What's causing hard shut downs?

My mid-2011 iMac has been intermittently shutting down without warning.  The first time this happened it would not restart.  I took it to the Apple Store where a Genius ran a diagnostic check and then suggested it was probably power supply related.  He unplugged the power cord from the back of the iMac and then the iMac would restart.  He said it may never happen again or could repeat.  Nothing I needed to do immediately.
I experienced two more hard shut downs during the next 3 months.  Each time I was able to restart the iMac.  A few days ago it did three hard shut downs in a space of two hours.  I again took it to the Apple Store where a diagnostice check was run.  It indicated a failing hard drive due to bad sectors (the 500 GB hard drive has about 400 GB free space).  Disk Utility showed no problems.  I'm assuming the Apple diagnostic check can find problems that Disk Utility misses.
Apple has now had the iMac for three days running "stress tests" to try to duplicate the hard shut down problem without success.  Apple recommends replacing the hard drive, but has nothing to say regarding the cause of the hard shut downs.
My undestanding is a bad hard drive does not cause hard shut downs.  Does a hard shut down not leave some sort of system log that might point to a cause?

You're clearly thinking about the problem logically.  I agree a failing HD should not mimic a "loss of power".  Is it possible that your home power outlet is flakey?  Voltage drop low enough to cause a trip?  I know ground bounces happen at home and the power company will put a meter on one of your outlets.  Do you ever see the lights in your home brighten or dim?
When you get the mac back, you should try a different outlet (a UPS would be even better).

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