What are the Programming types in ABAP

Iyappa

<copy&paste_and_everything_else_removed_by_moderator>
Edited by: Julius Bussche on Sep 3, 2008 8:53 AM

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What are the output type and Tcodes?+

What are the output type and Tcodes?

hi,
ex-how to config output type.
You will assign output types using Transaction NACE.
Do the follow steps to assign output type
1)Select Application Type V2 which will have description Shipping.
2)Click on Output types button.
3)Go to change mode by pressing Ctrl+F4.
4)Select one output type which already exists
5)Do Copy As(F6)
6)Give your output type against Output Type field.
7)Under General data Tab, Give Program and Form routine and Save the data.
i think it a work of functional guy but at senior level i think it is not a big deal for abaper.
Check the following documentation
In NACE t-codewe have the application for each one. based on the application output type can be defined, based on output type script and print progrma can be defined.
If suppose data can be read from EDI then we should go for condition records.
So whenever we execute the script first composer checks the output type and then execute the program. in program whenever opn form FM will be populate then script will open first. After that again program till another FM will populate if it then script will populate........like it is cycle proces. Composer does all these things and at last it will submit that output to spool.
Go to the Transaction NACE.
choose the related sub module.. like billing or shipping
doubel click on Output Types
Choose the Output Type for which whcih you wanted your script to trigger
Then select the Output Type and double click on Processing Routine
Then go to create new entries--> Select the Medium (1- print output), then enter your Script and Print Program detls --> Save and come out
Now go to the Transaction (for which you have created the output type)... Issue output--> Select the output type --> Print....
Device Types for SAP Output Devices (Detail Information)
Definition
The device type indicates the type of printer to be addressed. When you define an output device, choose the name of the device type that was defined in the SAP System for your printer model, such as Post2 for a PostScript printer. In the case of frontend printing under Microsoft Windows, you can also use the generic (device-independent) device type SWIN.
The system uses the information in the device type to convert a document from the internal SAP character representation (spool request in OTF or in text format) to a device-specific, print-ready data stream (output request). Since a device type specifies attributes that apply to all devices of a certain model, it can be shared among device definitions. For example, all devices in the SAP spool system that are compatible with Hewlett-Packard LaserJet IIID printers would use the HPLJIIID device type.
You should not confuse the device type with the printer driver. The device type is the total of all attributes of an output device that the SAP System must know to control the output device correctly, such as control commands for font selection, page size, character set selection, and so on. These attributes also include the printer driver that SAPscript/Smart Forms (the SAP form processor) should use for this printer. The SAPscript printer driver that is to be used for devices of this type for output formatting is therefore only an attribute that the device type specifies.
How do I choose the correct device type?
In most cases, the SAP System already provides the appropriate device type for the printer type for the printer model that you want to use.
These standard device types are completely defined and need no modification or extension before you use them in device definitions.
You can also download missing device types from the sapserv server. For a current list of the supported device types, see SAP Note 8928 in the SAP Service Marketplace.
Most printers can be controlled using a generic format, such as PostScript. They can be switched to a mode that is compatible with one of the standard printers for which an SAP device type is available. In this case, a supported model is emulated.
Almost all printers are delivered with Microsoft Windows printer drivers. The system can control these printers with the generic (device-independent) device type SWIN. The Microsoft Windows spool system then performs the processing of the print data.
If the specified device types are not available, and generic device types cannot be used, you must create your own device type or edit a copy of an existing device type. We recommend that only those with specialist knowledge of the SAP Spool System and printer driver code do this. For more information, see Defining a New Device Type .
Attributes of a Device Type
A device type is distinguished by the attributes listed below. If you change an existing device type or create a new device type, you must change at least some of these attributes.
Character set: A character set specifies the codes with which characters must be represented in the print-ready output stream (output request). This code replaces the generic SAP characters set that is used internally by the SAP spool system (spool request).
Printer driver: You can specify different printer drivers for printing SAPscript documents and ABAP lists.
Print controls: Print controls represent printer operations, such as boldface or changing the font size. These print control are replaced by printer-specific commands during the creation of the output request from a spool request.
Formats: Formats specify the format supported by the SAP system. The system differentiates between SAPScript formats (DINA4 and LETTER) and ABAP list formats (X_65_132 = 65 rows/132 columns).
Page format: A page format is the interface between a format and SAPscript. It specifies the paper dimensions with which SAPScript can calculate the row and column lengths.
Actions: Actions are output device-specific commands that are required for the implementation of a format. The action printer initialization, for example, can contain a printer command with which the number of rows on a page is defined. There is a set of actions for every format supported by a device type.
regards
siva

What are the different types of parameters available in function builder an

What are the different types of parameters available in function builder and where do we use them.

The different type of parameters available in FM are
Import - They are used to pass the values to the function module.
Export- They are used by FM to pass the result back to the calling program.
Changing - The variables are passed to the FM and can be changed during the FM processing.
Tables - Internal tables can be passed to the FM (it works similar to changing parameter).

What are the steps to optimise ABAP code

What are the steps to optimise ABAP code, that is how to increase the performance of a code?

Hi
Welcome to SDN forum
1) Dont use nested select statements
2) If possible use for all entries in addition
3) In the where addition make sure you give all the primary key
4) Use Index for the selection criteria.
5) You can also use inner joins
6) You can try to put the data from the first select statement into an Itab and then in order to select the data from the second table use for all entries in.
7) Use the runtime analysis SE30 and SQL Trace (ST05) to identify the performance and also to identify where the load is heavy, so that you can change the code accordingly
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/servlet/prt/portal/prtroot/docs/library/uuid/5d0db4c9-0e01-0010-b68f-9b1408d5f234
ABAP performance depends upon various factors and in devicded in three parts:
1. Database
2. ABAP
3. System
Run Any program using SE30 (performance analys) to improve performance refer to tips and trics section of SE30, Always remember that ABAP perfirmance is improved when there is least load on Database.
u can get an interactive grap in SE30 regarding this with a file.
also if u find runtime of parts of codes then use :
Switch on RTA Dynamically within ABAP Code
*To turn runtim analysis on within ABAP code insert the following code
SET RUN TIME ANALYZER ON.
*To turn runtim analysis off within ABAP code insert the following code
SET RUN TIME ANALYZER OFF.
Always check the driver internal tables is not empty, while using FOR ALL ENTRIES
Avoid for all entries in JOINS
Try to avoid joins and use FOR ALL ENTRIES.
Try to restrict the joins to 1 level only ie only for tables
Avoid using Select *.
Avoid having multiple Selects from the same table in the same object.
Try to minimize the number of variables to save memory.
The sequence of fields in 'where clause' must be as per primary/secondary index ( if any)
Avoid creation of index as far as possible
Avoid operators like <>, > , < & like % in where clause conditions
Avoid select/select single statements in loops.
Try to use 'binary search' in READ internal table. Ensure table is sorted before using BINARY SEARCH.
Avoid using aggregate functions (SUM, MAX etc) in selects ( GROUP BY , HAVING,)
Avoid using ORDER BY in selects
Avoid Nested Selects
Avoid Nested Loops of Internal Tables
Try to use FIELD SYMBOLS.
Try to avoid into Corresponding Fields of
Avoid using Select Distinct, Use DELETE ADJACENT
Check the following Links
Re: performance tuning
Re: Performance tuning of program
http://www.sapgenie.com/abap/performance.htm
http://www.thespot4sap.com/Articles/SAPABAPPerformanceTuning_PerformanceAnalysisTools.asp
check the below link
http://www.sap-img.com/abap/performance-tuning-for-data-selection-statement.htm
See the following link if it's any help:
http://www.thespot4sap.com/Articles/SAPABAPPerformanceTuning_PerformanceAnalysisTools.asp
Check also http://service.sap.com/performance
and
books like
http://www.sap-press.com/product.cfm?account=&product=H951
http://www.sap-press.com/product.cfm?account=&product=H973
http://www.sap-img.com/abap/more-than-100-abap-interview-faqs.htm
http://www.thespot4sap.com/Articles/SAPABAPPerformanceTuning_PerformanceAnalysisTools.asp
Performance tuning for Data Selection Statement
http://www.sap-img.com/abap/performance-tuning-for-data-selection-statement.htm
Debugger
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/c6/617ca9e68c11d2b2ab080009b43351/content.htm
http://www.cba.nau.edu/haney-j/CIS497/Assignments/Debugging.doc
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_erp2005/helpdata/en/b3/d322540c3beb4ba53795784eebb680/frameset.htm
Run Time Analyser
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/c6/617cafe68c11d2b2ab080009b43351/content.htm
SQL trace
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/d1/801f7c454211d189710000e8322d00/content.htm
CATT - Computer Aided Testing Too
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/b3/410b37233f7c6fe10000009b38f936/frameset.htm
Test Workbench
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/a8/157235d0fa8742e10000009b38f889/frameset.htm
Coverage Analyser
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/c7/af9a79061a11d4b3d4080009b43351/content.htm
Runtime Monitor
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/b5/fa121cc15911d5993d00508b6b8b11/content.htm
Memory Inspector
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/a2/e5fc84cc87964cb2c29f584152d74e/content.htm
ECATT - Extended Computer Aided testing tool.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/20/e81c3b84e65e7be10000000a11402f/frameset.htm
Just refer to these links...
performance
Performance
Performance Guide
performance issues...
Performance Tuning
Performance issues
performance tuning
performance tuning
You can go to the transaction SE30 to have the runtime analysis of your program.Also try the transaction SCI , which is SAP Code Inspector.
1 Always check the driver internal tables is not empty, while using FOR ALL ENTRIES
2 Avoid for all entries in JOINS
3 Try to avoid joins and use FOR ALL ENTRIES.
4 Try to restrict the joins to 1 level only ie only for 2 tables
5 Avoid using Select *.
6 Avoid having multiple Selects from the same table in the same object.
7 Try to minimize the number of variables to save memory.
8 The sequence of fields in 'where clause' must be as per primary/secondary index ( if any)
9 Avoid creation of index as far as possible
10 Avoid operators like <>, > , < & like % in where clause conditions
11 Avoid select/select single statements in loops.
12 Try to use 'binary search' in READ internal table. Ensure table is sorted before using BINARY SEARCH.
13 Avoid using aggregate functions (SUM, MAX etc) in selects ( GROUP BY , HAVING,)
14 Avoid using ORDER BY in selects
15 Avoid Nested Selects
16 Avoid Nested Loops of Internal Tables
17 Try to use FIELD SYMBOLS.
18 Try to avoid into Corresponding Fields of
19 Avoid using Select Distinct, Use DELETE ADJACENT.
<b>Reward points for useful Answers</b>
Regards
Anji

What are the differnet type of tables in mdm ?

hi experts i am new to mdm. just i have refered some documents in that the have created some table and fileds ,taxnomy,lokups,.......
so can any one give me the bref ida on
what is mdm ?
what are the different type of tables in mdm ? What is the requirement for the selection of table?
what is a feld ? what are the diff type of fealds in mdm ? And requriement ?
what is taxnomay ? And Requriement or where or when we can use ?
what is lookups in mdm ? what is lookup tables in mdm ?
what is mdm console ?
what is mdm data manager. ?
what is mdm import manager ?
what is mdm syndicator ?
please any body answer this questions .

Hello Praveen,
Below are the the all possible links of books,articles... etc for MDM.
http://hosteddocs.ittoolbox.com/RD021507b.pdf
demo
http://www.sap.com/community/int/innovation/esoa/demo/MDM_demo/index.html
http://www.asug.com/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?TabId=66&DMXModule=370&Command=Core_Download&EntryId=3431&PortalId=0
MDM
http://www.asug.com/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?TabId=66&DMXModule=370&Command=Core_Download&EntryId=1666&PortalId=0
SAP Netweaver MDM Overview
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/go/portal/prtroot/docs/library/uuid/b09b548d-7316-2a10-1fbb-894c838d8079
SAP NETWEAVER MDM Leverage MDM in ERP Environments - An Evolutionary Approach -
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/go/portal/prtroot/docs/library/uuid/4059f477-7316-2a10-5fa1-88417f98ca93
Master Data Management architecture patterns
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/db2/library/techarticle/dm-0703sauter/
MDM and Enterprise SOA
http://www.saplounge.be/Files/media/pdf/Lagae---MDM-and-Enterprise-SOA2007.10.10.pdf
Effective Hierarchy Management Using SAP NetWeaver MDM for Retail
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/go/portal/prtroot/docs/library/uuid/70ee0c9e-29a8-2910-8d93-ad34ec8af09b
MDM World
http://mdm.sitacorp.com/
MDM: Master Data for Global business
http://www.sitacorp.com/mdm.html
MDM Master Data Management Hub Architecture
http://blogs.msdn.com/rogerwolterblog/archive/2007/01/02/mdm-master-data-management-hub-architecture.aspx
Improve Efficiency and Data Governance with SAP NetWeaver MDM
http://www.sapnetweavermagazine.com/archive/Volume_03_(2007)/Issue_02_(Spring)/v3i2a12.cfm?session=
Data Modeling i MDM
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/servlet/prt/portal/prtroot/docs/library/uuid/5d4211fa-0301-0010-9fb1-ef1fd91719b6
http://www.sap.info/public/INT/int/index/Category-28943c61b1e60d84b-int/0/articlesVersions-31279471c9758576df
SRM-MDM Catalog
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_srmmdm10/helpdata/en/44/ec6f42f6e341aae10000000a114a6b/frameset.htm
http://events.techtarget.com/mdm-ent/?Offer=DMwn716mdm
http://viewer.bitpipe.com/viewer/viewDocument.do?accessId=6721869
http://searchdatamanagement.bitpipe.com/data/search?site=sdmgt&cr=bpres&cg=VENDOR&sp=site_abbrev%Asdmgt&cp=bpres&st=1&qt=MasterDataManagement
http://viewer.bitpipe.com/viewer/viewDocument.do?accessId=6721819
http://www.dmreview.com/channels/master_data_management.html
http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid91_gci1287620,00.html?bucket=NEWS&topic=307330
MDM Console -- http://help.sap.com/saphelp_mdmgds55/helpdata/en/88/9f9c427055c66ae10000000a155106/frameset.htm
MDM Import manager --http://help.sap.com/saphelp_mdmgds55/helpdata/en/43/120367f94c3e92e10000000a1553f6/frameset.htm
MDM DataManager --http://help.sap.com/saphelp_mdmgds55/helpdata/en/43/e0615a82b40a2ee10000000a11466f/frameset.htm
MDM Syndicator --http://help.sap.com/saphelp_mdmgds55/helpdata/EN/43/5fe0e8a55f5f6be10000000a1553f6/frameset.htm
Rgds
Ankit

What are the different types of analytic techniques possible in SAP HANA with the examples?

Hello Gurus,
Please provide the information on what are the different types of Analytic techniques possible in SAP HANA with examples.
I would want to know in category of Predictive analysis ,Advance statistical analysis ,segmentation analysis ,data reduction techniques and forecast techniques
Which Analytic techniques are possible in SAP HANA?
Thanks and Regards
Sushma C Narasimhamurthy

Hi Sushma,
You can download the user guide here:
http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CFcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhelp.sap.com%2Fbusinessobject%2Fproduct_guides%2FSBOpa10%2Fen%2Fpa_user_en.pdf&ei=NMgHUOOtIcSziQfqupyeBA&usg=AFQjCNG10eovyZvNOJneT-l6J7fk0KMQ1Q&sig2=l56CSxtyr_heE1WlhfTdZQ
It has a list of the algorithms, which are pretty disappointing, I must say. No Random Forests? No ensembling methods? Given that it's using R algorithms, I must say this is a missed opportunity to beat products like SPSS and SAS at their own game. If SAP were to include this functionality, they would be the only BI vendor capable of having a serious predictive tool integrated with the rest of the platform.... but this looks pretty weak.
I can only hope a later release will remedy this - or maybe the SDK will allow me to create what I need.
As things stand, I could built a random forest using this tool, but I would have to use a lot of hardcoded SQL to make it happen. And if I wanted to go down that road, I could use the algorithms that come with the Microsoft/Oracle software.
Please let me be wrong........

What are the different types of bind that we can use to configure COREid?

Hi
What are the different types of LDAP bind that we can use to configure COREid?
Thanks for your input.

(http://download-west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28196_01/idmanage.1014/b25343/idconfig.htm#BABGAECB)
7.5.2 Creating an LDAP Directory Server Profile

What are the different types of Wage types for Indian Payroll...??

Dear Frnds,
What are the different types of Wage types for Indian Payroll that we have to configure it...?? and please list wage types that we have to configure it for different types of TAX and Allowances in India payroll.
And also please list Info types numbers for different types of TAX and Allowances.
Many thanks in advance.
Regards
Ahmed.

for the list of the wage types you can check V_512W_D for country grouping 40 Inida
for Tax related info please search the forum or search google you will get lot of inputs

What are the different type of transformations in ODI?

Hi all,
I'm new to ODI tool.My source is Flat files and target is Teradata.Please tell me what are the knowledge modules i have to use?
In ODI tool what are the different types of transformatios are there.Advance thanks
Regards
suresh

Hi,
Check the following KMs
LKM File to Teradata
IKM File to Teradata
ODI have some basic transformation like Joiner, Filter etc .
You can refer the User Guide for details about these transformations .
Thanks,
Sutirtha

What are the different type of Granularity

what are the different type of Granularity
a.     Transaction
b.     Periodic Snapshot
c.     Accumulating Snapshot
d.     None of the above

Hi,
Check the following KMs
LKM File to Teradata
IKM File to Teradata
ODI have some basic transformation like Joiner, Filter etc .
You can refer the User Guide for details about these transformations .
Thanks,
Sutirtha

What are the query types,Objects CRM provides for third party

What are the query types,Objects provided by the CRM so that it can be called by third party for integartion pupose.

First, that statement - and those materials - refer to the "legacy" StreamInsight query/adapter model. They do not refer to how things work with the Reactive model introduced in version 2.1. Specifically, it talks about Dynamic Query Composition (DQC).
You cannot use a deployed Observable in another instance of StreamInsight. You may be able to use them across applications in the same instance - off the top of my head, I'm not sure. I'm getting ready to get on a plane but will take a look at it later.
Typically, however, applications act as containers (comparable to .NET AppDomains) so I don't think that you'd be able to do this easily. That said, the code and assemblies
can be reused across multiple instances/applications. You would have separate instances of the classes involved but you would be able to reuse the query logic. That's a common use case.
Can you be more specific about your use case and what you are trying to accomplish here? It's possible that there are alternative ways to do what you are trying to do.
DevBiker (aka J Sawyer)
Microsoft MVP - Sql Server (StreamInsight)
If I answered your question, please mark as answer.
If my post was helpful, please mark as helpful.

What are the varoius type of process chain errors how we can solve them.

Hi,
I need to work with process chains maintainace , Can any body tell me what are the different type of process chain errors generelly we used to get ,how we can solve them . IF possible please provide me any document also so that i can solve my
abnormal problems for process chain errors.
Thanks in advance .

Hi,
1) Invalid characters while loading: When you are loading data then you may get some special characters like @#$%...e.t.c.then BW will throw an error like Invalid characters then you need to go through this RSKC transaction and enter all the Invalid chars and execute. It will store this data in RSALLOWEDCHAR table. Then reload the data. You won't get any error because now these are eligible chars done by RSKC.
2) IDOC Or TRFC Error: We can see the following error at u201CStatusu201D Screen:Sending packages from OLTP to BW lead to errorsDiagnosisNo IDocs could be sent to the SAP BW using RFC.System responseThere are IDocs in the source system ALE outbox that did not arrive in the ALE inbox of the SAP BW.Further analysis:Check the TRFC log.You can get to this log using the wizard or the menu path "Environment -> Transact. RFC -> In source system".Removing errors:If the TRFC is incorrect, check whether the source system is completely connected to the SAP BW. Check especially the authorizations of the background user in the source system.Action to be taken:If Source System connection is OK Reload the Data.
For more errors and solutions go thorugh the link below
http://indelasap.blogspot.com/2009/04/sap-bi-production-support-issues.html
Regards,
Marasa.

What are the pre-requisite for ABAP Proxy communication?

What are the pre-requisite for ABAP Proxy communication?

hi,
How to create proxy.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/14/555f3c482a7331e10000000a114084/frameset.htm
How to Activate Proxy.
/people/vijaya.kumari2/blog/2006/01/26/how-do-you-activate-abap-proxies
ABAP Server Proxies (Inbound Proxy)
/people/siva.maranani/blog/2005/04/03/abap-server-proxies
OutBound Proxy (Client Proxy)
/people/sravya.talanki2/blog/2006/07/28/smarter-approach-for-coding-abap-proxies
/people/ravikumar.allampallam/blog/2005/03/14/abap-proxies-in-xiclient-proxy
File to R/3 via ABAP Proxy with good example
/people/prateek.shah/blog/2005/06/14/file-to-r3-via-abap-proxy
Debug your inbound ABAP Proxy implementation
/people/stefan.grube/blog/2006/07/28/xi-debug-your-inbound-abap-proxy-implementation
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw2004s/helpdata/en/48/d5a1fe5f317a4e8e35801ed2c88246/frameset.htm
Synchronous Proxies:
Outbound Synchronous Proxy
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/wiki?path=/display/profile/abap%2bproxy%2boutbound%2bprogram%2b-%2bpurchase%2border%2bsend
Inbound Synchronous Proxy
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/wiki?path=/display/profile/abap%2bproxy%2binbound%2bprogram%2b-%2bsales%2border%2bcreation
regards
srinivasreddy

What are the performance tools in ABAP ?

What are the performance tools in ABAP ?
some thing like SQL Trace, Runtime Analysis ......what else ?

hi,
Runtime Monitor
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/b5/fa121cc15911d5993d00508b6b8b11/content.htm
Memory Inspector
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/a2/e5fc84cc87964cb2c29f584152d74e/content.htm
Run Time Analyser
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/c6/617cafe68c11d2b2ab080009b43351/content.htm
SQL trace
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/d1/801f7c454211d189710000e8322d00/content.htm

What are the basic objects in abap dictionary ?

Try to provide the details if anyone knows about it.

The DDIC is nothing but the ABAP Dictionary. The ABAP Dictionary centrally describes and manages all the data definitions used in the system.
Data types
Data types are the actual type definitions in the ABAP Dictionary. They allow you to define elementary types, reference types, and complex types that are visible globally in the system. The data types of database tables are a subset of all possible types, namely flat structures.
Data Elements
Data elements in the ABAP Dictionary describe individual fields. They are the smallest indivisible units of the complex types described below, and are used to specify the types of columns in the database. Data elements can be elementary types or reference types.
Structures
A structure is a sequence of any other data types from the ABAP Dictionary, that is, data elements, structures, table types, or database tables. When you create a structure in the ABAP Dictionary, each component must have a name and a data type. In an ABAP program, you can use the TYPE addition to refer directly to a structure.
If you define a local data type in a program by referring to a structure as follows:
TYPES <t> TYPE <structure>.
Table Types
Table types are construction blueprints for internal tables that are stored in the ABAP Dictionary.
When you create a table type in the ABAP Dictionary, you specify the line type, access type, and key. The line type can be any data type from the ABAP Dictionary, that is, a data element, a structure, a table type, or the type of a database table. You can also enter a predefined Dictionary type directly as the line type, in the same way that you can with a domain.
Type Groups
Before Release 4.5A, it was not possible to define standalone types in the ABAP Dictionary to which you could refer using a TYPE addition in an ABAP program. It was only possible to refer SAP AG BC - ABAP Programming
Data Types in the ABAP Dictionary to flat structures. Structures in programs corresponded to the structures of database tables or structures in the ABAP Dictionary. In ABAP programs, you could only refer to database tables and structures in the ABAP Dictionary using LIKE. It was, however, possible to refer to individual components of the Dictionary type. Complex local data types such as internal tables or deep structures had no equivalent in the ABAP Dictionary. The solution to this from Release 3.0 onwards was to use type groups. Type groups were based on the include technique, and allowed you to store any type definitions globally in the Dictionary by defining them using TYPES statements.
Views:
There are 4 types views are avilable in SAP.
Database View - To club more than one table
Projection View - To hide fields in one table
Maintanance View - To maintain database records in table
Help View - To provide help for a fields (Same functionality as Search help. This is outdated)
View are improves perfromance in the following aspects
1. If you want to use more than two table in 'JOIN' condition better to use Views . It will improves performance of a program
2. If you want to use mutiple FOR ALL ENTRIES clause, better to club all SELECT statement in a view.
Lock Objects:
Lock objects are use in SAP to avoid the inconsistancy at the time of data is being insert/change into database.
SAP Provide three type of Lock objects.
Read Lock(Shared Locked)
protects read access to an object. The read lock allows other transactions read access but not write access to
the locked area of the table
Write Lock(exclusive lock)
protects write access to an object. The write lock allows other transactions neither read nor write access to
the locked area of the table.
Enhanced write lock (exclusive lock without cumulating)
works like a write lock except that the enhanced write lock also protects from further accesses from the
same transaction.
You can create a lock on a object of SAP thorugh transaction SE11 and enter any meaningful name start with EZ Example EZTEST_LOCK.
Use: you can see in almost all transaction when you are open an object in Change mode SAP could not allow to any other user to open the same object in change mode.
Example: in HR when we are enter a personal number in master data maintainance screen SAP can't allow to any other user to use same personal number for changes.
Technicaly:
When you create a lock object System automatically creat two function module.
1. ENQUEUE_<Lockobject name>. to insert the object in a queue.
2. DEQUEUE_<Lockobject name>. To remove the object is being queued through above FM.
You have to use these function module in your program.
Search Helps:
These are two types.
Elementary n Collective.
1) Elementary search helps describe a search path. The elementary search help must define where the data of the hit list should be read from (selection method), how the exchange of values between the screen template and selection method is implemented (interface of the search help) and how the online input help should be defined (online behavior of the search help).
2) Collective search helps combine several elementary search helps. A collective search help thus can offer several alternative search paths.
3)An elementary search help defines the standard flow of an input help.
4) A collective search help combines several elementary search helps. The user can thus choose one of several alternative search paths with a collective search help.
5)A collective search help comprises several elementary search helps. It combines all the search paths that are meaningful for a field.
6)Both elementary search helps and other search helps can be included in a collective search help. If other collective search helps are contained in a collective search help, they are expanded to the level of the elementary search helps when the input help is called.
See the below link to understand this completely:
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw2004s/helpdata/en/cf/21ee93446011d189700000e8322d00/frameset.htm
Rewards if useful

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