Unable to connect to SQL Server : bad return code or status

When attempting to connect to a server running Windows Server 2008 R2 and SQL Server 2008 R2 the following error message is returned.
Error Connecting to Database
A SQLServer request resulted in a bad return code or status but no error message was returned.
The client is pointed to another similar server running Windows Server 2008 R2  and SQL Server 2008 R2, a connection can be made successfully.  Looking at the registry both servers have the same version of MDAC 6.1.7601.17514.
UPDATE 
The SQL Server Error Log records the following information.
Message
Length specified in network packet payload did not match number of bytes read; the connection has been closed. Please contact the vendor of the client library. [CLIENT: 10.1.30.106]
Message
Error: 17836, Severity: 20, State: 17.
It seems like the client is actually reaching the SQL Server but failing to login.

The version of MDAC on the server doesn't matter.  It is the client version of MDAC/WDAC that is used.  Do you know what SQL Server API the client application is using (i.e. ODBC, OLE DB, SqlClient, JDBC, etc)?  You might try a simple connection
test from ODBC data source manager or script.
I think this may be error message from a Sybase client.  That would explain a lot.
Dan Guzman, SQL Server MVP, http://www.dbdelta.com

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    Checklist of possible reason of this error
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    2. Check SQL Browser service is running
    3. Check remote connections are enabled
    4. Network connectivity between database & application servers by TRACERT command
    5. Check TCP/IP protocol enabled at SQL server
    6. Check talent connectivity – telnet <IP address> <port no on SQL server running>
    7. Check UDP port 1434 is open or not on SQL Server
    8. Check firewall is running or not Check
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    Regards,
    Rohit Garg
    (My Blog)
    This posting is provided with no warranties and confers no rights.
    Please remember to click Mark as Answer and Vote as Helpful on posts that help you. This can be beneficial to other community members reading the thread.

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