Why does NI CAN Example use NI CVI?
Hello,
when you buy a NI CAN Case (e.g. USB<->CAN: NI USB 8473) and install the drivers, the examples are also installed.
When you open the example
C:\Programme\National Instruments\LabVIEW 2012\examples\nican\Frame - Basic.llb
you will see that the CAN is
1. configured
2. opened
3. Attributes are read
But what is strange: for reading the attributes the Function "ncGetAttr" from nicvi.dll is used.
??? WHY ???
nican.dll has also a function named ncGetAttr. Why not use this function?
I have noticed it because I am writing a C# wrapper for NI CAN for my task.
BR
Eugen Wiebe
Eugen Wiebe
Bernstein AG
CLAD - Certified LabView Associate Developer
If you need to insert the signal conditioning, try working with a vendor such as PCB to see if they can recommend a low-cost solution.
We started this discussion with the assumption that we wanted to be able to measure the noise floor of a quiet semi-anechoic room. What are the expected sound pressure levels during the measurement of the DUT? Are they >20 dB higher than 40 dBA such that we have confidence that the system noise floor is not significantly contributing to sound power measurement? Can 'quiet' be measured with just a single channel (thus requiring only one channel of signal conditioning with pregain)?
Doug
NI Sound and Vibration
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Why does not my query use an index?
I have a table with some processed rows (state: 9) and some unprocessed rows (states: 0,1,2,3,4).
This table has over 120000 rows, but this number will grow.
Most of the rows are processed and most of them also contain a group id. Number of groups is relatively small (let's assume 20).
I would like to obtain the oldest some_date for every group. This values has to be outer joined to a on-line report (contains one row for each group).
Here is my set-up:
Tested on: 10.2.0.4 (Solaris), 10.2.0.1 (WinXp)
drop table t purge;
create table t(
id number not null primary key,
grp_id number,
state number,
some_date date,
pad char(200)
insert into t(id, grp_id, state, some_date, pad)
select level,
trunc(dbms_random.value(0,20)),
9,
sysdate+dbms_random.value(1,100),
'x'
from dual
connect by level <= 120000;
insert into t(id, grp_id, state, some_date, pad)
select level + 120000,
trunc(dbms_random.value(0,20)),
trunc(dbms_random.value(0,5)),
sysdate+dbms_random.value(1,100),
'x'
from dual
connect by level <= 2000;
commit;
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(user, 'T', estimate_percent=>100, method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 1');
Tom Kyte's printtab
==============================
TABLE_NAME : T
NUM_ROWS : 122000
BLOCKS : 3834I know, this could be easily solved by fast refresh on commit materialized view like this:
select
grp_id,
min(some_date),
from
t
where
state in (0,1,2,3,4)
grpup by
grp_id;+ I have to create log on (grp_id, some_date, state)
Number of rows with active state will be always relatively small. Let's assume 1000-2000.
So my another idea was to create a selective index. An index which would contain only data for rows with an active state.
Something like this:
create index fidx_active on t (
case state
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end,
case state
when 0 then some_date
when 1 then some_date
when 2 then some_date
when 3 then some_date
when 4 then some_date
end) compress 1; so a tuple (group_id, some_date) is projected to tuple (null, null) when the state is not an active state and therefore it is not indexed.
We can save even more space by compressing 1st expression.
analyze index idx_grp_state_date validate structure;
select * from index_stats
@pr
Tom Kyte's printtab
==============================
HEIGHT : 2
BLOCKS : 16
NAME : FIDX_ACTIV
LF_ROWS : 2000 <-- we're indexing only active rows
LF_BLKS : 6 <-- small index: 1 root block with 6 leaf blocks
BR_ROWS : 5
BR_BLKS : 1
DISTINCT_KEYS : 2000
PCT_USED : 69
PRE_ROWS : 25
PRE_ROWS_LEN : 224
OPT_CMPR_COUNT : 1
OPT_CMPR_PCTSAVE : 0Note: @pr is a Tom Kyte's print table script adopted by Tanel Poder (I'm using Tanel's library) .
Then I created a query to be outer joined to the report (report contains a row for every group).
I want to achieve a full scan of the index.
select
case state -- 1st expression
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end grp_id,
min(case state --second expression
when 0 then some_date
when 1 then some_date
when 2 then some_date
when 3 then some_date
when 4 then some_date
end) as mintime
from t
where
case state --1st expression: at least one index column has to be not null
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end is not null
group by
case state --1st expression
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end;-------------
Doc's snippet:
13.5.3.6 Full Scans
A full scan is available if a predicate references one of the columns in the index. The predicate does not need to be an index driver. A full scan is also available when there is no predicate, if both the following conditions are met:
All of the columns in the table referenced in the query are included in the index.
At least one of the index columns is not null.
A full scan can be used to eliminate a sort operation, because the data is ordered by the index key. It reads the blocks singly.
13.5.3.7 Fast Full Index Scans
Fast full index scans are an alternative to a full table scan when the index contains all the columns that are needed for the query, and at least one column in the index key has the NOT NULL constraint. A fast full scan accesses the data in the index itself, without accessing the table. It cannot be used to eliminate a sort operation, because the data is not ordered by the index key. It reads the entire index using multiblock reads, unlike a full index scan, and can be parallelized.
You can specify fast full index scans with the initialization parameter OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE or the INDEX_FFS hint. Fast full index scans cannot be performed against bitmap indexes.
A fast full scan is faster than a normal full index scan in that it can use multiblock I/O and can be parallelized just like a table scan.
So the question is: Why does oracle do a full table scan?
Everything needed is in the index and one expression is not null, but index (fast) full scan is not even considered by CBO (I did a 10053 trace)
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers |
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 85 | 20 |00:00:00.11 | 3841 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 1 | 6100 | 2000 |00:00:00.10 | 3841 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
2 - filter(CASE "STATE" WHEN 0 THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 1 THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 2
THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 3 THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 4 THEN "GRP_ID" END IS NOT NULL)Let's try some minimalistic examples. Firstly with no FBI.
create index idx_grp_id on t(grp_id);
select grp_id,
min(grp_id) min
from t
where grp_id is not null
group by grp_id;
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers | Reads |
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 20 | 20 |00:00:01.00 | 244 | 237 |
|* 2 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| IDX_GRP_ID | 1 | 122K| 122K|00:00:00.54 | 244 | 237 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
2 - filter("GRP_ID" IS NOT NULL)This kind of output I was expected to see with FBI. Index FFS was used although grp_id has no NOT NULL constraint.
Let's try a simple FBI.
create index fidx_grp_id on t(trunc(grp_id));
select trunc(grp_id),
min(trunc(grp_id)) min
from t
where trunc(grp_id) is not null
group by trunc(grp_id);
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers |
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 20 | 20 |00:00:00.94 | 3841 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 1 | 6100 | 122K|00:00:00.49 | 3841 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
2 - filter(TRUNC("GRP_ID") IS NOT NULL)Again, index (fast) full scan not even considered by CBO.
I tried:
alter table t modify grp_id not null;
alter table t add constraint trunc_not_null check (trunc(grp_id) is not null);I even tried to set table hidden column (SYS_NC00008$) to NOT NULL
It has no effect, FTS is still used..
Let's try another query:
select distinct trunc(grp_id)
from t
where trunc(grp_id) is not null
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers |
| 1 | HASH UNIQUE | | 1 | 20 | 20 |00:00:00.85 | 244 |
|* 2 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| FIDX_GRP_ID | 1 | 122K| 122K|00:00:00.49 | 244 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
2 - filter("T"."SYS_NC00008$" IS NOT NULL)Here the index FFS is used..
Let's try one more query, very similar to the above query:
select trunc(grp_id)
from t
where trunc(grp_id) is not null
group by trunc(grp_id)
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers |
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 20 | 20 |00:00:00.86 | 3841 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 1 | 122K| 122K|00:00:00.49 | 3841 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
2 - filter(TRUNC("GRP_ID") IS NOT NULL)And again no index full scan..
So my next question is:
What are the restrictions which prevent index (fast) fullscan to be used in these scenarios?
Thank you very much for your answers.
Edited by: user1175494 on 16.11.2010 15:23
Edited by: user1175494 on 16.11.2010 15:25I'll start off with the caveat that i'm no Johnathan Lewis so hopefully someone will be able to come along and give you a more coherent explanation than i'm going to attempt here.
It looks like the application of the MIN function against the case statement is confusing the optimizer and disallowing the usage of your FBI. I tested this against my 11.2.0.1 instance and your query chooses the fast full scan without being nudged in the right direction.
That being said, i was able to get this to use a fast full scan on my 10 instance, but i had to jiggle the wires a bit. I modified your original query slightly, just to make it easier to do my fiddling.
original (in the sense that it still takes the full table scan) query
with data as
select
case state -- 1st expression
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end as grp_id,
case state --second expression
when 0 then some_date
when 1 then some_date
when 2 then some_date
when 3 then some_date
when 4 then some_date
end as mintime
from t
where
case state --1st expression: at least one index column has to be not null
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end is not null
and
case state --second expression
when 0 then some_date
when 1 then some_date
when 2 then some_date
when 3 then some_date
when 4 then some_date
end is not null
select--+ GATHER_PLAN_STATISTICS
grp_id,
min(mintime)
from data
group by grp_id;
SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'allstats +peeked_binds'));
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers |
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | | 2 | 33 | 40 |00:00:00.07 | 7646 |
|* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 2 | 33 | 4000 |00:00:00.08 | 7646 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
2 - filter((CASE "STATE" WHEN 0 THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 1 THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 2
THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 3 THEN "GRP_ID" WHEN 4 THEN "GRP_ID" END IS NOT NULL AND
CASE "STATE" WHEN 0 THEN "SOME_DATE" WHEN 1 THEN "SOME_DATE" WHEN 2 THEN
"SOME_DATE" WHEN 3 THEN "SOME_DATE" WHEN 4 THEN "SOME_DATE" END IS NOT
NULL))
modified version where we prevent the MIN function from being applied too early, by using ROWNUM
with data as
select
case state -- 1st expression
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end as grp_id,
case state --second expression
when 0 then some_date
when 1 then some_date
when 2 then some_date
when 3 then some_date
when 4 then some_date
end as mintime
from t
where
case state --1st expression: at least one index column has to be not null
when 0 then grp_id
when 1 then grp_id
when 2 then grp_id
when 3 then grp_id
when 4 then grp_id
end is not null
and
case state --second expression
when 0 then some_date
when 1 then some_date
when 2 then some_date
when 3 then some_date
when 4 then some_date
end is not null
and rownum > 0
select--+ GATHER_PLAN_STATISTICS
grp_id,
min(mintime)
from data
group by grp_id;
SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'allstats +peeked_binds'));
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers |
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | | 2 | 20 | 40 |00:00:00.01 | 18 |
| 2 | VIEW | | 2 | 33 | 4000 |00:00:00.07 | 18 |
| 3 | COUNT | | 2 | | 4000 |00:00:00.05 | 18 |
|* 4 | FILTER | | 2 | | 4000 |00:00:00.03 | 18 |
|* 5 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| FIDX_ACTIVE | 2 | 33 | 4000 |00:00:00.01 | 18 |
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
4 - filter(ROWNUM>0)
5 - filter(("T"."SYS_NC00006$" IS NOT NULL AND "T"."SYS_NC00007$" IS NOT NULL)) -
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So what should I do? As it is, I have my Photoshop color space set to sRGB. I just read that Lightroom as its default uses ProPhoto in the Develop module, and AdobeRGB in the Library (for previews and such).
Thanks for any help!
MichaelOkay. Going bigger is better, do so when you can (in 16-bit). Darn, those TIFs are big though. So, ideally, one really doesn't want to take the picture to Photoshop until one has to, right? Because as long as it's in LR, it's going to be a comparatively small file (a dozen or two MBs vs say 150 as a TIF). And doesn't LR's develop module use the same 'engine' or something, as ACR plug-in? So if your adjustments are basic, able to be done in either LR Develop, or PS ACR, all things being equal, choose to stay in LR?
ssprengel Apr 28, 2015 9:40 PM
PS RGB Workspace: ProPhotoRGB and I convert any 8-bit documents to 16-bit before doing any adjustments.
Why does one convert 8-bit pics to 16-bit? Not sure if this is an apt comparison, but it seems to me that that's kind of like upscaling, in video. Which I've always taken to mean adding redundant information to a file so that it 'fits' the larger canvas, but to no material improvement. In the case of video, I think I'd rather watch a 1080p movie on an HD (1080) screen (here I go again with my pixel-to-pixel prejudice), than watch a 1080p movie on a 4K TV, upscaled. But I'm ready to be wrong here, too. Maybe there would be no discernible difference? Maybe even though the source material were 1080p, I could still sit closer to the 4K TV, because of the smaller and more densely packed array of pixels. Or maybe I only get that benefit when it's a 4K picture on a 4K screen? Anyway, this is probably a different can of worms. I'm assuming that in the case of photo editing, converting from 8 to 16-bit allows one more room to work before bad things start to happen?
I'm recent to Lightroom and still in the process of organizing from Aperture. Being forced to "this is your life" through all the years (I don't recommend!), I realize probably all of my pictures older than 7 years ago are jpeg, and probably low-fi at that. I'm wondering how I should handle them, if and when I do. I'm noting your settings, ssprengel.
ssprengel Apr 28, 2015 9:40 PM
I save my PS intermediate or final master copy of my work as a 16-bit TIF still in the ProPhotoRGB, and only when I'm ready to share the image do I convert to sRGB then 8-bits, in that order, then do File / Save As: Format=JPG.
Part of the same question, I guess - why convert back to 8-bits? Is it for the recipient? Do some machines not read 16-bit? Something else?
For those of you working in these larger color spaces and not working with a wide gamut display, I'd love to know if there are any reasons you choose not to. Because I guess my biggest concern in all of this has been tied to what we're potentially losing by not seeing the breadth of the color space we work in represented while making value adjustments to our images. Based on what several have said here, it seems that the instances when our displays are unable to represent something as intended are infrequent, and when they do arise, they're usually not extreme.
Simon G E Garrett Apr 29, 2015 4:57 AM
With 8 bits, there are 256 possible values. If you use those 8 bits to cover a wider range of colours, then the difference between two adjacent values - between 100 and 101, say - is a larger difference in colour. With ProPhoto RGB in 8-bits there is a chance that this is visible, so a smooth colour wedge might look like a staircase. Hence ProPhoto RGB files might need to be kept as 16-bit TIFs, which of course are much, much bigger than 8-bit jpegs.
Over the course of my 'studies' I came across a side-by-side comparison of either two color spaces and how they handled value gradations, or 8-bit vs 16-bit in the same color space. One was a very smooth gradient, and the other was more like a series of columns, or as you say, a staircase. Maybe it was comparing sRGB with AdobeRGB, both as 8-bit. And how they handled the same "section" of value change. They're both working with 256 choices, right? So there might be some instances where, in 8-bit, the (numerically) same segment of values is smoother in sRGB than in AdobeRGB, no? Because of the example Simon illustrated above?
Oh, also -- in my Lumix LX100 the options for color space are sRGB or AdobeRGB. Am I correct to say that when I'm shooting RAW, these are irrelevant or ignored? I know there are instances (certain camera effects) where the camera forces the shot as a jpeg, and usually in that instance I believe it will be forced sRGB.
Thanks again. I think it's time to change some settings.. -
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Videos add up fast. A 30 second video on a 4S could easily be 85 MB. 101 of these would be almost 8.6 GB. Add 407 photos at 3 MB each and you reach 9.8 GB.
I would suggest you import some of these to your computer (especially some of the vidoes) and delete them from your phone, as explained here: http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4083. -
Why does this simple example output such result?
for example:
public class ArithmeticDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
double x = 27.475;
double y = 7.22;
System.out.println("Subtracting...");
System.out.println(" x - y = " + (x - y));
above example output below:
Subtracting...
x - y = 20.255000000000003
it should output below result:
Subtracting...
x - y = 20.255
who can tell me why?
who can help me?
thankshi
im not precise, but the reason for above result should be internal representation of double.
there is something called precision when dealing with floats and double.
if u really bothered about only three digit precision try this!
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat(".000");
System.out.println(" x - y = " + df.format((x - y)));
as my all time favorite author, Kathy sierra used to say,
if u really want to fall asleep try reading how doubles are represented in system, and how they are manipulated.
anyway, if u find anything regarding this please lets all know.
thanks & regards
vijay -
Why? I can't use my Visa card? For assistance, contact iTunes Support at~~~
Hi
I just want to ask why? my Visa Card can't use ??? FB to my Emil please.......
<Edited by Host>You should do as they ask; contact iTunes support. Some visa cards are not acceptable if they are debit cards, for instance. But iTunes support will tell you exactly why.
Incidentally, I have asked the hosts to remove your email address; it's not good policy to publish it, it could encourage spam at best and scams at worst. -
Why does Input menu (to use different language) not appear?
Hi, I am trying to enter special characters (German umlauts) into a Pages document. So far I am only able to do this via Edit > Special characters where I have to laboriously select and insert my character. So I checked the Help to use a different keyboard layout and got to the page titled "Viewing Keyboard Layouts for Other Languages" - I followed the steps exactly, but the so-called Input menu does not show on my Pages menu bar. Anything else I need to do? Any and all advice welcome - btw I am a new Mac user, I finally made the switch from PC to Mac, so I am still learning my way around.
Thanks in advance!System Preferences > Language and Text > Input Sources tab. Top of the left column, tick (check) "Keyboard and Character Viewer", Bottom of window next to search field, tick "Show input menu in menu bar"
System Preferences > Keyboard > Keyboard tab; tick "show keyboard and character viewers in menu bar"
For most purposes there's no need to use character viewer or change input source. All the standard diacritical marks and common symbols can be accessed directly from the standard keyboard. ü is produced by pressing alt (option) + U, release them and type U. Similarly é is alt+e, followed by e.
If you open Keyboard Viewer and press the alt (option) key, the location of the marks will be revealed. Note that five of them are highlighted in orange; these are the ones which can be used with multiple letters (acute, umlaut, gràve, circumflex and tilda)
Shift+Alt will show more. -
Why does the macbook pro use both types of storage?
Why does the 13inch retina have both the 8gb hardrive and the flashdrive?
Oops reading your question again, I see there is a misunderstanding:
http://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/specs-retina/
The 8GB is not hard drive memory. It is chip memory just for multi-tasking purposes, and it can be custom configured to 16 GB of multi-tasking memory. If you wanted to store applications or data files on it, you can create a RAM disk, but it actually would be copying the information off the SSD. There is no "permanent" storage of data on the 8GB or 16GB of RAM.
There is no platter hard drive anymore.
The 128 GB is the SSD memory on the 13" model by default, and can be custom configured to 512GB of SSD memory.
The odd thing is your SSD can do swap file storage for multitasking, but also doubles as your place to store actual data files.
For awhile Apple mixed both platter and SSD. Looks like that is no longer the case at least with the 13" Retina.
SSD memory is comparable to hard drive memory in that it is more "permanent" storage after reboot. Calling it permanent is a misnomer though, since hard drives and SSDs can both fail without any warning, and a backup is always recommended:
https://discussions.apple.com/docs/DOC-1992
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