Swap space usage in solaris 2.6

Hi
I'm confused abt how the OS uses the swap space in the solaris 2.6. My system has the following configuration.
RAM - 2560 M.
Disk based memory for swap - 513 M (From 'top' / 'swap -l' command)
The 'df -k' over the "/tmp" directory is showing Total around 1.8 GB space for the "swap" volume mounted over "/tmp".
Does it mean that, only 513M of 1.8 GB is allocated for a swap slice?? BTW this is the only swap slice that our system has. So what's happening to the remaining part of 1.8 GB?? Is it getting wasted??
When does the OS exactly starts using the disk memory?? Is it like if the OS finds that the available RAM is not sufficient for its memory operations then it starts using the disk memory??
Any help in clearing my doubts would be highly apreciated.
Rgds
ravi

Hi
Thanks for the response. I understand the concept of anonymous memory. But what is confusing me is the "/tmp" directory. The "df -k" command over the "/tmp" directory is always showing used % as 1%. Also the "swap -s" is never matching with the output of "df -k".. ( I suppose both represent the Virtual attributes of swap space i.e. disk backed memory + portion of the RAM).
for example following is the output of the above commands at a particular instance.
df -k
swap 1908728 1768 1906960 1% /tmp
tcsb.tcs.gs1::/users/tcsuser/tmp-> swap -l
swapfile dev swaplo blocks free
/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s1 32,1 16 1049744 84048
tcsb.tcs.gs1::/users/tcsuser/tmp-> swap -s
total: 589008k bytes allocated + 98672k reserved = 687680k used, 1908920k available
Is there anything i'm missing here??
-ravi

Similar Messages

  • Swap Space Usage Solaris 8

    Hello to all.
    I had an application (a C programme) running on Solaris 2.4. Recently i upgraded to Solaris 8.
    I recompiled this application (everything went smoothly). However i have a serious problem i
    cannot debug further. This application runs as a daemon. As the time passes it eats all my swap space
    available and never releases it. When i run out of swap space, the application crashes and has to be
    restarted.
    Any ideas what may be the problem ?

    Sounds like a memory leak.

  • Reporting Swap Space Usage

    I own a piece of software that reports three Solaris swap space statistics:
    Available
    Used
    Total
    It uses the swapctl API to gather the data. One user reports that this is insufficient because Solaris uses a combination of disk space (reported by swapctl) and RAM. I've spent some time researching this and think I've found that the RAM swap space statistics are available in the kstat vminfo block. Questions:
    1. Is there a Solaris API that will give me total swap space statistics (disk + RAM)?
    2. If not, am I correct that the kstat vminfo fields report just the RAM swap space statistics and that I just therefore be able to add the values from swapctl and kstat to get the total statistics I require?
    3. The vminfo block has the following swap-related properties:
         swap_resv;     /* reserved swap in pages     */
         swap_alloc; /* allocated swap in pages     */
         swap_avail; /* unreserved swap in pages */
         swap_free;     /* unallocated swap in pages */
    From what I read, I think that "reserved" + "allocated" would map to what we call "used." What is the distinction between "unreserved" and "unallocated"? If I add all four of these values together, do I get the total amount of swap space allocated in RAM?
    4. I see that these vminfo values are raw counts and that to determine the real number, you have to sample the data over an interval, subtract the values and divide by the interval to get an average. Is there any other API that gives you the values at that point in time?

    For your questioin # 1, try using the `top` command. You can cownload this
    package from www.sunfreeware.com. It has bot the Binary file and source file.

  • What is normal swap space utilization on Solaris 10

    Hi all,
    I'm running Oracle 11.2 on Solaris 10 on a couple of HP Proliant DL 360 servers.
    Both servers have 72G of physical RAM with swap space set to 16G on both of them.
    Server A has only one database and total memory free = 30G.
    Server A
    top:  Memory: 72G phys mem, 30G free mem, 16G total swap, 16G free swap
    swap -s:   total: 27249744k bytes allocated + 13873764k reserved = 41123508k used, 1000552k available
    prstat: 
    NPROC USERNAME  SWAP   RSS MEMORY      TIME  CPU
       257 oracle     39G   38G    53% 222:11:52 5.6%
        31 root       57M   59M   0.1% 414:47:23 0.1%
         1 smmsp    1776K 7736K   0.0%   0:00:34 0.0%
         6 zabbix   4752K 4092K   0.0%   0:58:31 0.0%
         4 daemon   3864K 6456K   0.0%   0:00:35 0.0%Server B has two databases and total memory free = 9G.
    Server B
    top:  Memory: 72G phys mem, 9890M free mem, 16G total swap, 16G free swap
    swap -s:  total: 29223360k bytes allocated + 627312k reserved = 29850672k used, 16926320k available
    prstat:
    NPROC USERNAME  SWAP   RSS MEMORY      TIME  CPU
       157 oracle     28G   28G    39%  15:38:41 0.4%
        34 root       58M   65M   0.1%   2:56:57 0.0%
         6 zabbix   5580K 4816K   0.0%   0:00:31 0.0%
         1 smmsp    1776K 5724K   0.0%   0:00:00 0.0%
         5 hpsmh      17M   13M   0.0%   0:00:00 0.0%
         4 daemon   3204K 5912K   0.0%   0:00:00 0.0%We are using zfs file system on both servers (which is pretty much the standard these days on Solaris).
    Recently I got an OEM alert that my swap space on server A had crossed the 95% threshhold on one of the servers.
    But when I checked the server, I found that the average swap space utilization was 97.45.
    In fact, what actually happened was my swap utilization momentarily dropped below 95% and then returned back to its normal range above 95% which caused the alert to be triggered.
    So this made me wonder why my swap space utilization was so high on server A, or is this just normal for Solaris (v.10).
    Checking with server B, I see that my swap utilization is only at 63.6% (even though server B has much more physical memory in use by the two databases than server A).
    Main question is why is swap utilization so high on server A, which is configured the same as server B and with less physical memory actually in use.
    Next question is should I be concerned.
    When I check vmstat, I do not see any paging in or out or blocked processes.
    See below for server A
    Server A
    $ vmstat -S 5 5
    kthr      memory            page            disk          faults      cpu
    r b w   swap  free  si  so pi po fr de sr s0 s1 s2 s5   in   sy   cs us sy id
    0 0 0 1059868 30507176 0 0  0  0  0  0  2  7 -0 123 30 13742 25008 7264 5 2 93
    0 0 0 1024076 30982140 0 0  0  0  0  0  0 23  0  0 122 4433 14793 6854 6 2 92
    0 0 0 1030292 30987500 0 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 102 4055 15049 7014 8 1 91
    0 0 0 1044484 30999572 0 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 129 5905 19196 8127 6 1 93
    0 0 0 1028584 30987636 0 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 114 10611 19925 7259 6 3 90

    974632 wrote:
    Looks like we don't have 'free' on these Solaris boxes (only the man pages).
    I'm guessing that free is for linux (since it works fine on my linux boxes).
    $ whereis free
    free: /usr/man/man3c/free.3cdarn!
    Realize that SWAP is purely an OS facility; which is 100% external to Oracle.
    The OS send little used or idle processes into SWAP when RAM is scarce resource.
    The fact that SWAP is being used is not a Bad Thing, in and of itself.
    as long as vmstat shows that BI+BO > SI+SO I would ignore the Chicken Little warnings.

  • Swap space - upgrading to solaris 8

    Hi
    I have Solaris 2.6, 3Gb RAM and
    # swap -l
    swapfile dev swaplo blocks free
    /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4 32,4 16 527024 378752.
    # vmstat
    procs memory page disk faults cpu
    r b w swap free re mf pi po fr de sr f0 m1 m1 m1 in sy cs us sy id
    0 0 0 22392 13240 10 379 282 191 219 0 5 0 0 0 8 1381 5898 4631 6 5 89
    # sar -r 1
    SunOS nwlabs 5.6 Generic_105181-26 sun4u 02/26/02
    16:26:54 freemem freeswap
    16:26:55 5964 4947043
    The Solaris 8 Advanced Installation Guide recommends allocating at least 512Mbytes of swap space before upgrading. Is this referring to swap disk or total swap space?
    Do I need to allocate more swap space before upgrading to Solaris 8?
    Thanks
    D

    If you are using the "Installation" cd with Solaris 8 then it requires a minimum of 512 to store the "installer" in swap so it can do the installation. If you forego the use of the Installer CD and start the Installation with Disk 1 of 2 then you don't have to worry about swap issues. The Advanced Installation Guide seems to indicate that you should use the WebStart Installer but it is not needed.
    If you are doing an upgrade then it will use what you already have set up as a swap slice. If you are doing an initial install then you can make swap whatever you want.

  • Available swap space problem in solaris 10

    Dear All,
    Currently I am facing a most interesting problem regarding swap space.
    We have assigned mirrored slice swap space with 20G size. But when we are asking for swap space it is only showing around 2GB.
    1. Please have the swap area:
    root@palash # swap -l
    swapfile dev swaplo blocks free
    /dev/md/dsk/d1 85,1 16 41945456 35002784
    root@palash # swap -s
    total: 53562072k bytes allocated + 5689008k reserved = 59251080k used, 615704k available
    2. Please have the metastat output:
    root@palash # metastat d1
    d1: Mirror
    Submirror 0: d11
    State: Okay
    Submirror 1: d21
    State: Okay
    Pass: 1
    Read option: roundrobin (default)
    Write option: parallel (default)
    Size: 41945472 blocks (20 GB)
    d11: Submirror of d1
    State: Okay
    Size: 41945472 blocks (20 GB)
    Stripe 0:
    Device Start Block Dbase State Reloc Hot Spare
    c0t0d0s1 0 No Okay Yes
    d21: Submirror of d1
    State: Okay
    Size: 41945472 blocks (20 GB)
    Stripe 0:
    Device Start Block Dbase State Reloc Hot Spare
    c0t1d0s1 0 No Okay Yes
    3. Here is /etc/vfstab entry for swap:
    /dev/md/dsk/d1 - - swap - no -
    4. But when we checked swap space using df command:
    root@palash # df -h
    Filesystem size used avail capacity Mounted on
    /dev/md/dsk/d0 18G 7.7G 9.9G 44% /
    /devices 0K 0K 0K 0% /devices
    ctfs 0K 0K 0K 0% /system/contract
    proc 0K 0K 0K 0% /proc
    mnttab 0K 0K 0K 0% /etc/mnttab
    swap                   1.7G   1.7M   1.7G     1%    /etc/svc/volatile
    objfs 0K 0K 0K 0% /system/object
    sharefs 0K 0K 0K 0% /etc/dfs/sharetab
    /platform/sun4u-us3/lib/libc_psr/libc_psr_hwcap1.so.1
    18G 7.7G 9.9G 44% /platform/sun4u-us3/lib/libc_psr.so.1
    /platform/sun4u-us3/lib/sparcv9/libc_psr/libc_psr_hwcap1.so.1
    18G 7.7G 9.9G 44% /platform/sun4u-us3/lib/sparcv9/libc_psr.so.1
    fd 0K 0K 0K 0% /dev/fd
    swap 1.7G 184K 1.7G 1% /tmp
    swap 1.7G 64K 1.7G 1% /var/run
    /dev/dsk/c2t40d0s4 20G 20M 19G 1% /redo2
    /dev/dsk/c2t40d0s1 276G 223G 50G 82% /oradata2
    /dev/dsk/c3t40d0s3 195G 198M 193G 1% /restore
    /dev/dsk/c2t40d0s0 276G 216G 57G 80% /oradata1
    /dev/dsk/c2t40d0s5 59G 60M 58G 1% /system1
    /dev/dsk/c3t40d0s0 276G 220G 53G 81% /index1
    /dev/md/dsk/d3 30G 24G 5.7G 81% /oracle
    /dev/dsk/c3t40d0s1 197G 53G 142G 28% /archive1
    /dev/dsk/c2t40d0s3 20G 20M 19G 1% /redo1
    /vol/dev/dsk/c0t6d0/disk1
    0K 0K 0K 0% /cdrom/disk1
    Please help me to indentify the reason.

    918597 wrote:
    Hello,
    Thanks for your reply.
    But I am not clear about your findings as we have around 64GB physical RAM in my machine.
    My question is that if we mount 20GB swap partition, then how we can see this is around less than 2 GB in df -h command.
    And even in swap -s command, this is showing same problem.
    What might be reason behind this????
    //PalashWell no-one else has anwered ... so its back to me.....
    Hmmm ... i would use the word observations rather than findings .... I am not on an old root explotation expedition all over our server .. merely observing on the morsels you show me ....
    Please be aware I may not be totally technically correct or be using right terminology on what follows so I welcome corrections ....
    Your machine has 64GB Memory, and a 20 GB swap file, therefore has the ability up to support 84GB total (Virtual) Memory ofr it's processes/buffers.
    The reason little swap is free (let us say 2GB ... thoug it may be 600m) is theat processes/buffers have a virutal memory requirement of 84GB-2GB = 82Gb.
    ... So rather than wondering about how come 2GB is left, start thinking about ow 82GB is being used.
    ...... Particularly with databases oracle RDBMS; mysql etc a big influencing factor can be how much memory is allocated its memory structures.
    .......... And a DBA may set these extremely high (memory_max / innodb-buffer-pool-size etc etc).
    ps -ef will show the (virtual) 'size' for individual processes
    prstat -a may help show what is going on (but may double account some things):
    ipcs -a would show the allocation for the oracle RDBMS memory_area,
    echo ::memstat | mdb -k ### may help ... but i have seen accounts of it taking ages to run.
    I'd also check kstat zfs ... but your not using zfs so no need to bother.
    .... You may need to show some evidence of how your applications are consuming virutal memory for someone to help you futher ... but if you do htis who may answer your own quesiton.

  • SWAP space usage??

    When I am monitoring my system using TOP, all of my java process is running well over 350M. The Size field is showing 470M and the RES field is showing 350M. But my Xms and Xmx is set to 256M. Is this mean the applications are using SWAP space?

    Not necessarily. The total memory used by the JVM process will always be more than the Java heap size, specified by ms and mx. Memory used by the JVM for internal management, memory allocated in native code and memory allocated for the permanent space are all allocated outside of the Java heap space.
    You could be using swap space if the total memory reserved by all applications and the OS in the system exceeds the physical RAM installed.
    Arunabh

  • Swaps space

    What is swaps in SAP  . I check my SAP server via st02. I seen that all  swaps filed is  red. why it is red. what the mean of red. please explane me .
    Thnaks & regards
    jagdish kumar

    Hi,
    This means that your buffers are hit badly, generally there are always swaps in an SAP system, and these keep increasing day by day if the instance is not restarted recently, an instance restart will clear the red buffer entries in ST02.
    But to reduce the swaps, increasing (or rather say optimizing) buffer memory is required.
    SAP application servers are important users of swap space. If the swap space on a computer is used up, serious system problems occur as a result. Therefore, you must monitor swap space usage.
    Go through with this link:
    [SWAP in SAP|http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70/helpdata/en/02/9625e3538111d1891b0000e8322f96/frameset.htm]
    Regards
    Jhony

  • Minimum Supported Configuration -Swap space

    Hi Guys,
    Just wanted to check on the swap space usage requirements for a sunray..
    It says: Disk Space: 95 MB for installation; 50-100 MB per-user swap space on http://www.sun.com/software/sunray/techspecs.jsp
    Does that mean every sunray user will need 50-100MB swap space on Sun Ray Server per user connecting through Windows Connector / VDA connector??

    Every user will need some additional amount of swap space. The 50-100MB number on that page is just an estimate, a typical average. If all of your users run memory-greedy applications in a local desktop on the Sun Ray server then you'll probably need more than that. If your users run only a few lightweight applications with no local desktop then you'll probably need less than that. If your users will be using only the Windows Connector or VDA Connector then those are lightweight compared to a full desktop plus desktop apps, so the swap requirement should be pretty small.
    If you want real-world numbers then you could ask the people on the sunray-users mailing list (see http://www.filibeto.org/mailman/listinfo/sunray-users) to share the swap numbers that they're seeing in deployments like the one you're planning.

  • Get swap space on Solaris

    Hello
    there are different opinions on how to get the swap space on Solaris.
    some say: swap -s and the space= used + available
    others say swap -l (donno how they get the swap size)
    other say 'top' command
    others say using format command (in print sub-command)
    Could you please advise on how to get the swap size on a solaris machine?
    thanks

    mpfefer wrote:
    Hello
    there are different opinions on how to get the swap space on Solaris.That's because there is no single definition of 'swap'. So if you ask for 'swap space', it's going to be interpreted differently by different people.
    some say: swap -s and the space= used + availableThis shows you the allocation of the VM space. (Most uses of 'swap' by Solaris commands equate it with total virtual memory).
    others say swap -l (donno how they get the swap size)This shows you the allocation of all active swap files.
    other say 'top' commandThat can show you both RAM usage and VM/swap usage.
    others say using format command (in print sub-command)Format can show you disk partitioning information. Disk partitioning may or may not have any bearing on how you're using swap files. You'd need at least 'swap -l' information (and possibly other commands) to make comparisons. But then again, 'swap -l' is all you'd need in that case anyway.
    Could you please advise on how to get the swap size on a solaris machine?What do you mean by 'swap size'?
    Darren

  • How can i increase the swap space in solaris 11

    On Solaris 10 I use to select how much swap space i need while installing
    On Solaris 11 it does it automatically? if it does, how can increase the swap

    You can easily create a ZFS volume, see "zfs create -V" for ideas. Then using the swap command you can add that space to your swap. You can also delete swap space with "swap -d" even though that does not delete the underlying ZFS volume.

  • Swap Space on Solaris 8

    We just installed Solaris 8 and allocated 2GB of swap space on the first slice of the disk. When I issue a df -k command, this comes out.
    swap 3.5 GB /var/run
    swap 3.5 GB /tmp
    Is this normal? Where did it get the extra 1.5 GB that it allocated for swap? How about the other 3.5 GB where did it all come from? Can somebody shed light on this? Thanks.

    That's normal. To quote from the system administration guide:
    http://docs.sun.com
    �The Solaris environment uses the concept of virtual swap space, a layer between anonymous memory
    pages and the physical storage (or disk-backed swap space) that actually back these pages. A
    system's virtual swap space is equal to the sum of all its physical (disk-backed) swap space plus a
    portion of the currently available physical memory.�
    I.e. you probably have ~ 2GB memory in the machine + the 2 GB disk
    based swap you've configured gives ~3.5GB virtual swap.
    The two mount points /tmp and /var/run are two different filesystems
    that allocate space from the same virtual swap space. They share the
    swap resource, that is, if you put things in /tmp, not only the space
    available in /tmp but also the space available for /var/run decreases.

  • Solaris: The System does not have the required swap space

    I'm trying to install Oracle onto Solaris 9. The installation check fails with the error
    The System does not have the required swap space.
    I've read the install Guide I get the following when I do the memory checks
    bash-2.05# /usr/sbin/prtconf | grep "Memory size"
    Memory size: 1024 Megabytes
    bash-2.05# /usr/sbin/swap -s
    total: 767688k bytes allocated + 117080k reserved = 884768k used, 379040k available
    The install guide doesn't say how to increase the Swap Space. I would like to increase the Swap Space just for the duration of the installation. From the install guide I'll need a Swap Space of 1.5 times the Ram on the machine so I'll need 1.5GB Swap Space. Can someone help me out with the required syntax to increase the Swap File Size?

    Found something on the web that did the trick. Create a few files and then add to your swap.. In case it's of interest to anyone else here's what I had to do
    swap -l (lists files in swap)
    mkdir /tmp/swap/ (create dir for file to add to swap)
    mkfile tmp/swap/swap11 (create file for swap)
    swap -a tmp/swap/swap11 (add file to swap)
    swap -l (check files in swap)

  • Solaris: Increase the swap space

    Hi all,
    I am the developer, not the DBA, but actually should make some DBA-job.
    On our solaris server I should increase the swap space, but I don't know how to make this...
    From time to time I get the following error message in system log files:
    WARNING: Sorry, no swap space to grow stack for pid 21209 (oracle)After this the database write the ORA-04030 and ORA-07445 errors in the alertlog and restarts.
    Here are some data from our system:
    oracle@dbs:/etc# ulimit -a
    core file size (blocks, -c) unlimited
    data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited
    file size (blocks, -f) unlimited
    open files (-n) 256
    pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 10
    stack size (kbytes, -s) 8192
    cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited
    max user processes (-u) 29995
    virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited
    oracle@dbs:~# /usr/sbin/prtconf | grep "Memory size"
    Memory size: 16384 Megabytes
    oracle@dbs:~# swap -l
    swapfile dev swaplo blocks free
    /dev/md/dsk/d60 85,60 16 16790384 15262496
    oracle@dbs:~# swap -s
    total: 12874104k bytes allocated + 1090112k reserved = 13964216k used, 6825384k available
    oracle@dbs:~# top -d1 | grep "total swap"
    Memory: 16G phys mem, 972M free mem, 8198M total swap, 7465M free swap
    SQL> select * from v$pgastat;
    NAME                                       VALUE UNIT
    aggregate PGA target parameter         629145600 bytes
    aggregate PGA auto target               39321600 bytes
    global memory bound                    104857600 bytes
    total PGA inuse                       4089538560 bytes
    total PGA allocated                   4612293632 bytes
    maximum PGA allocated                 4746773504 bytes
    total freeable PGA memory              359464960 bytes
    process count 183
    max processes count                          198
    PGA memory freed back to OS           1.8291E+12 bytes
    total PGA used for auto workareas        7504896 bytes
    maximum PGA used for auto workareas    108168192 bytes
    total PGA used for manual workareas            0 bytes
    maximum PGA used for manual workareas     542720 bytes
    over allocation count                   13757980
    bytes processed                       2.1787E+13 bytes
    extra bytes read/written              3.3085E+11 bytes
    cache hit percentage                        98.5 percent
    recompute count (total)                 13774288
    SQL> select sum(value)
    2 from v$sesstat s, v$statname n
    3 where s.statistic# = n.statistic#
    4 and n.name like '%ga_memory';
    SUM(VALUE)
    9401696912Need your help.
    Many thanks!

    Check what is using the memory and if that is necessary.
    1. can you safely shrink the SGA ? you would need to check the AWR reports, or recommended sizes.
    2. can you safely shrink the PGA ? you would need to check the AWR reports, or recommended sizes)
    3. can you reduce the number of processes ? (are there lots of idle processes ?)
    4. can you tune sql to use less memory ?
    If you can't reduce allocated memory, check if you can add RAM to the server / container.
    If you still think you need to increase swap, you may need to add another disk (what is /dev/md/dsk/d60 ?). You can easily google for the Solaris commands to add swap, but if you are not familiar with this process I would not recommend you do it by yourself. Ask Oracle Support to provide the commands, and TEST them on a DEV box, followed by reboots etc to confirm it works.

  • Swap space on Solaris 2.7

    Hola!
    Does anyone know how much swap space is required for WLS on a Solaris
    2.7 os?
    I'm having swap space errors.
    thanks

    This is not directly related to WLS. It dends on the amount of memory you wish
    to allocate to it and the amount of memory used by other processes on your
    system.
    Guy
    Christopher Opacki <[email protected]> wrote:
    Hola!
    Does anyone know how much swap space is required for WLS on a Solaris
    2.7 os?
    I'm having swap space errors.
    thanks

Maybe you are looking for

  • Need help to implement a small data warehouse or datamart

    Hi all, we want to improve our reporting activities, we have 3 production and relational oracle databases and we want to elaborate 1 database as reporting database with historized and aggregated data responding to our reporting needs. The database we

  • System copy:Import, error "Assertion failed: Unable to load database"

    Good afternoon. Imports the system. Step to create a database I receive an error (see screenshot). Version 6.0 EHP FOR SAP 6.0. Version SWMP 70SWPM10SP03_9-20009707. But there is a caveat. Current version Sybase 15.7.0.103, and dannyts SWMP version s

  • How can I see tracks that are in playlists when viewing My Music?

    I have hundreds of audio tracks in iTunes. My Music shows more files than I have in all my playlists. Is there a way I can view which tracks are in a playlist when viewing My Music without having to right click each one? It would take hours. All I wa

  • Is it possible to edit songs in iTunes?

    Is there a way to shorten music to eliminate the speaking portion (eg spoken intro) in songs without using garageband? Thank you.

  • The grid array of my photo library has disappeared

    iLife 08, iPhoto 6.0.6, Snow Leopard 10.6.8, iMac Intel Core 2 Duo I loaded my 4th of July pictures and began editing them, but in the afternoon of July 5th the screen changed from the scrollable grid array of my entire iPhoto Library to just one big