What is cardinality

HI
What is Cardinality.i Have seen it at Line item dimension and at Aggregates. How do we calculate it.
Thanks&Regards
Bramha

Hi,
Check the following links ,
http://www.erada.com/articles/InfoCube_Modeling_Dimension_Design_Erada_BWInfoAlert.pdf
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/Helpdata/EN/80/1a643fe07211d2acb80000e829fbfe/content.htm
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70/helpdata/EN/80/1a643fe07211d2acb80000e829fbfe/content.htm
http://www.vnsg.nl/site/cm_bestanden/display_bestand.asp?id=83000207
Thanks
Reddy

Similar Messages

What is cardinality in a NWDS application

What is cardinality in a NWDS application and hoe can we check it.

Hi Mathur,
Cardinality is the term which is used in WebDynpro Appications creation,in which we need to create node and node elements.Cardinality defines the number of node elements that can be added to a node.
It can be, 0-1,0-n,1-1,1-n.
Hope this Helps.
Regards,
Vinoth.M

What is Cardinality Height

Hi Experts,
Can any one explain What is Cardinality Height briefly.
In which scenario do we select that and why
Please dont give any links.
Thanks in advance.

Hi Ramkumar,
Cardinality defines the numeric relationships between occurrences of the entities on either end of the relationship line.
Check this link:
http://www.datamodel.org/DataModelCardinality.html
For cubes -> High Cardinality means that this dimension contains a large number of characteristic values. This information is used in accordance with the individual database platform in order to optimize performance. For example, an index type other than the standard may be used. Generally a dimension is perceived to have high cardinality when the dimension is at least 20% the size of the fact tables in terms of the number of entries each contain. Avoid marking a dimension as having high cardinality if you are in any doubt.
Also refer the below link for Line Item Dim and High Cardinality.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/a7/d50f395fc8cb7fe10000000a11402f/frameset.htm
Check this explanation by pizzman:
Re: High cardinality (CARDHeight) vs Line item
Refer these links on line-item and cardinality:
Line Item Dimension
Re: Line Item Dimension
Cardinality
Re: High Cardinality Flag
Hope this helps.
Regards,
Ravikanth

What for Cardinality is used?

Hi,
Explain me about the cardinality and what foor it is used?
Thanks

Hi suresh..
Cardinality
http://wendtstud1.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/sysmod-seminar/SS2005/elaborations/14-WebDynpro-Dataflow.pdf
The cardinality of the subset of node elements that can be selected is usually 0..1, that is, a maximum of one node element can be selected.
In general, the node selection can consist of any subset of all node elements that are available in a node. If several node elements can be selected, this is know as multiple selection (selection=0..n or 1..n).
Any node or attribute that has the context root node as its immediate parent, is known as an independent node or attribute.
Any node or attribute that has some other node as its immediate parent, is known as a dependent node or attribute.
All context nodes are collections.
A node collection is composed of elements, where an element is an aggregation of the nodes immediate children (attributes and/or other nodes).
The cardinality property controls the number of elements a node collection may hold at runtime.
Every context node has a property called Cardinality. This property is composed of two values that taken together, describe the maximum and minimum number of elements the node collection may hold at runtime.
?? Cardinality Minimum: 0 or 1
?? Cardinality Maximum: 1 or n
Therefore, there are four possible cardinality values (specified as <Min>..<Max>)
?? 0..1 Zero or one elements permitted
?? 0..n Zero or more elements permitted
?? 1..1 One and only one element permitted
?? 1..n One or more elements permitted
initializeLeadSelection= true:
The lead selection automatically points to the node element at position 0, after at least one node element was added to a node collection that was previously empty (for example, by calling the bind or addElement methods).
If the node selections cardinality permits it, the lead selection can subsequently be reset using setLeadSelection(NO_SELECTION).
initializeLeadSelection= false:
The lead selection is not automatically initialized unless the node selections cardinality requires it.
Hop this will help..
Urs GS

Cardinal - Dimensions

What does it mean by cardinality ? What is Cardinal dimensions
line item dimensions ?
How do these effect on the way we model the dimensions?
Thanks

Hi,
Cardinality defines the numeric relationships between occurrences of the entities on either end of the relationship line.
Check this link:
http://www.datamodel.org/DataModelCardinality.html
For cubes -> High Cardinality means that this dimension contains a large number of characteristic values. This information is used in accordance with the individual database platform in order to optimize performance. For example, an index type other than the standard may be used. Generally a dimension is perceived to have high cardinality when the dimension is at least 20% the size of the fact tables in terms of the number of entries each contain. Avoid marking a dimension as having high cardinality if you are in any doubt.
Also refer the below link for Line Item Dim and High Cardinality.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/a7/d50f395fc8cb7fe10000000a11402f/frameset.htm
Check this explanation by pizzman:
Re: High cardinality (CARDHeight) vs Line item
Refer these links on line-item and cardinality:
Line Item Dimension
Re: Line Item Dimension
Cardinality
Re: High Cardinality Flag
Bye
Dinesh

I have a client round what quetions can i expect please help me this?

I have a client round first time iam going to phase wt type of quetions can i expect plese help me

hi venumadhv,
1. What is the typical structure of an ABAP/4 program?
ANS:-
 HEADER ,BODY,FOOTER.
2. What are field symbols and field groups.?
 Have you used "component idx of structure" clause with field groups?
ANS:-
 Field symbols:-
 Field groups :-
3. What should be the approach for writing a BDC program?
ANS:-
STEP 1: CONVERTING THE LEGACY SYSTEM DATA TO A FLAT FILE to internal table
CALLED "CONVERSION".
STEP 2: TRANSFERING THE FLAT FILE INTO SAP SYSTEM CALLED "SAP DATA TRANSFER".
STEP 3: DEPENDING UPON THE BDC TYPE i)call transaction(Write the program
explicity)
 ii) create sessions (sessions are created and processed.if
success data will transfer).
4. What is a batch input session?
ANS:-
BATCH INPUT SESSION is an intermediate step between internal table and
database table.
Data along with the action is stored in session ie data for screen fields,
to which screen it is passed,program name behind it, and how next screen
is processed.
5. What is the alternative to batch input session?
ANS:-
Call transaction.
6. A situation: An ABAP program creates a batch input session.
 We need to submit the program and the batch session in back ground.
How to do it?
ANS:-
 go to SM36 and create background job by giving
 job name,job class and job steps (JOB SCHEDULING)
8. What are the problems in processing batch input sessions?
 How is batch input process different from processing online?
ANS:-
PROBLEMS:-
i) If the user forgets to opt for keep session then the session will be
automatically removed from the session queue(log remains). However if
session is processed we may delete it manually.
ii)if session processing fails data will not be transferred to SAP
database table.
10. What are the different types of data dictionary objects?
ans:-
tables, structures, views, domains, data elements, lock objects, Matchcode
objects.
11. How many types of tables exists and what are they in data dictionary?
ans :-
4 types of tables
i)Transparent tables - Exists with the same structure both in dictionary
as well as in database exactly with the same data and fields. Both
Opensql and Nativesql can be used.
ii)Pool tables & iii)Cluster tables -
These are logical tables that are arranged as records of transparent
tables.one cannot use native sql on these tables
(only opensql).They are not managable directly using database system tools.
iv)Internal tables - .
12. What is the step by step process to create a table in data dictionary?
ans:-
 step 1: creating domains(data type,field length,range).
 step 2: creating data elements(properties and type for a table
field).
 step 3: creating tables(SE11).
13. Can a transparent table exist in data dictionary but not in the data
base physically?
ANS:- NO.
TRANSPARENT TABLE DO EXIST WITH THE SAME STRUCTURE BOTH IN THE DICTIONARY
AS WELL AS IN THE DATABASE,EXACTLY WITH THE SAME DATA AND FIELDS.
14. What are the domains and data elements?
ANS:-
DOMAINS : FORMAL DEFINITION OF THE DATA TYPES.THEY SET ATTRIBUTES SUCH AS
DATA TYPE,LENGTH,RANGE.
DATA ELEMENT : A FIELD IN R/3 SYSTEM IS A DATA ELEMENT.
15. Can you create a table with fields not referring to data elements?
ANS:-
YES. eg:- ITAB LIKE SPFLI.here we are referening to a data object(SPFLI)
not data element.
16. What is the advantage of structures? How do you use them in the ABAP
programs?
ANS:-
Adv:- GLOBAL EXISTANCE(these could be used by any other program without
creating it again).
17. What does an extract statement do in the ABAP program?
ANS:-
Once you have declared the possible record types as field groups and
defined their structure, you can fill the extract dataset using the
following statements:
EXTRACT <fg>.
When the first EXTRACT statement occurs in a program, the system creates
the extract dataset and adds the first extract record to it. In each
subsequent EXTRACT statement, the new extract record is added to the
dataset
EXTRACT HEADER.
When you extract the data, the record is filled with the current values of
the corresponding fields.
As soon as the system has processed the first EXTRACT statement for a
field group <fg>, the structure of the corresponding extract record in the
extract dataset is fixed. You can no longer insert new fields into the
field groups <fg> and HEADER. If you try to modify one of the field groups
afterwards and use it in another EXTRACT statement, a runtime error
occurs.
By processing EXTRACT statements several times using different field
groups, you fill the extract dataset with records of different length and
structure. Since you can modify field groups dynamically up to their first
usage in an EXTRACT statement, extract datasets provide the advantage that
you need not determine the structure at the beginning of the program.
18. What is a collect statement? How is it different from append?
ANS:-
If an entry with the same key already exists, the COLLECT statement does
not append a new line, but adds the contents of the numeric fields in the
work area to the contents of the numeric fields in the existing entry.
19. What is open sql vs native sql?
ANS:- by Madhukar
Open SQL , native SQL are the interfaces to create the database applicatons.
Open SQL is consistant across different types of existing Databases.
Native SQL is the database language specific to database.Its API is
specific to the databse.
Open SQL API is consistent across all vendors
20. What does an EXEC SQL stmt do in ABAP? What is the disadvantage of
using it?
ANS:-
21. What is the meaning of ABAP/4 editor integrated with ABAP/4 data
dictionary?
ANS:-
22. What are the events in ABAP/4 language?
ANS:-
Initialization, At
selection-screen,Start-of-selection,end-of-selection,top-of-page,end-of-page,
At line-selection,At user-command,At PF,Get,At New,At LAST,AT END, AT
FIRST.
23. What is an interactive report?
What is the obvious diff of such report compared with classical type reports?
ANS:-
An Interactive report is a dynamic drill down report that produces the
list on users choice.
diff:-
a) THE LIST PRODUCED BY CLASSICAL REPORT DOESN'T allow user to interact
with the system
 the list produced by interactive report allows the user to interact
with the system.
b) ONCE A CLASSICAL REPORT EXECUTED USER LOOSES CONTROL.IR USER HAS CONTROL.
c) IN CLASSICAL REPORT DRILLING IS NOT POSSIBLE.IN INTERACTIVE DRILLING
IS POSSIBLE.
24. What is a drill down report?
ANS:-
Its an Interactive report where in the user can get more relavent data by
selecting explicitly.
25. How do you write a function module in SAP? describe.
ANS:-
creating function module:-
called program - se37-creating funcgrp,funcmodule by assigning
attributes,importing,exporting,tables,exceptions.
calling program - SE38-in pgm click pattern and write function name-
provide export,import,tables,exception values.
26. What are the exceptions in function module?
ANS:-
COMMUNICATION_FAILURE
SYSTEM_FAILURE
27. What is a function group?
ANS:-
GROUP OF ALL RELATED FUNCTIONS.
28. How are the date and time field values stored in SAP?
ANS:-
DD.MM.YYYY. HH:MM:SS
30. Name a few data dictionary objects? //rep//
ANS:-
TABLES,VIEWS,STRUCTURES,LOCK OBJECTS,MATCHCODE OBJECTS.
31. What happens when a table is activated in DD?
ANS:-
It is available for any insertion,modification and updation of records by
any user.
32. What is a check table and what is a value table?
Check table will be at field level checking.
Value table will be at domain level checking ex: scarr table is check
table for carrid.
33. What are match codes? describe?
ans:-
It is a similar to table index that gives list of possible values for
either primary keys or non-primary keys.
34. What transactions do you use for data analysis?
ANS:-
35. What is table maintenance generator?
ANS:-
36. What are ranges? What are number ranges?
ANS:-
 max,min values provided in selection screens.
37. What are select options and what is the diff from parameters?
ANS:-
select options provide ranges where as parameters do not.
SELECT-OPTIONS declares an internal table which is automatically filled
with values or ranges
of values entered by the end user. For each SELECT-OPTIONS , the system
creates a selection table.
SELECT-OPTIONS <SEL> FOR <field>.
A selection table is an internal table with fields SIGN, OPTION, LOW and
HIGH.
The type of LOW and HIGH is the same as that of <field>.
The SIGN field can take the following values: I Inclusive (should apply) E
Exclusive (should not apply)
The OPTION field can take the following values: EQ Equal GT Greater than
NE Not equal BT Between LE Less
than or equal NB Not between LT Less than CP Contains pattern GE Greater
than or equal NP No pattern.
diff:-
PARAMETERS allow users to enter a single value into an internal field
within a report.
SELECT-OPTIONS allow users to fill an internal table with a range of values.
For each PARAMETERS or SELECT-OPTIONS statement you should define text
elements by choosing
Goto - Text elements - Selection texts - Change.
Eg:- Parameters name(30).
when the user executes the ABAP/4 program,an input field for 'name' will
appear on the selection screen.You can change the comments on the left
side of the input fields by using text elements as described in Selection
Texts.
38. How do you validate the selection criteria of a report?
And how do you display initial values in a selection screen?
ANS:-
validate :- by using match code objects.
display :- Parameters <name> default 'xxx'.
 select-options <name> for spfli-carrid.
39. What are selection texts?
ANS:-
40. What is CTS and what do you know about it?
ANS:-
The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize
development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then
transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system
landscape.
This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage changes
with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and
client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow
this documentation when planning your development project.
For practical information on working with the Change and Transport System,
see Change and Transport Organizer and Transport Management System.
41. When a program is created and need to be transported to prodn does
selection texts always go with it? if not how do you make sure? Can you
change the CTS entries? How do you do it?
ANS:-
42. What is the client concept in SAP? What is the meaning of client
independent?
ANS:-
43. Are programs client dependent?
ANS:-
 Yes.Group of users can access these programs with a client no.
44. Name a few system global variables you can use in ABAP programs?
ANS:-
SY-SUBRC,SY-DBCNT,SY-LILLI,SY-DATUM,SY-UZEIT,SY-UCOMM,SY-TABIX.....
SY-LILLI IS ABSOLUTE NO OF LINES FROM WHICH THE EVENT WAS TRIGGERED.
45. What are internal tables? How do you get the number of lines in an
internal table?
How to use a specific number occurs statement?
ANS:-
i)It is a standard data type object which exists only during the runtime
of the program.
They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database tables
and for re-organising the contents of database tables according to users
need.
ii)using SY-DBCNT.
iii)The number of memory allocations the system need to allocate for the
next record population.
46. How do you take care of performance issues in your ABAP programs?
Performance of ABAPs can be improved by minimizing the amount of data to
be transferred.
The data set must be transferred through the network to the applications,
so reducing the amount OF time and also reduces the network traffic.
Some measures that can be taken are:
- Use views defined in the ABAP/4 DDIC (also has the advantage of better
reusability).
- Use field list (SELECT clause) rather than SELECT *.
- Range tables should be avoided (IN operator)
- Avoid nested SELECTS.
i)system tools
ii)field symbols and field groups.
ans:-
Field Symbols : Field symbols are placeholders for existing fields. A
Field Symbol does not physically reserve space for a field,but points to a
field which is not known until runtime of the program.
eg:- FIELD-SYMBOL <FS> [<TYPE>].
Field groups : A field group combines several fields under one name.At
runtime,the INSERT command is used to define which data fields are
assigned to which field group.
There should always be a HEADER field group that defines how the extracted
data will be sorted,the data is sorted by the fields grouped under the
HEADER field group.
47. What are datasets?
ANS:-
The sequential files(ON APPLICATION SERVER) are called datasets. They are
used for file handling in SAP.
48. How to find the return code of a statement in ABAP programs?
ANS:-
Using function modules.
49. What are interface/conversion programs in SAP?
ANS :
CONVERSION : LEGACY SYSTEM TO FLAT FILE.
INTERFACE : FLAT FILE TO SAP SYSTEM.
50. Have you used SAP supplied programs to load master data?
51. What are the techniques involved in using SAP supplied programs?
Do you prefer to write your own programs to load master data? Why?
52. What are logical databases? What are the advantages/disadvantages of
logical databases?
ANS:-
To read data from a database tables we use logical database.
A logical database provides read-only access to a group of related tables
to an ABAP/4 program.
adv:-
The programmer need not worry about the primary key for each table.Because
Logical database knows how the different tables relate to each other,and
can issue the SELECT command with proper where clause to retrieve the
data.
i)An easy-to-use standard user interface.
ii)check functions which check that user input is complete,correct,and
plausible.
iii)meaningful data selection.
iv)central authorization checks for database accesses.
v)good read access performance while retaining the hierarchical data view
determined by the application logic.
disadv:-
i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program attributes,the
GET events never occur.
ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated with an event
ends with the next event
statement (such as another GET or an END-OF-SELECTION).
53. What specific statements do you using when writing a drill down report?
ans:-
AT LINE-SELECTION,AT USER-COMMAND,AT PF.
54. What are different tools to report data in SAP? What all have you used?
ans:-
55. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ABAP/4 query tool?
56. What are the functional areas? User groups? and how does ABAP/4 query
work in relation to these?
57. Is a logical database a requirement/must to write an ABAP/4 query?
59. What are Change header/detail tables? Have you used them?
60. What do you do when the system crashes in the middle of a BDC batch
session?
ans:-
we will look into the error log file (SM35).
61. What do you do with errors in BDC batch sessions?
ANS:-
We look into the list of incorrect session and process it again. To
correct incorrect session we analyize the session to determine which
screen and value produced the error.For small errors in data we correct
them interactively otherwise
modify batch input program that has generated the session or many times
even the datafile.
62. How do you set up background jobs in SAP? What are the steps? What are
the event driven batch jobs?
ans:-
go to SM36 and create background job by giving job name,job class and job
steps(JOB SCHEDULING)
63. Is it possible to run host command from SAP environment? How do you run?
64. What kind of financial periods exist in SAP? What is the relavent
table for that?
65. Does SAP handle multiple currencies? Multiple languages?
ans:-
Yes.
66. What is a currency factoring technique?
67. How do you document ABAP/4 programs? Do you use program documentation
menu option?
68. What is SAPscript and layout set?
ans:-
The tool which is used to create layout set is called SAPscript. Layout
set is a design document.
69. What are the ABAP/4 commands that link to a layout set?
ans:-
control commands,system commands,
70. What is output determination?
71. What are IDOCs?
ans:-
IDOCs are intermediate documents to hold the messages as a container.
72. What are screen painter? menu painter? Gui status? ..etc.
ans:-
dynpro - flow logic + screens.
menu painter -
GUI Status - It is subset of the interface elements(title bar,menu
bar,standard tool bar,push buttons) used for a certain screen.
The status comprises those elements that are currently needed by the
transaction.
73. What is screen flow logic? What are the sections in it? Explain PAI
and PBO.
ans:-
The control statements that control the screen flow.
PBO - This event is triggered before the screen is displayed.
PAI - This event is responsible for processing of screen after the user
enters the data and clicks the pushbutton.
74. Overall how do you write transaction programs in SAP?
ans:-
Create program-SE93-create transcode-Run it from command field.
75. Does SAP has a GUI screen painter or not? If yes what operating
systems is it available on? What is the other type of screen painter
called?
76. What are step loops? How do you program pagedown pageup in step loops?
ans:-
step loops are repeated blocks of field in a screen.
77. Is ABAP a GUI language?
ANS:-
Yes.
ABAP IS AN EVENT DRIVEN LANGUAGE.
78. Normally how many and what files get created when a transaction
program is written?
What is the XXXXXTOP program?
ans:-
ABAP/4 program.
DYNPRO
79. What are the include programs?
ANS:-
When the same sequence of statements in several programs are to be written
repeadly they are coded in include programs (External programs) and are
included in ABAP/4 programs.
80. Can you call a subroutine of one program from another program?
ans:- Yes- only external subroutines Using 'SUBMIT' statement.
81. What are user exits? What is involved in writing them? What precations
are needed?
82. What are RFCs? How do you write RFCs on SAP side?
83. What are the general naming conventions of ABAP programs?
ANS:-
Should start with Y or Z.
84. How do you find if a logical database exists for your program
requrements?
ans:-
SLDB-F4.
85. How do you find the tables to report from when the user just tell you
the transaction he uses? And all the underlying data is from SAP
structures?
ans:-
Transcode is entered in command field to open the table.Utilities-Table
contents-display.
86. How do you find the menu path for a given transaction in SAP?
ans:-
87. What are the different modules of SAP?
ans:-
FI,CO,SD,MM,PP,HR.
89. How do you get help in ABAP?
ans:-
HELP-SAP LIBRARY,by pressing F1 on a keyword.
90. What are different ABAP/4 editors? What are the differences?
ans:-
91. What are the different elements in layout sets?
ans:-
PAGES,Page windows,Header,Paragraph,Character String,Windows.
92. Can you use if then else, perform ..etc statements in sap script?
ans:-
yes.
93. What type of variables normally used in sap script to output data?
94. How do you number pages in sapscript layout outputs?
95. What takes most time in SAP script programming?
ANS:-
LAYOUT DESIGN AND LOGO INSERTION.
96. How do you use tab sets in layout sets?
97. How do you backup sapscript layout sets? Can you download and upload?
How?
98. What are presentation and application servers in SAP?
ANS:-
The application layer of an R/3 System is made up of the application
servers and the message server. Application programs in an R/3 System are
run on application servers. The application servers communicate with the
presentation components, the database, and also with each other, using the
message server.
99. In an ABAP/4 program how do you access data that exists on a
presentation server vs on an application server?
ans:-
i)using loop statements.
ii)flat
100. What are different data types in ABAP/4?
ans:-
 Elementary -
 predefined C,D,F,I,N,P,T,X.
 userdefined TYPES.
ex: see in intel book page no 35/65
 Structured -
 predefined TABLES.
 userdefined Field Strings and internal tables.
101. What is difference between session method and Call Transaction?
ans:-
102. Setting up a BDC program where you find information from?
ans:-
103. What has to be done to the packed fields before submitting to a BDC
session.
ans:-
 fields converted into character type.
104. What is the structure of a BDC sessions.
ans:-
 BDCDATA (standard structure).
105. What are the fields in a BDC_Tab Table.
ans:-
 program,dynpro,dynbegin,fnam,fval.
106. What do you define in the domain and data element.
Technical details like
107. What is the difference between a pool table and a transparent table
and how they are stored at the database level.
ans:-
ii)Pool tables is a logical representation of transparent tables .Hence no
existence at database level. Where as transparent tables are physical
tables and exist at database level.
108. What is cardinality?
For cardinality one out of two (domain or data element) should be the same
for Ztest1 and Ztest2 tables. M:N
Cardinality specifies the number of dependent(Target) and independent
(source) entities which can be in a relationship.
Tell me ur mailid. I will send more.

Plesae reward points if helpful.

Whats is referential integrity

Hi all,
What is referential integerity found in the communication structure ? what is it significance and when do you use in real time scenario. pls explain with an real time scenario.
what is cardinality ? and when shd u used cardinality and cardinality can be only defined in infocubes isnt it? can cardinality be defined in ods ?
thanxs in advance
hari

Hi Hari,
Referential Integrity: Its a DataBase concept which combines(logically) the data of multiple table with the master table. Here master table has the primary key and rest of the tables have the same key as forienkey.
Here we use the characteristic (or combinations of Chars) call as referential char.
check this.
you might be knowing that generally refrential integrity is concerned with nothing but primary key and foriegn key relationship. Generally we use to check uniqueness of records.
In sap we use it during flexible updation...to check the data records of transaction data and master data.
In other words, to check before loading of data, that whether loading will be properly or not.
we will check(tick) the option in the maintainance of the
infosource--> communication structure
it will be better if you clearly mention your problem, if further help is needed.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw2004s/helpdata/en/3a/14c43bb7137503e10000000a11402f/content.htm
Referential integrity is the property that guarantees that values from one column depend on values from another column.This property is enforced through integrity costraints....
see this link...
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw2004s/helpdata/en/6d/117c5fd14811d2a97400a0c9449261/content.htm
Please find the below url
https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/advancedsearch?query=referential%20integrity&cat=sdn_all
thanks
@jay

Cardinality - Singleton - Selection

Hi All,
Can anyone explain me detaily about these -
1.what is cardinality,Singleton and selection.
Regards,
Karthick

Hi Karthick,
Please find the answers below:
Cardinality: The cardinality defines how often a node is to be instantiated at runtime u2013
that is, how many elements of this node are available at runtime.
u25CF 1u20261
Only one element is instantiated.
u25CF 0u20261
At runtime, no more than one element is instantiated, but it is also possible that no
element is instantiated.
u25CF 1u2026n
n elements can be instantiated, but at least one element must be instantiated.
u25CF 0u2026n
The number of instantiated elements of the context node can vary.
Example:
The context node "Vehicle" is used to describe the fleet of a car rental company. It has the
cardinality 1u2026n and is filled from a database table. A number of attributes of this node have a
specific value for each vehicle.
The database table indicates that the company owns three vehicles, each with unique
registration dates and unique license plate numbers. Thus, to display this table in the Web
Dynpro application, 3 elements of the context node Vehicle must be instantiated; the
cardinality of the node must therefore be 0u2026n or 1u2026n. (If the Vehicle node is to be filled with
values in the context of another function u2013 for example, from a table of all currently available
cars u2013 the cardinality 0u2026n should be used since this table could very easily be empty u2013 that
is, if all cars are rented out.)
*The u201CSingletonu201D Property:*
For each customer of a car rental company, the two attributes u201Crented fromu201D and u201Crented tillu201D
are listed in the context. At runtime, the context then contains the additional relevant values:
If each customer has multiple addresses, it may be necessary to include a child node for the
addresses below the Customer child node. In this manner, the data content of a root node
can rapidly become very large if, at runtime, all customers are displayed with all their
addresses for each vehicle of the of the car rental company. _*To limit the content of a context*_
_*node at runtime, the context node can be assigned the u201Csingletonu201D property*. As a result, the_
_elements of the relevant node are instantiated for only one element of the parent node._
_In other words:_Unlike the cardinality of a node, which describes the number of possible elements within the
node, the u201Csingletonu201D property determines whether or not these elements are set for all
elements of the parent node (non-singleton) or for exactly one element of the parent node
(singleton).
The elements of the child node Customer are only available to one element of the parent
node Vehicle and not to all other elements. However, if you want to instantiate the elements
of the Customer node for all vehicles, you must remove the singleton property for the
Customer node.
*Lead Selection*:
At runtime, every child node set as a singleton contains the elements for exactly one element
of the parent node. For this purpose, one element from the set of possible elements of the
parent node must be highlighted. This is achieved by initializing lead selection. For each
newly created context node, lead selection is initialized automatically, but this setting can also
be deactivated. However, lead selection must generally be initialized for every context node.
u25CF Using the preset automatic initialization of lead selection:
In this case, the first element of a node is always assigned the lead selection
property.
u25CF Manual initialization of lead selection:
If the automatic initialization was deactivated, the lead selection must be programmed
manually. However, in this case it is possible to assign this property to an element
other than the first element of a node.
For the above example, this means:
The singleton property of the context node Customer specifies that the elements of this node
are only instantiated for one of the three vehicles at runtime u2013 that is, the element that bears
the lead selection. Since the lead selection was initialized automatically, this is the first
element of the Vehicle node, which in this case is the element Red Car. However, it would
also have been possible to manually set lead selection for one of the other two elements (for
example, using an index).
Edited by: Vinay Kumar Amruth on Jun 26, 2009 8:00 AM

Wd cardinality qustion

hallow
can some one explain to me in simple way what is cardinality
with sample of use in diffrent structre or table .
regards

The cardinality (n : m) describes the foreign key relationship with
regard to the number of possible dependent records involved (records of
the foreign key table) or referred records (records of the check table).
The left side of the cardinality has the following significance:
o n = 1
For each dependent record there is exactly one record of the check
table.
o n = C
There can be records in the foreign key talbe which do not reference
any record of the check table.
The definition of a generic foreign key means that the cardinalities (1 :
m) and (C : m) actually become (CN : m). There can be several records of
the check table for each dependent record. The value n = CN cannot
however be specified explicitly in maintenance because a CN : m
relationship is equal to a foreign key.
Diff bn TYPE N LIKE.
Go through the link.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw2004s/helpdata/en/fc/eb2ff3358411d1829f0000e829fbfe/content.htm
TYPE - Type is used to tell the system what is the type of data object(variable) you want to create .
LIKE: If there is already a data object declared and you want to declare a similar data object you can just refer to the previous data object using like.
Check this thread.
https://forums.sdn.sap.com/click.jspa?searchID=711746&messageID=2270752
https://forums.sdn.sap.com/click.jspa?searchID=711746&messageID=512214
Pool table
A database table defined in the ABAP Dictionary whose database instance is assigned to more than one table defined in the ABAP Dictionary. Multiple pool tables are assigned to a table pool in the database. The key fields of a pool table have to be character-type fields. The table pool's primary key consists of two fields: TABNAME for the name of a pool table, and VARKEY for the interdependent contents of the key fields in the corresponding pool table. The non-key fields of the pool table are stored in compressed format in their own column, called VARDATA, of the table pool. The only way to access pool tables is by using Open SQL. Joins are not allowed.
Table Pool
Database table in the database that contains the data of several pool tables.
Cluster Table
Database table defined in the ABAP Dictionary, whose version on the database is not only assigned to one table defined in the ABAP Dictionary. Several cluster tables are assigned to a table cluster in the database. The intersection of the key fields of the cluster tables forms the primary key of the table cluster. The other columns of the cluster tables are stored in compressed form in a single column VARDATA of the table cluster. You can access cluster tables only via Open SQL, and only without using joins.
Table Cluster
Database table in the database that contains the data of several cluster tables.
Note: Never mix up with a database table that has the necessary structure for storing data clusters in database tables and in the shared memory. Those are called INDX-type, with reference to the database table INDX supplied by SAP. Data clusters are groupings of data objects for transient and persistent storage in a selectable storage medium. A data cluster can be processed using the statements IMPORT, EXPORT, and DELETE FROM
This link also helps you...
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/cf/21f083446011d189700000e8322d00/content.htm
Check out these threads
Difference between Cluster table & Pooled Table
Re: pooled and cluster tables
EXAMPLES
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/cf/21f083446011d189700000e8322d00/content.htm

Interview Questions, Please give currect Answers with suitable Examples

1.     How to activate the master data. There are Two Methods Explain Them?
2.     Types of DSO. And Differences between standard and write optimized DSO?
3.     I want to delete the record in the DSO, tell me the procedure?
4.     I want to delete the 3d request can u delete in ODS manage?
5.     What is line item dimension? When we go for line item dimension?
6.     What is cardinality?
7.     How to create line item dimension?
8.     What is InfoSet? Have you created?
9.     What is Multiprovider? Have you created?
10.     Can v create Multiprovider using one Multiprovider?
11.     Have you done extraction?
12.     Tel me the transaction for generic extraction?
13.     Tel me about selection, hide, Inversion and field only known and uses?
14.     What are the Update modes in R/3?
15.     Statistical setup, init, and delta?
16.     When we do v2 job run?
17.     In three update modes which one we use for three update modes?
18.     What is display attribute, and navigational attribute?
19.     What is v1, v2, v3 updates.
20.     Status of loading performance when doing with display attribute, and navigational attribute?
21.     Scenario: I have sales man no and rev. I want another column as commission, how will we get?
22.     Scenario: Restriction. Material & rev, I want to restrict the revenue based on material name. How will you do?
23.     How can we control the packet size in R/3?
24.     What is start routine? End routine? When we go for start routine & end routine?
25.     Tell me the scenario on start routine, end routine?
26.     What is attribute change run?

Hi.
Use SCN search.
Like this: http://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/scn/advancedsearch?query=bwInterviewQuestions
Regards.

Pls answer the following questions:

Hi friends,
Please let me know the answers to the following abap questions:
1. To link the loop to a table contro, we use the additon WITH CONTROL else this works as a stand-alone ___________________.
2. TCODE to check for the consistency of workflow for ALE/ED in INbound error processing?
3. what is the field to b used n the field catalog of an ALV report to hide the relevant column in the list?
4. what are the standard programs to transport transaction variants and screen variants?
5.__________________is triggered when all the data records of a node of the logical database have been read.
6. Expand and define EDIFACT?
7.What are the various print modes available in sap scripts?
8. TCODE to maintain transaction variants?
9. what s the tabale to find the Directory of Memory ID's?
10.Maximum number of Watchpoints and breakpoints in a program?
11.The ___________statement of the screen flow logic controls the data atransport fromt the Dynpro to the ABA program during the event PAI?
12.What is the standard program to check the consistency of partner profiles?
13. What is the table to find the change pointer status?
14. You can convert pooled tables to transpartent table with the _________________ of the techncal settings?
15.Messages available in SE91 TCODE are stored in which table?
16.Data records of tables having delivery class __ __ are not imported into the target system whereas data records of tables having delivery classes __ __ __ __ are imported into the target system.
17.Is it possible to debug Field exits?
18. In select....upto N rows statement, if N is zero then, ___________
19. The system field ______contains the total number of table control rows displayed on the screen.
20. Tcode to activate the change pointers for a particular message type?
21. is it possible to alter the width of the main window on each page?
22. what is the varialbe to be used in SAP scripts to find the total number of pagges of the print job?
23. Command to flush the database buffer
24. how to modify SAP standard tables?
25. what is the function module used with BAPI to commit?
26. what is the business object for purchase order?
27. What is cardinality
28. how to create a secondary index
29. define seconday index
30. how many secondary indexes can be created for cluster tables
31. how many main windows we can have in a script and smartforms? where is is mandatory?
32. what is LUW, different types of LUW.
33.What are version management functions
34.how many push buttons can u place on selection-screen application tool bar and what is the default function code for that buttons
35. what are the views that can not b used to create new views
36. how can u find out whether a record is successfully updated or not
37.how to find if a logical databse exists for your program requirements
38.what is a control table
39.how customers can search the SAP information databse and find solutions for errors and problems with R/3 systems?
40.what is DYNPRO? what are its components?
41.using which program we can copy table across clients in scripts
42.how to set Tablespaces and extent sizes
43.what is the maximum number of structures that can b included in a table
44. what is a match code
45. what is the maximum number of match code id's that can b defined for one Match code object
46. what specific statemnets do you use to write a drill down report
47.you can link a search help to a preameter using syntax __________________________.
48. how to find a standard program in SAP?

Hi friends,
Please let me know the answers to the following abap questions:
1. To link the loop to a table contro, we use the additon WITH CONTROL else this works as a stand-alone ___________________.
2. TCODE to check for the consistency of workflow for ALE/ED in INbound error processing?
3. what is the field to b used n the field catalog of an ALV report to hide the relevant column in the list?
4. what are the standard programs to transport transaction variants and screen variants?
5.__________________is triggered when all the data records of a node of the logical database have been read.
6. Expand and define EDIFACT?
7.What are the various print modes available in sap scripts?
8. TCODE to maintain transaction variants?
9. what s the tabale to find the Directory of Memory ID's?
10.Maximum number of Watchpoints and breakpoints in a program?
11.The ___________statement of the screen flow logic controls the data atransport fromt the Dynpro to the ABA program during the event PAI?
12.What is the standard program to check the consistency of partner profiles?
13. What is the table to find the change pointer status?
14. You can convert pooled tables to transpartent table with the _________________ of the techncal settings?
15.Messages available in SE91 TCODE are stored in which table?
16.Data records of tables having delivery class __ __ are not imported into the target system whereas data records of tables having delivery classes __ __ __ __ are imported into the target system.
17.Is it possible to debug Field exits?
18. In select....upto N rows statement, if N is zero then, ___________
19. The system field ______contains the total number of table control rows displayed on the screen.
20. Tcode to activate the change pointers for a particular message type?
21. is it possible to alter the width of the main window on each page?
22. what is the varialbe to be used in SAP scripts to find the total number of pagges of the print job?
23. Command to flush the database buffer
24. how to modify SAP standard tables?
25. what is the function module used with BAPI to commit?
26. what is the business object for purchase order?
27. What is cardinality
28. how to create a secondary index
29. define seconday index
30. how many secondary indexes can be created for cluster tables
31. how many main windows we can have in a script and smartforms? where is is mandatory?
32. what is LUW, different types of LUW.
33.What are version management functions
34.how many push buttons can u place on selection-screen application tool bar and what is the default function code for that buttons
35. what are the views that can not b used to create new views
36. how can u find out whether a record is successfully updated or not
37.how to find if a logical databse exists for your program requirements
38.what is a control table
39.how customers can search the SAP information databse and find solutions for errors and problems with R/3 systems?
40.what is DYNPRO? what are its components?
41.using which program we can copy table across clients in scripts
42.how to set Tablespaces and extent sizes
43.what is the maximum number of structures that can b included in a table
44. what is a match code
45. what is the maximum number of match code id's that can b defined for one Match code object
46. what specific statemnets do you use to write a drill down report
47.you can link a search help to a preameter using syntax __________________________.
48. how to find a standard program in SAP?

Please answer these qs its urgent...

1.To link the loop to a table control, we use the addition WITH CONTROL else this works as a stand-alone ____________ _______.
2. TCODE to check for the consistency of workflow for ALE/ED in INbound error processing?
3. what is the field to b used n the field catalog of an ALV report to hide the relevant column in the list?
4. what are the standard programs to transport transaction variants and screen variants?
5.__________ ________is triggered when all the data records of a node of the logical database have been read.
6. Expand and define EDIFACT?
7.What are the various print modes available in sap scripts?
8. TCODE to maintain transaction variants?
9. what s the table to find the Directory of Memory ID's?
10.Maximum number of Watchpoints and breakpoints in a program?
11.The ___________statemen t of the screen flow logic controls the data transport from the Dynpro to the ABAP program during the event PAI?
12.What is the standard program to check the consistency of partner profiles?
13. What is the table to find the change pointer status?
14. You can convert pooled tables to transparent table with the ____________ _____ of the technical settings?
15.Messages available in SE91 TCODE are stored in which table?
16.Data records of tables having delivery class __ __ are not imported into the target system whereas data records of tables having delivery classes __ __ __ __ are imported into the target system.
17.Is it possible to debug Field exits?
18. In select....upto N rows statement, if N is zero then, ___________
19. The system field ______contains the total number of table control rows displayed on the screen.
20. Tcode to activate the change pointers for a particular message type?
21. is it possible to alter the width of the main window on each page?
22. what is the varialbe to be used in SAP scripts to find the total number of pagges of the print job?
23. Command to flush the database buffer
24. how to modify SAP standard tables?
25. what is the function module used with BAPI to commit?
26. what is the business object for purchase order?
27. What is cardinality
28. how to create a secondary index
29. define seconday index
30. how many secondary indexes can be created for cluster tables
31. how many main windows we can have in a script and smartforms? where is is mandatory?
32. what is LUW, different types of LUW.
33.What are version management functions
34.how many push buttons can u place on selection-screen application tool bar and what is the default function code for that buttons
35. what are the views that can not b used to create new views
36. how can u find out whether a record is successfully updated or not
37.how to find if a logical databse exists for your program requirements
38.what is a control table
39.how customers can search the SAP information databse and find solutions for errors and problems with R/3 systems?
40.what is DYNPRO? what are its components?
41.using which program we can copy table across clients in scripts
42.how to set Tablespaces and extent sizes
43.what is the maximum number of structures that can b included in a table
44. what is a match code
45. what is the maximum number of match code id's that can b defined for one Match code object
46. what specific statements do you use to write a drill down report
47.you can link a search help to a parameter using syntax ____________ _________ _____.
48. how to find a standard program in SAP?
Regards
Pallav

1.To link the loop to a table control, we use the addition WITH CONTROL else this works as a stand-alone ____________ _______.
2. TCODE to check for the consistency of workflow for ALE/ED in INbound error processing?
3. what is the field to b used n the field catalog of an ALV report to hide the relevant column in the list?
4. what are the standard programs to transport transaction variants and screen variants?
5.__________ ________is triggered when all the data records of a node of the logical database have been read.
6. Expand and define EDIFACT?
7.What are the various print modes available in sap scripts?
8. TCODE to maintain transaction variants?
9. what s the table to find the Directory of Memory ID's?
10.Maximum number of Watchpoints and breakpoints in a program?
11.The ___________statemen t of the screen flow logic controls the data transport from the Dynpro to the ABAP program during the event PAI?
12.What is the standard program to check the consistency of partner profiles?
13. What is the table to find the change pointer status?
14. You can convert pooled tables to transparent table with the ____________ _____ of the technical settings?
15.Messages available in SE91 TCODE are stored in which table?
16.Data records of tables having delivery class __ __ are not imported into the target system whereas data records of tables having delivery classes __ __ __ __ are imported into the target system.
17.Is it possible to debug Field exits?
18. In select....upto N rows statement, if N is zero then, ___________
19. The system field ______contains the total number of table control rows displayed on the screen.
20. Tcode to activate the change pointers for a particular message type?
21. is it possible to alter the width of the main window on each page?
22. what is the varialbe to be used in SAP scripts to find the total number of pagges of the print job?
23. Command to flush the database buffer
24. how to modify SAP standard tables?
25. what is the function module used with BAPI to commit?
26. what is the business object for purchase order?
27. What is cardinality
28. how to create a secondary index
29. define seconday index
30. how many secondary indexes can be created for cluster tables
31. how many main windows we can have in a script and smartforms? where is is mandatory?
32. what is LUW, different types of LUW.
33.What are version management functions
34.how many push buttons can u place on selection-screen application tool bar and what is the default function code for that buttons
35. what are the views that can not b used to create new views
36. how can u find out whether a record is successfully updated or not
37.how to find if a logical databse exists for your program requirements
38.what is a control table
39.how customers can search the SAP information databse and find solutions for errors and problems with R/3 systems?
40.what is DYNPRO? what are its components?
41.using which program we can copy table across clients in scripts
42.how to set Tablespaces and extent sizes
43.what is the maximum number of structures that can b included in a table
44. what is a match code
45. what is the maximum number of match code id's that can b defined for one Match code object
46. what specific statements do you use to write a drill down report
47.you can link a search help to a parameter using syntax ____________ _________ _____.
48. how to find a standard program in SAP?
Regards
Pallav

General abap

1) What is the difference between LSMW and CATT?
2) What is an index? By default system will create the primary index or User can create, if user How? And also Secondary indexes by User or by default system?
3) What is cardinality? How it will work in abap ?
4) Am facing problem in inserting multiple data from user defined selection screen to internal table can anyone tel me any small code that can insert multiple data from screen to internal table.
5) WHAT ARE THE STEP LOOPS . HOW DO U PERFORM PAGE DOWN AND PAGE UP IN STEP LOOPS?
6) What is the use of TABLE MANTENANCE ALLOWED And its transaction code?
7) What are the function module types
8) Watt is the significance of keyword LIKE ".
9) How do you pass table to function module?
10) What are the similarities between internal tables and structures?
11) Difference between GET and GET Late?
12) What is binary search? Where it is used?
13) What is long text?
14) How to upload the customizing data using LSMW?
15) How to change the development class of any object?

Hi Gopi,,
Once again good to seee you.
As you have raised a many creative question, so what i thought is I can answers your question through links:
hope this will be the best way to do it.
[http://abaplovers.blogspot.com/2008/03/sap-abap-tutorial-for-creating-rfc.html]
[http://sap-img.com/]
[http://www.****************/Tutorials/LSMW/LSMWMainPage.htm]
[http://www.sapdb.info/abap-tutorials-2/]
Hope answered questions.
Reward if helpful
thanks
abdul

Setting Up Paypal Website Payments Pro Payment Gateway

Hello,
My customer is using Paypal Standard and the setup was straightforward and easy.
Now we are looking at using Paypal Website Payments Pro Payment Gateway because we want to accept paid Events Bookings.
My two questions:
The instructions to set up the Paypal Payment Gateway look straightforward. After I upgrade my Paypal account, I add the Username, Password, API Signature into my Business Catalyst website. Is that it? Will our shopping cart will continue to function like it has? Or are things more complicated than that? Or will I have to make other changes for the shopping cart system to work?
There is mention of setting up Cardinal Centinel. (We are not using recurring billing). I'm not really sure what the Cardinal Centinel is all about. Is that an important part of the setup of Paypal's Payment Gateway?
I'd like to be prepared before I start down this path.
Any advice would be appreciated.
Thank you,
Tricia

Some links that other people might find helpful about 3D Secure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_Secure
Setting up 3D secure

Regarding explain plan

hi all,
i am using database 10g.
i have explain as below
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
Plan hash value: 2715695103
| Id | Operation                     | Name                   | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
   |
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT              |                        |     8 |   568 |     6 (17)| 00:00:
01 |
|   1 | HASH UNIQUE                  |                        |     8 |   568 |     6 (17)| 00:00:
01 |
|   2 |   NESTED LOOPS                |                        |     8 |   568 |     5   (0)| 00:00:
01 |
|* 3 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL          | COMMON_PURCHASE_HEADER |     8 |   232 |     3   (0)| 00:00:
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
01 |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| CUSTOMER_MASTER        |     1 |    42 |     1   (0)| 00:00:
01 |
|* 5 |     INDEX UNIQUE SCAN         | CUM_PK                 |     1 |       |     0   (0)| 00:00:
01 |
----how we can analyse the query based on this plan.
Thanks..

What do you think an execution plan is? I think you think that this tells you all by itself how "good" the query is. No that's wrong. You can compare it with the advise a GPS system gives you to go from A to B. Some GPS system give better advices than others, some even know the current traffic situation. But, without any knowledge about the location you are in, you have to trust that plan.
But, if you live in that area, you might know that another path might me faster than the suggested one,etc.
All ORACLE tells you with this execution plan, is that it will read table COMMON_PURCHASE_HEADER completely and will join CUSTOMER_MASTER in a nested loop over the PK index.
WE do now know a lot about your DB, if there are other indexes (e.g. on C_STATUS) and what the cardinality on it is. If there would be an index, and the value A would just occur once, an INDEX lookup might be faster if you would have MUCH moire data!
On 8 rows....as the optimizer believes all data is on the same block and is read by 1 IO and that's the fastest access.
So, basically you need to learn what ORACLE tries to do.
Then you ask yourself, as you know the DB, if that's a clever idea.
If it's not, ask yourself why ORACLE does not agree with you. It might still be right. So test your access methods with hints, and you will see and learn.
As I said it's like the advice a GPS system gives you. Only a local can really tell you how clever that suggestion is. (And the local can be wrong) ;-)

What is cardinality

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