basic structure of PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL uses block structure as its basic structure. Anonymous blocks or nested blocks can be used in PL/SQL.
7 What is Raise_application_error ?
Raise_application_error is a procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD which allows to issue an user_defined error messages from stored sub-program or database trigger.
8 What is Pragma EXECPTION_INIT ? Explain the usage ?
The PRAGMA EXECPTION_INIT tells the complier to associate an exception with an oracle error. To get an error message of a specific oracle error.
e.g. PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception name, oracle error number)
9 What is PL/SQL table ?
Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables", which are modeled as (but not the same as) database tables, PL/SQL tables use a primary PL/SQL tables can have one column and a primary key.
Cursors
10 What is Overloading of procedures ?
The Same procedure name is repeated with parameters of different datatypes and parameters in different positions, varying number of parameters is called overloading of procedures.
e.g. DBMS_OUTPUT put_line
What is a package ? What are the advantages of packages ?
11 What is difference between a PROCEDURE & FUNCTION ?
A FUNCTION is always returns a value using the return statement.
A PROCEDURE may return one or more values through parameters or may not return at all.
12 What is difference between a Cursor declared in a procedure and Cursor declared in a package specification ?
A cursor declared in a package specification is global and can be accessed by other procedures or procedures in a package.
A cursor declared in a procedure is local to the procedure that can not be accessed by other procedures.
13 What is difference between % ROWTYPE and TYPE RECORD ?
% ROWTYPE is to be used whenever query returns a entire row of a table or view.
TYPE rec RECORD is to be used whenever query returns columns of different
table or views and variables.
E.g. TYPE r_emp is RECORD (eno emp.empno% type,ename emp ename %type
e_rec emp% ROWTYPE
cursor c1 is select empno,deptno from emp;
e_rec c1 %ROWTYPE.
14 What is an Exception ? What are types of Exception ?
Exception is the error handling part of PL/SQL block. The types are Predefined and user defined. Some of Predefined exceptions are.
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
NO_DATA_FOUND
TOO_MANY_ROWS
INVALID_CURSOR
INVALID_NUMBER
LOGON_DENIED
NOT_LOGGED_ON
PROGRAM-ERROR
STORAGE_ERROR
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE
VALUE_ERROR
ZERO_DIVIDE
OTHERS.
15 What is a stored procedure ?
A stored procedure is a sequence of statements that perform specific function.
16 What is a database trigger ? Name some usages of database trigger ?
Database trigger is stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table. Usages are Audit data modifications, Log events transparently, Enforce complex business rules Derive column values automatically, Implement complex security authorizations. Maintain replicate tables.
17 What is a cursor for loop ?
Cursor for loop implicitly declares %ROWTYPE as loop index,opens a cursor, fetches rows of values from active set into fields in the record and closes
when all the records have been processed.
eg. FOR emp_rec IN C1 LOOP
salary_total := salary_total +emp_rec sal;
END LOOP;
18 What is a cursor ? Why Cursor is required ?
Cursor is a named private SQL area from where information can be accessed. Cursors are required to process rows individually for queries returning multiple rows.
19 What happens if a procedure that updates a column of table X is called in a database trigger of the same table ?
Mutation of table occurs.
20 What are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution ?
The table columns are referred as OLD.column_name and NEW.column_name.
For triggers related to INSERT only NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to UPDATE only OLD.column_name NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to DELETE only OLD.column_name values only available.
21 What are two parts of package ?
The two parts of package are PACKAGE SPECIFICATION & PACKAGE BODY.
Package Specification contains declarations that are global to the packages and local to the schema.
Package Body contains actual procedures and local declaration of the procedures and cursor declarations.
22 What are the two parts of a procedure ?
Procedure Specification and Procedure Body.
23 What are the return values of functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM ?
SQLCODE returns the latest code of the error that has occurred.
SQLERRM returns the relevant error message of the SQLCODE.
24 What are the PL/SQL Statements used in cursor processing ?
DECLARE CURSOR cursor name, OPEN cursor name, FETCH cursor name INTO or Record types, CLOSE cursor name.
25 What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure ?
IN,OUT,IN-OUT parameters.
26 What are the datatypes a available in PL/SQL ?
Some scalar data types such as NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG, BOOLEAN.
Some composite data types such as RECORD & TABLE.
27 What are the cursor attributes used in PL/SQL ?
%ISOPEN - to check whether cursor is open or not
% ROWCOUNT - number of rows fetched/updated/deleted.
% FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if rows are fetched.
% NOT FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if no rows are featched.
These attributes are proceeded with SQL for Implicit Cursors and with Cursor name for Explicit Cursors.
28 What are the components of a PL/SQL Block ?
Declarative part, Executable part and Exception part.
Datatypes PL/SQL
29 What are the components of a PL/SQL block ?
A set of related declarations and procedural statements is called block.
30 What are advantages fo Stored Procedures /
Extensibility,Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability and one time compilation.
31 Name the tables where characteristics of Package, procedure and functions are stored ?
User_objects, User_Source and User_error.
32 Is it possible to use Transaction control Statements such a ROLLBACK or COMMIT in Database Trigger ? Why ?
It is not possible. As triggers are defined for each table, if you use COMMIT of ROLLBACK in a trigger, it affects logical transaction processing.
33 How packaged procedures and functions are called from the following?
a. Stored procedure or anonymous block
b. an application program such a PRC C, PRO COBOL
c. SQL *PLUS
a. PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters);
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME (arguments);
EXEC SQL EXECUTE
b.
BEGIN
PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters)
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME (arguments);
END;
END EXEC;
c. EXECUTE PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE if the procedures does not have any
out/in-out parameters. A function can not be called.
34 How many types of database triggers can be specified on a table ? What are they ?
Insert Update Delete
Before Row o.k. o.k. o.k.
After Row o.k. o.k. o.k.
Before Statement o.k. o.k. o.k.
After Statement o.k. o.k. o.k.
If FOR EACH ROW clause is specified, then the trigger for each Row affected by the statement.
If WHEN clause is specified, the trigger fires according to the returned Boolean value.
35 Give the structure of the procedure ?
PROCEDURE name (parameter list.....)
is
local variable declarations
BEGIN
Executable statements.
Exception.
exception handlers
end;
36 Give the structure of the function ?
FUNCTION name (argument list .....) Return datatype is
local variable declarations
Begin
executable statements
Exception
execution handlers
End;
37 Explain the usage of WHERE CURRENT OF clause in cursors ?
WHERE CURRENT OF clause in an UPDATE,DELETE statement refers to the latest row fetched from a cursor.
Database Triggers
38 Explain the two type of Cursors ?
There are two types of cursors, Implicit Cursor and Explicit Cursor.
PL/SQL uses Implicit Cursors for queries.
User defined cursors are called Explicit Cursors. They can be declared and used.
39 Explain how procedures and functions are called in a PL/SQL block ?
Function is called as part of an expression.
sal := calculate_sal ('a822');
procedure is called as a PL/SQL statement
calculate_bonus ('A822');
Programmatic Constructs
Last Update: September 06, 2004
1 What are the different types of PL/SQL program units that can be defined and stored in ORACLE database ?
Procedures and Functions,Packages and Database Triggers.
2 What are the differences between Database Trigger and Integrity constraints ?
A declarative integrity constraint is a statement about the database that is always true. A constraint applies to existing data in the table and any statement that manipulates the table.
A trigger does not apply to data loaded before the definition of the trigger, therefore, it does not guarantee all data in a table conforms to the rules established by an associated trigger.
A trigger can be used to enforce transitional constraints where as a declarative integrity constraint cannot be used.
3 What is difference between Procedures and Functions ?
A Function returns a value to the caller where as a Procedure does not.
4 What is Database Trigger ?
A Database Trigger is procedure (set of SQL and PL/SQL statements) that is automatically executed as a result of an insert in,update to, or delete from a table.
5 What is a Procedure ?
A Procedure consist of a set of SQL and PL/SQL statements that are grouped together as a unit to solve a specific problem or perform a set of related tasks.
6 What is a Package ?
A Package is a collection of related procedures, functions, variables and other package constructs together as a unit in the database.
7 What are the uses of Database Trigger ?
Database triggers can be used to automatic data generation, audit data modifications, enforce complex Integrity constraints, and customize complex security authorizations.
8 What are the advantages of having a Package ?
Increased functionality (for example,global package variables can be declared and used by any proecdure in the package) and performance (for example all objects of the package are parsed compiled, and loaded into memory once)
1 With which function of summary item is the compute at options required?
percentage of total functions.
2 Why is it preferable to create a fewer no. of queries in the data model?
Because for each query, report has to open a separate cursor and has to rebind, execute and fetch data.
3 Why is a Where clause faster than a group filter or a format trigger?
Because, in a where clause the condition is applied during data retrieval than after retrieving the data.
4 Which parameter can be used to set read level consistency across multiple queries?
Read only.
5 Which of the two views should objects according to possession?
view by structure.
6 Which of the above methods is the faster method?
performing the calculation in the query is faster.
7 Where is the external query executed at the client or the server?
At the server.
8 Where is a procedure return in an external pl/sql library executed at the client or at the server?
At the client.
9 When do you use data parameter type?
When the value of a data parameter being passed to a called product is always the name of the record group defined in the current form. Data parameters are used to pass data to produts invoked with the run_product built-in subprogram.
10 When a form is invoked with call_form, Does oracle forms issues a save point?
Yes
11 What are the important difference between property clause and visual attributes?
Named visual attributes differ only font, color & pattern attributes, property clauses can contain this and any other properties. You can change the appearance of objects at run time by changing the named visual attributes programmatically , property clause assignments cannot be changed programmatically. When an object is inheriting from both a property clause and named visual attribute, the named visual attribute settings take precedence, and any visual attribute properties in the class are ignored.
12 What use of command line parameter cmd file?
It is a command line argument that allows you to specify a file that contain a set of arguments for r20run.
13 What is WHEN-Database-record trigger?
Fires when oracle forms first marks a record as an insert or an update. The trigger fires as soon as oracle forms determines through validation that the record should be processed by the next post or commit as an insert or update. c generally occurs only when the operators modifies the first item in the record, and after the operator attempts to navigate out of the item.
14 What is use of term?
The term file which key is correspond to which oracle report functions.
15 What is trigger associated with the timer?
When-timer-expired.
16 What is the use of transactional triggers?
Using transactional triggers we can control or modify the default functionality of the oracle forms.
17 What is the use of place holder column?
A placeholder column is used to hold calculated values at a specified place rather than allowing is to appear in the actual row where it has to appear.
18 What is the use of image_zoom built-in?
To manipulate images in image items.
19 What is the use of hidden column?
A hidden column is used to when a column has to embed into boilerplate text.
20 What is the use of break group?
A break group is used to display one record for one group ones. While multiple related records in other group can be displayed.
21 What is the remove on exit property?
For a modelless window, it determines whether oracle forms hides the window automatically when the operators navigates to an item in the another window.
22 What is the purpose of the product order option in the column property sheet?
To specify the order of individual group evaluation in a cross products.
23 What is the maximum no of chars the parameter can store?
The maximum no of chars the parameter can store is only valid for char parameters, which can be upto 64K. No parameters default to 23Bytes and Date parameter default to 7Bytes.
24 What is the main diff. bet. Reports 2.0 & Reports 2.5?
Report 2.5 is object oriented.
25 What is the frame & repeating frame?
A frame is a holder for a group of fields. A repeating frame is used to display a set of records when the no. of records that are to displayed is not known before.
26 What is the difference between OLE Server & Ole Container?
An Ole server application creates ole Objects that are embedded or linked in ole Containers ex. Ole servers are ms_word & ms_excel. OLE containers provide a place to store, display and manipulate objects that are created by ole server applications. Ex. oracle forms is an example of an ole Container.
27 What is the difference between object embedding & linking in Oracle forms?
In Oracle forms, Embedded objects become part of the form module, and linked objects are references from a form module to a linked source file.
28 What is the difference between boiler plat images and image items?
Boiler plate Images are static images (Either vector or bit map) that you import from the file system or database to use a graphical elements in your form, such as company logos and maps. Image items are special types of interface controls that store and display either vector or bitmap images. Like other items that store values, image items can be either base table items(items that relate directly to database columns) or control items. The definition of an image item is stored as part of the form module FMB and FMX files, but no image file is actually associated with an image item until the item is populate at run time.
29 What is the difference between $$DATE$$ & $$DBDATE$$ $$DBDATE$$ retrieves the current database date $$date$$ retrieves the current operating system date.
30 What is the diff. when Flex mode is mode on and when it is off?
When flex mode is on, reports automatically resizes the parent when the child is resized.
31 What is the diff. when confine mode is on and when it is off?
When confine mode is on, an object cannot be moved outside its parent in the layout.
32 What is the diff. bet. setting up of parameters in reports 2.0 reports 2.5?
LOVs can be attached to parameters in the reports 2.5 parameter form.
33 What is the advantage of the library?
Libraries provide a convenient means of storing client-side program units and sharing them among multiple applications. Once you create a library, you can attach it to any other form, menu, or library modules. When you can call library program units from triggers menu items commands and user named routine, you write in the modules to which you have attach the library. When a library attaches another library, program units in the first library can reference program units in the attached library. Library support dynamic loading-that is library program units are loaded into an application only when needed. This can significantly reduce the run-time memory requirements of applications.
34 What is term?
The term is terminal definition file that describes the terminal form which you are using r20run.
35 What is system.coordination_operation?
It represents the coordination causing event that occur on the master block in master-detail relation.
36 What is synchronize?
It is a terminal screen with the internal state of the form. It updates the screen display to reflect the information that oracle forms has in its internal representation of the screen.
37 What is strip sources generate options?
Removes the source code from the library file and generates a library files that contains only pcode. The resulting file can be used for final deployment, but can not be subsequently edited in the designer. ex. f45gen module=old_lib.pll userid=scott/tiger strip_source YES output_file
38 What is relation between the window and canvas views?
Canvas views are the back ground objects on which you place the interface items (Text items), check boxes, radio groups etc.,) and boilerplate objects (boxes, lines, images etc.,) that operators interact with us they run your form . Each canvas views displayed in a window.
39 What is pop list?
The pop list style list item appears initially as a single field (similar to a text item field). When the operator selects the list icon, a list of available choices appears.
40 What is new_form built-in?
When one form invokes another form by executing new_form oracle form exits the first form and releases its memory before loading the new form calling new form completely replace the first with the second. If there are changes pending in the first form, the operator will be prompted to save them before the new form is loaded.
41 What is lexical reference? How can it be created?
Lexical reference is place_holder for text that can be embedded in a sql statements. A lexical reference can be created using & before the column or parameter name.
42 What is forms_DDL?
Issues dynamic Sql statements at run time, including server side pl/SQl and DDL
43 What is difference between open_form and call_form?
when one form invokes another form by executing open_form the first form remains displayed, and operators can navigate between the forms as desired. when one form invokes another form by executing call_form, the called form is modal with respect to the calling form. That is, any windows that belong to the calling form are disabled, and operators cannot navigate to them until they first exit the called form.
44 What is bind reference and how can it be created?
Bind reference are used to replace the single value in sql, pl/sql statements a bind reference can be created using a (:) before a column or a parameter name.
45 What is an user exit used for?
A way in which to pass control (and possibly arguments ) form Oracle report to another Oracle products of 3 GL and then return control ( and ) back to Oracle reports.
46 What is an OLE?
Object Linking & Embedding provides you with the capability to integrate objects from many Ms-Windows applications into a single compound document creating integrated applications enables you to use the features form .
47 What is an object group?
An object group is a container for a group of objects; you define an object group when you want to package related objects, so that you copy or reference them in other modules.
48 What is an anchoring object & what is its use?
An anchoring object is a print condition object which used to explicitly or implicitly anchor other objects to itself.
49 What is a User_exit?
Calls the user exit named in the user_exit_string. Invokes a 3Gl program by name which has been properly linked into your current oracle forms executable.
50 What is a timer?
Timer is an "internal time clock" that you can programmatically create to perform an action each time the timer expires.
51 What is a Text_io Package?
It allows you to read and write information to a file in the file system.
52 What is a text list?
The text list style list item appears as a rectangular box which displays the fixed number of values. When the text list contains values that can not be displayed, a vertical scroll bar appears, allowing the operator to view and select undisplayed values.
53 What is a property clause?
A property clause is a named object that contains a list of properties and their settings. Once you create a property clause you can base other object on it. An object based on a property can inherit the setting of any property in the clause that makes sense for that object.
54 What is a physical page ? & What is a logical page ?
A physical page is a size of a page. That is output by the printer. The logical page is the size of one page of the actual report as seen in the Previewer.
55 What is a library?
A library is a collection of subprograms including user named procedures, functions and packages.
56 What is a difference between pre-select and pre-query?
Fires during the execute query and count query processing after oracle forms constructs the select statement to be issued, but before the statement is actually issued. The pre-query trigger fires just before oracle forms issues the select statement to the database after the operator as define the example records by entering the query criteria in enter query mode. Pre-query trigger fires before pre-select trigger.
57 What is a combo box?
A combo box style list item combines the features found in list and text item. Unlike the pop list or the text list style list items, the combo box style list item will both display fixed values and accept one operator entered value.
58 What does the term panel refer to with regard to pages?
A panel is the no. of physical pages needed to print one logical page.
59 What are visual attributes?
Visual attributes are the font, color, pattern proprieties that you set for form and menu objects that appear in your application interface.
60 What are three panes that appear in the run time pl/sql interpreter?
1.Source pane. 2. interpreter pane. 3. Navigator pane.
Regards
B RANGARAJAN -
Only on tempfile used during sql sorts
environment : Entreprise 92010/W2K
My temp tablespace (locally managed and temporary) has 3 tempfile, each with autoextend and maxsize limit.
When i create an index on a big table, my 3 tempfile are used.
But when a big sort occurs during a sql statement, only one tempfile is used and i get an ora-1652.
Why all tempfiles are not used during sorts statements (union, max...) ?
This behavior can be easily tested :
- create a new temp ts with 3 small tempfile, autoextend on but very small maxsize
- alter the user who will do the sorts
- log on as user altered
- create an index on a big table => the 3 tempfiles will grow
- execute a query (max, min, union ,distinct...) => only one tempfile is used.
SQL sort always done in only one file or bug ?
Jean-Fran�ois L�guillierThe 3 tempfile belong to the same ts.
This ts is the temporary ts for my user which executes the sort sql statement.
During execution, i monitor size of the 3 files (from v$tempfile) : only one was used during query and when it reached maxsize, i got ora 1652 but fres space were available in the 2 others tempfile.
When i create a big index, i see changes in bytes for all tempfiles (in v$tempfile).
One of my customer has same problem. He added tempfile to his temp ts but sort statement failed again.
I tested this behavior with 92010/EE with W2K.
I think it's a bug but nothing appears in patchset 9204. -
BO and SQL Programming question
Post Author: Khorace
CA Forum: Olap
Hello,
I am a new BO developer and I have a sql/ BO/ question. Why is it that my sql code can return the currect result set (from the database) but from the universe my data does not reflect the same? Any help is appreciated.Post Author: amr_foci
CA Forum: Olap
you should revise back the generated SQL code by the WebI, and check it, if its not the expected query then you've to check ur contexts in the universe desinger
i think its a matter of contexts or restrictions or some missing joins
good luck -
My DB has a big table (STATUS_LOG) that contains operational log of 30 hardware devices – each record in this table stores the information about the status of a particular device in a particular point of time. Records are being added to the table all the time.
At any point of time I want to know what the latest status of a particular device was. For this reason I plan to create a new table in the DB (to call it LAST_DEVICE_STATUS) that will have 30 records (one for each device). Each record of LAST_DEVICE_STATUS will contain a pointer to a record in STATUS_LOG table – the latest status records for this particular device; it will be updated each time a new record added to STATUS_LOG table. This way I will avoid querying STATUS_LOG table (which is really huge).
My questions are:
1. Does it seam to be a correct design?
2. Is there a way in SQL to query huge tables efficiently in order to find the latest record that was added t the tables for a particular device? For your information, each record in STATUS_LOG contains a timestamp which can be used for finding the latest records.
Thank you,
Mark.I would stay away from analytic functions in this case since they are not “short-circuit friendly” …
that is, whatever analytic function would get used, the entire data set would have to be processed
before any meaningful filtering can take place.
With the proper index in place … on device and timestamp … one could easily get the record with the
max timestamp for each device with minimum IO.
Here is a table with 1.2 million rows for 30 devices:
create table dh
( dev number not null
,ts date not null
,status varchar(1) not null
,chr char(100) not null
create index dh_idx on dh (dev,ts);
flip@FLOP> select count(*) from dh;
COUNT(*)
1200000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.64
flip@FLOP> alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mon-dd hh24:mi:ss';
Session altered.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00
flip@FLOP>
flip@FLOP> select dev, ts, status
2 from ( select * from dh where dev = 5
3 order by ts desc
4 )
5 where rownum < 2;
DEV TS S
5 2007-aug-13 14:03:32 A
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00
flip@FLOP>
flip@FLOP> explain plan for
2 select dev, ts, status
3 from ( select * from dh where dev = 5
4 order by ts desc
5 )
6 where rownum < 2;
Explained.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.04
flip@FLOP>
flip@FLOP> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display());
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
Plan hash value: 1288316266
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 24 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | COUNT STOPKEY | | | | | |
| 2 | VIEW | | 35016 | 820K| 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | DH | 35016 | 4308K| 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN DESCENDING| DH_IDX | 1 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
1 - filter(ROWNUM<2)
4 - access("DEV"=5)
filter("DEV"=5)
Note
- dynamic sampling used for this statement
22 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.05
Should you want a Dashboard of sorts, for just 30 devices, I would just amalgamate that query 30 times …
here is for 3 of them …
flip@FLOP> select t05.dev dev05, t05.ts ts05, t05.status status05
2 ,t13.dev dev13, t13.ts ts13, t13.status status13
3 ,t18.dev dev18, t18.ts ts18, t18.status status18
4 from ( select *
5 from ( select * from dh where dev = 5
6 order by ts desc
7 )
8 where rownum < 2
9 ) t05
10 ,( select *
11 from ( select * from dh where dev = 13
12 order by ts desc
13 )
14 where rownum < 2
15 ) t13
16 ,( select *
17 from ( select * from dh where dev = 18
18 order by ts desc
19 )
20 where rownum < 2
21 ) t18
22 ;
DEV05 TS05 S DEV13 TS13 S DEV18 TS18 S
5 2007-aug-13 14:03:32 A 13 2007-aug-13 14:03:32 A 18 2007-aug-13 14:03:32 A
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
flip@FLOP> explain plan for
2 select t05.dev dev05, t05.ts ts05, t05.status status05
3 ,t13.dev dev13, t13.ts ts13, t13.status status13
4 ,t18.dev dev18, t18.ts ts18, t18.status status18
5 from ( select *
6 from ( select * from dh where dev = 5
7 order by ts desc
8 )
9 where rownum < 2
10 ) t05
11 ,( select *
12 from ( select * from dh where dev = 13
13 order by ts desc
14 )
15 where rownum < 2
16 ) t13
17 ,( select *
18 from ( select * from dh where dev = 18
19 order by ts desc
20 )
21 where rownum < 2
22 ) t18
23 ;
Explained.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.05
flip@FLOP> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display());
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
Plan hash value: 3204562936
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 72 | 329 (1)| 00:00:05 |
| 1 | MERGE JOIN CARTESIAN | | 1 | 72 | 329 (1)| 00:00:05 |
| 2 | MERGE JOIN CARTESIAN | | 1 | 48 | 219 (1)| 00:00:04 |
| 3 | VIEW | | 1 | 24 | 109 (0)| 00:00:02 |
|* 4 | COUNT STOPKEY | | | | | |
| 5 | VIEW | | 34706 | 813K| 109 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 6 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | DH | 34706 | 4270K| 109 (0)| 00:00:02 |
|* 7 | INDEX RANGE SCAN DESCENDING | DH_IDX | 34706 | | 82 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 8 | BUFFER SORT | | 1 | 24 | 219 (1)| 00:00:04 |
| 9 | VIEW | | 1 | 24 | 109 (0)| 00:00:02 |
|* 10 | COUNT STOPKEY | | | | | |
| 11 | VIEW | | 34861 | 817K| 109 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 12 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | DH | 34861 | 4289K| 109 (0)| 00:00:02 |
|* 13 | INDEX RANGE SCAN DESCENDING| DH_IDX | 34861 | | 82 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 14 | BUFFER SORT | | 1 | 24 | 220 (1)| 00:00:04 |
| 15 | VIEW | | 1 | 24 | 110 (0)| 00:00:02 |
|* 16 | COUNT STOPKEY | | | | | |
| 17 | VIEW | | 35016 | 820K| 110 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 18 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | DH | 35016 | 4308K| 110 (0)| 00:00:02 |
|* 19 | INDEX RANGE SCAN DESCENDING | DH_IDX | 35016 | | 83 (0)| 00:00:02 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
4 - filter(ROWNUM<2)
7 - access("DEV"=13)
filter("DEV"=13)
10 - filter(ROWNUM<2)
13 - access("DEV"=18)
filter("DEV"=18)
16 - filter(ROWNUM<2)
19 - access("DEV"=5)
filter("DEV"=5)
Note
- dynamic sampling used for this statement
43 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.04 -
Different results on a SQL sort depending on the tool?
Hi,
i've a problem with sorting a column, getting different results depending on the tool.
Environment:
Oracle 8.1.6 on Solaris, Oracle Client on NT 4.0 (SP5)
The Query:
SELECT * FROM mytable ORDER BY mycolumn ASC
This is the result of a query by SQL Plus Worksheet:
0000000006
0000100100
A00000
A06015
A06016
This is the result of a query by SQL*Plus (and Oracle ODBC 32Bit Test and a jdbc query) :
A00000
A06015
A06016
0000000006
0000100100
Why has the same SQL statement different results?
Why are there different collating orders?
How can this be solved?
Can anyone help me?
Regards Stefan
nullAt this point I think you should get Applejack...
http://www.macupdate.com/info.php/id/15667/applejack
After installing, reboot holding down CMD+s, (+s), then when the DOS like prompt shows, type in...
applejack AUTO
Then let it do all 6 of it's things.
At least it'll eliminate some questions if it doesn't fix it.
The 6 things it does are...
Correct any Disk problems.
Repair Permissions.
Clear out Cache Files.
Repair/check several plist files.
Dump the VM files for a fresh start.
Trash old Log files.
First reboot will be slower, sometimes 2 or 3 restarts will be required for full benefit... my guess is files relying upon other files relying upon other files! :-)
Disconnect the USB cable from any Uninterruptible Power Supply so the system doesn't shut down in the middle of the process.
Then... Try putting these numbers in Network>TCP/IP>DNS Servers, for the Interface you connect with...
208.67.222.222
208.67.220.220
Then Apply. For 10.5/10.6 Network, highlight Interface>Advanced button>DNS tab>little + icon.
DNS Servers are a bit like Phone books where you look up a name and it gives you the phone number, in our case, you put in apple.com and it comes back with 17.149.160.49 behind the scenes.
These Servers have been patched to guard against DNS poisoning, and are faster/more reliable than most ISP's DNS Servers.
The Interface that connects to the Internet, needs to be drug to the top of System Preferences>Network>Show:>Network Port Configurations and checked ON.
10.5.x/10.6.x instructions...
System Preferences>Network, click on the little gear at the bottom next to the + & - icons, (unlock lock first if locked), choose Set Service Order.
The interface that connects to the Internet should be dragged to the top of the list. -
ASP/SQL - Sort Combofield A-Z
I best tell you what ive got, before i throw in the
questions!
A database with a table and how the data is called in DW8:
strSQL = "SELECT customer_id,customer_name FROM tbl_customer
where cust_active='y'"
Then theres the code for the combofield (currently displaying
non-sorted).
If Prospect Then
Call Response.Write(vbCrLf & "<tr>" & vbCrLf
& ComboField(intPosProspId,garCusNam,garCusVal,False,"") &
vbCrLf & InputField(intPosPType,True) & vbCrLf &
"</tr>")
I want the combofield to be in alphabetical order by
"customer_name", but have no idea how to do it.
Any takers?
thanksThe combofield is populated by the initial SQL query, so
update the query
like this:
SELECT customer_id,customer_name FROM tbl_customer WHERE
cust_active='y' ORDER BY customer_name ASC
* ASC = asecnding
DESC - descending
"Max10128" <[email protected]> wrote in
message
news:ec4kt7$fll$[email protected]..
>I best tell you what ive got, before i throw in the
questions!
>
> A database with a table and how the data is called in
DW8:
> strSQL = "SELECT customer_id,customer_name FROM
tbl_customer where
> cust_active='y'"
>
> Then theres the code for the combofield (currently
displaying non-sorted).
> If Prospect Then
> Call Response.Write(vbCrLf & "<tr>" &
vbCrLf &
> ComboField(intPosProspId,garCusNam,garCusVal,False,"")
> vbCrLf & InputField(intPosPType,True) & vbCrLf
& "</tr>")
>
> I want the combofield to be in alphabetical order by
"customer_name", but
> have
> no idea how to do it.
>
> Any takers?
> thanks
> -
Pl/sql vs sql basic question
Hi,
I have a very very basic question, so excuse me for that... I just would like to know the difference ( and the difference in usage) between sql and pl/sql?
thank you
YannSQL - the structured query language - is the language available for extracting data from the database. It is a 4GL, and each command stands alone and performs a database action.
PL/SQL is the 3GL primarily intended to control the flow of a series of SQL commands. PL/SQL does not, in any way, interact with the data in the database. It does, however, allow SQL statements to be called, or even created, in a specific order.
SQL is capable of a LOT more than people usually realize. Unfortunate, as people often create PL/SQL programs when single SQL statements will do the job. I encourage reading the O'Reilly 'Mastering Oracle SQL' book ... only after fiunishing that book do I recommend any of Feuerstein's excellent PL/SQL books. -
Hi friends,
I'm going to read and process data in an interface coded in ABAP and OPEN SQL. To improve efficiency and reliability I'm processing the data in packets of a fixed size of rows - reading rows up to a predetermined numer into an internal table which then is processed and then finaly written back to database followed by "commit work". Then the process will continue with reading the next fixed number of rows, process them, and so on ...
The general question is, which is the most efficient way to implement this scenario?
I think of two basic approaches:
1.1) Loop over results from a cursor using FETCH NEXT CURSOR inside a LOOP appending the lines to the internal table.
2.1) Execute SELECT ... INTO TABLE <itab> FROM <table> UP TO <data packet size> ROWS.
My assumtion is that approach 2 would be the more effecient, is that correct?
The processed data will be written back to the database in one single statement:
2.2) INSERT <table> FROM TABLE <itab>
Which I assume is more efficient than doing the same using multiple inserts within a loop?
Regards,
ChristianIn native SQL you can also use the packet options.
SELECT <Fields name> appending corresponding fields of table <Internal table>
<b>package size 20000</b>
FROM <Database table name>
WHERE <Condition>.
ENDSELECT.
By using this the system will fetch the records from database table in packets [20000 records per package]
Regards
Aman -
Interactive Reports - SQL Source Question
Background
Apex 3.1 is installed on Oracle 10g instance on local machine but all data is stored on a remote machine on Oracle 9 & 10 instances.
This data is also used by another piece of software, which directly manipulates the data.
The Apex Application that I am developing is to be used as a Quick Find/KPI Reporting tool and is setup to utilise DBLinks and Synonyms.
Within the remote data, we have a mapping table that contains user specific alias' for field names, which the users set using the other piece of software. There can be up to 5 mappings per table field each defined as LNG01, LNG02,etc.
In order to provide the same field Alias' in the Apex application, I have created a PL/SQL function to return the field alias and return a string value containing the final SQL.
Problem
In standard reports, this would work correctly as you could return a SQL statement in a string and it handled it with no problems.
However, due to Interactive Reports not supporting this, I have tried to find code to pass in the string SQL Statement to return a TABLE or PIPELINED datasource.
The string SQL statement will vary for each time it is used so the string SQL statement is effectively built as dynamic SQL
This causes as problem as I will never be able to define the ROWTYPE for a type TABLE variable as the field names will not be constant.
Can you tell me if there is any way to create a SQL source that could be used for the Interactive Report based on dynamic SQL?
Alternatively, if you can provide any alternatives to finding a solution I would be most grateful.
Apologies if this question has been posted before.
Thanks in advance.
StuartStuart,
You could:
1) Create page items, one for each dynamic column header (e.g. P1_OBJECT_NAME_HEADER, etc).
2) Create a page process, to run when the page is loaded, that populates each item with the appropriate text. This can pull the column header text from your remote source.
3) Use a static query as your interactive report source:
select objname,
objuniqueid,
objtypecode,
objsitearea,
objdesc,
objdesc2,
objlocationid,
objcommission
from cdoweb_om4) Edit the interactive report attributes -- use APEX substitution string syntax to reference the item values (e.g. "&P1_OBJECT_NAME_HEADER." without the quotes) instead of static column headers.
For more information on using substitution strings:
http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E10513_01/doc/appdev.310/e10499/concept.htm#BEIFGFJF
- Marco -
I'm trying compare two table in Oracle and with a firstname and
lastname
matches fill-in a pager pin number.
This is the sql statement I'm running
update addressbook2 set pin =
(select pin from phonebook where
phonebook.firstname=addressbook2.firstname
and
phonebook.lastname=addressbook2.lastname)
where addressbook2.firstname IN (select firstname from phonebook)
and addressbook2.lastname IN (select lastname from phonebook)
but I get an error message saying:
ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row
My question is can I update the table even when there are
duplicates in the tables. The query runs perfect when both
tables are unique.
Thank you for any help.
MN
nullI presume you are trying to update the pin of only those people
in the addressbook table that also exist in the phonebook table.
The following will work:
update addressbook a
set a.pin = (
select f.pin from phonebook f
where f.fname = a.fname
and f.lname = a.lname
ie remove the last two lines from your DML statement.. be aware
that you are using a denormalised design (pin is not normalised
on the primary key) and the use of first and last names as a
method of identifying people is not a good idea (does 'smith' =
'smyth'?)
MN (guest) wrote:
: I'm trying compare two table in Oracle and with a firstname and
: lastname
: matches fill-in a pager pin number.
: This is the sql statement I'm running
: update addressbook2 set pin =
: (select pin from phonebook where
: phonebook.firstname=addressbook2.firstname
: and
: phonebook.lastname=addressbook2.lastname)
: where addressbook2.firstname IN (select firstname from
phonebook)
: and addressbook2.lastname IN (select lastname from phonebook)
: but I get an error message saying:
: ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row
: My question is can I update the table even when there are
: duplicates in the tables. The query runs perfect when both
: tables are unique.
: Thank you for any help.
: MN
null -
hi,
I am sorting a list by category, but now I know that one of the categories should go to the bottom of the list when displayed.
I tried concatenating some value to it so it would go to the bottom, but it's not working correctly. Any other ideas to achieve this?
mhoranYou are talking about the partially transparent grey bar that appears when hovering over an answer in the Sequence type of questions. There is no style that can be customized AFAIK. It is not even changing with the included themes. Same is valid for the connecting lines in matching questions that are always black, color cannot be changed for them neither. It is a pity, would recommend you enter a feature request to be able to customize the color of both the hover bar and those lines.
https://www.adobe.com/cfusion/mmform/index.cfm?name=wishform
Lilybiri -
SQL performance question (between clause)
Hello,
I'm new to SQL tuning and bumped into the following performance problem:
Situation:
--Table 1
CREATE TABLE GGS
CHROM_ID NUMBER(2),
START_POS NUMBER(10),
TAG VARCHAR2(3 CHAR)
CREATE INDEX GGS_IDX ON GGS
(CHROM_ID, START_POS);
--Table 2
CREATE TABLE LEL
CHROM_ID NUMBER(2),
START_POS NUMBER(10),
TAG VARCHAR2(3 CHAR)
CREATE INDEX GGS_IDX ON LEL
(CHROM_ID, START_POS);
--Table 3
CREATE TABLE PGD
CHROM_ID NUMBER(2),
START_POS NUMBER(10),
TAG VARCHAR2(3 CHAR)
CREATE INDEX PGD_IDX ON LEL
(CHROM_ID, START_POS);
For these 3 tables & 3 indexes the statistics are gathered.
I'm issuing the following SQL statements:
select t1.tag,t1.chrom_id,t1.start_pos
from LEL t1
where exists
(select 'x' from GGS t2
where t2.chrom_id = t1.chrom_id
and t2.start_pos = t1.start_pos + 9
and exists
(select 'x' from PGD t3
where t3.chrom_id = t1.chrom_id
and t3.start_pos = t1.start_pos + 18
Execution Plan
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 27 | 3677 (5)| 00:00:45 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS SEMI | | 1 | 27 | 3677 (5)| 00:00:45 |
|* 2 | HASH JOIN | | 118 | 2242 | 3323 (6)| 00:00:40 |
| 3 | SORT UNIQUE | | 428K| 3348K| 257 (5)| 00:00:04 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| PGD | 428K| 3348K| 257 (5)| 00:00:04 |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | LEL | 2399K| 25M| 1435 (5)| 00:00:18 |
|* 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | GGS_IDX | 1 | 8 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
2 - access("T3"."CHROM_ID"="T1"."CHROM_ID" AND
"T3"."START_POS"="T1"."START_POS"+18)
6 - access("T2"."CHROM_ID"="T1"."CHROM_ID" AND
"T2"."START_POS"="T1"."START_POS"+9)
select t1.tag,t1.chrom_id,t1.start_pos
from LEL t1
where exists
(select 'x' from GGS t2
where t2.chrom_id = t1.chrom_id
and t2.start_pos between t1.start_pos - 25 and t1.start_pos + 25
and exists
(select 'x' from PGD t3
where t3.chrom_id = t1.chrom_id
and t3.start_pos between t1.start_pos - 25 and t1.start_pos + 25
Execution Plan
<source>
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes |TempSpc| Cost (%CPU)| Time |
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 15 | 405 | | 5723 (4)| 00:01:09 |
|* 1 | HASH JOIN SEMI | | 15 | 405 | | 5723 (4)| 00:01:09 |
|* 2 | HASH JOIN RIGHT SEMI| | 5998 | 111K| 8376K| 4788 (4)| 00:00:58 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | PGD | 428K| 3348K| | 257 (5)| 00:00:04 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | LEL | 2399K| 25M| | 1435 (5)| 00:00:18 |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | GGS | 1531K| 11M| | 913 (5)| 00:00:11 |
</source>
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
1 - access("T2"."CHROM_ID"="T1"."CHROM_ID")
filter("T2"."START_POS">="T1"."START_POS"-25 AND
"T2"."START_POS"<="T1"."START_POS"+25)
2 - access("T3"."CHROM_ID"="T1"."CHROM_ID")
filter("T3"."START_POS">="T1"."START_POS"-25 AND
"T3"."START_POS"<="T1"."START_POS"+25)
The first query runs fast, a few seconds. The later runs for ages. Any idea how I could get better performance on the second query? How comes that the predicted run time for the two queries are not that different, 00:00:45 for query 1 versus 00:01:09 for query 2?
But in reality the difference is enormous, or am I mis interpreting the execution plan output?
Kind Regards,
Gerben
The table data looks like:
CHROM_ID;START_POS;TAG
1;3001429;LEL
1;3001837;LEL
1;3003352;LEL
1;3007849;LEL
1;3008347;LEL
1;3009100;LEL
1;3010504;LEL
1;3016300;LEL
1;3018445;LELHi Rob,
Since the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is set, the AREASIZE parameters are automatically set. The PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is set to approximately 1.26Gb.
I reran the query to monitor the pga memory usage. Most of the work_area's were able to run in optimal mode, only a few in one-pass and none in multi-pass mode.
I know that our PROBLEMATIC query is not responsible for the one-pass mode work_areas.
Do you notice something abnormal in the PGA statistics? Maybe something else is causing the bad query performance? Other init parameters I should look into?
There's also this discrepancy between the explain plan and the reality which is puzzling me...
Groet,
Gerben
SQL> SELECT * from v$pgastat;
NAME VALUE UNIT
aggregate PGA target parameter 1321439232 bytes
aggregate PGA auto target 1152248832 bytes
global memory bound 132136960 bytes
total PGA inuse 41159680 bytes
total PGA allocated 95112192 bytes
maximum PGA allocated 253027328 bytes
total freeable PGA memory 12713984 bytes
process count 20
max processes count 22
PGA memory freed back to OS 1026097152 bytes
total PGA used for auto workareas 0 bytes
maximum PGA used for auto workareas 148202496 bytes
total PGA used for manual workareas 0 bytes
maximum PGA used for manual workareas 536576 bytes
over allocation count 0
bytes processed 1795721216 bytes
extra bytes read/written 657868800 bytes
cache hit percentage 73.18 percent
recompute count (total) 7982
SQL> SELECT optimal_count, round(optimal_count*100/total, 2) optimal_perc,
onepass_count, round(onepass_count*100/total, 2) onepass_perc,
multipass_count, round(multipass_count*100/total, 2) multipass_perc
FROM
(SELECT decode(sum(total_executions), 0, 1, sum(total_executions)) total,
sum(OPTIMAL_EXECUTIONS) optimal_count,
sum(ONEPASS_EXECUTIONS) onepass_count,
sum(MULTIPASSES_EXECUTIONS) multipass_count
FROM v$sql_workarea_histogram
WHERE low_optimal_size > 64*1024);
OPTIMAL_COUNT OPTIMAL_PERC ONEPASS_COUNT ONEPASS_PERC MULTIPASS_COUNT MULTIPASS_PERC
238 96.75 8 3.25 0 0
SQL> SELECT LOW_OPTIMAL_SIZE/1024 low_kb,
(HIGH_OPTIMAL_SIZE+1)/1024 high_kb,
OPTIMAL_EXECUTIONS, ONEPASS_EXECUTIONS, MULTIPASSES_EXECUTIONS
FROM V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
WHERE TOTAL_EXECUTIONS != 0;
LOW_KB HIGH_KB OPTIMAL_EXECUTIONS ONEPASS_EXECUTIONS MULTIPASSES_EXECUTIONS
2 4 28661 0 0
64 128 27 0 0
128 256 2 0 0
256 512 5 0 0
512 1024 208 0 0
1024 2048 1 0 0
2048 4096 0 2 0
4096 8192 10 0 0
8192 16384 5 0 0
65536 131072 6 6 0
131072 262144 1 0 0
SQL> SELECT name profile, cnt, decode(total, 0, 0, round(cnt*100/total)) percentage
FROM (SELECT name, value cnt, (sum(value) over ()) total
FROM V$SYSSTAT
WHERE name like 'workarea exec%');
PROFILE CNT PERCENTAGE
workarea executions - optimal 28930 100
workarea executions - onepass 8 0
workarea executions - multipass 0 0 -
Sql developer: question about exporting data
Hi,
we're recently working with sql-developer. i've got a question about how we can export query results to txt/csv files for use in other applications.
First a problem: if we start a query that looks like this:
select * from
select * from A where start_date = &date
) a,
select * from B where start_date = &date
) b
where a.name = b.name
Sql-developer asks twice to input a value for the variable 'date', although it's the same variable and it's supposed to have the same value.
We solve this by making a script:
first we define the variable, then we put the query.
When we start the script, the query runs ok and sql developer asks to input the value for the variable once.
But now the result of the query is shown in the script output. The script output seems to be limited in number of lines and difficult to export.
So my question is: what's the best way to export query results to txt/csv files, avoiding the problem mentioned above?
i hope there is a solution where we can use a single query or script.
Thanks in advance!Using bind variables like ":date" should solve the problem of being asked twice for the same thing.
Executing the query normally (F9), gives you the export options you require through the context menu inside the Results grid.
Regards,
K.
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