What do 802.1 p priority settings in Actiontec MI424-WR do?

We are having some throughput issues with devices connected wirelessly to our Verizon supplied Actiontec MI424-WR router.  I noticed a page in the router's advanced settings with a bunch of priority settings.  I have never touched them.  They are numbered 0-7; 0-3 are set to low, 4 & 5 are set to medium, and 6 & 7 are set to high.  Does anyone know what they do?

cdrinkard's summary is very good. 802.1p has to do with preferences for how packets are delivered (quality of service) and traffic shaping, not wireless standards. 
One caveat you should remember - if you turn on 802.1p you'll probably only get much benefit if all of your other switches on the network also support it. Think of it like a "tag" that is attached to the packets that fit the criteria you set.
It can make some difference with how your router manages its internal queues of packets, but where it really comes in handy are environments where the whole LAN is busy and you need to make sure that certain services or hosts don't experience a lot of delay (latency) or jitter (variability of latency). 
If you have other switches, they need to be able to read the tag on the packet as well, otherwise all of your packets get tossed back into the same bucket. Do NOT just set everything you find to the highest number and expect that to make a difference - you'll just be back where you started. The whole point is to differentiate services from each other. Just remember that you can't ever add to more than 100%. 

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