Anon inner classes + final vars
Ive always taken it for granted that anon inner classes can access outside variables only if they are static.
Googling this yields about the same information but no good explaination.
can someone kindly explain why the JVM wants this restriction? i suppose it must have something to do with the way objects are handled internally.
ill give dukes!
The "final" restriction only applies to variables within a method which you want to use outside the method. I would assume it is down to
1) The variable goes out of scope when the method ends.
2) init().field and init.AnonActionListener().field would actually be different variables, changing init().field would not be replicated to init.AnonActionListener().field. This would be very confusing.
�8.1.3 does not give any reason for this.
Similar Messages
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Non-final variable inside an inner class - my nemisis
I have an issue with accessing variables from an inner method. This structure seems to allow access to the text objects but not to the button object. This comes from a bit of example code that just illustrates a simple form window with text fields and buttons that read them.
At the start of the class I have text objects defined like this:
public class SimpleGUI extends Composite {
Text nameField;
Text junkField;
// Constructors come next, etc...
Later within this class there is a method to create some GUI stuff, and then to create a button and when pressed access and print the text to the console
protected void createGui(){
junkField = new Text(entryGroup,SWT.SINGLE); //Ross
junkField.setText("Howdy");
Button OKbutton = new Button(buttons,SWT.NONE);
OKbutton.setText("Ok");
OKbutton.addSelectionListener(
new MySelectionAdapter() {
public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Name: " + nameField.getText());
System.out.println("Junk: " + junkField.getText());
And that all works fine. So within the inner class, the object junkField can be accessed nicely.
However if I try to do the same with the button (I want to change the label on the button after it's pressed) I get errors for trying to access a non-final object in an inner class.
I tried to handle the button similar to the text, adding this after the text defs:
Button myButton;
and under the println's in the inner class I wanted:
if OKbutton.getText.equals("OK") { OKbutton.setText("NotOK")}
That's when I get an issue with "cannot refer to a non-final variable inside an inside class defined in a different method"
Now, if I move the button declaration into the createGui method, and declare it with "final Button myButton" it works.
Why does the button need different treatment than the text?
Is this a suitable method to make my button change it's label when pressed, or is this sloppy?Button is a local variable. The anonymous inner class object you create can continue to exist after the method ends, but the local variables will not. Therefore, as the error message says, you must make that local button variable final if you want to refer to it inside the anon inner class. If it's final, a copy of its value can be given to the inner class--there's no need to treat it as "variable."
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Accessing member variable within an anonymous inner class
I'm getting a compiler error with the following snippet which resides in a constructor (error below):
final String fullNamesArr[] = new String[ lafsArr.length ];
String lafNamesArr[] = new String[ lafsArr.length ];
JMenuItem namesMenuItemArr[] = new JMenuItem[ lafsArr.length ];
for ( int i = 0 ; i < lafsArr.length ; i++ )
StringTokenizer tokenizer;
fullNamesArr[ i ] = lafsArr[ i ].getClassName();
tokenizer = new StringTokenizer( fullNamesArr[ i ] );
while ( tokenizer.hasMoreTokens() )
lafNamesArr[ i ] = tokenizer.nextToken( "." );
namesMenuItemArr[ i ] = new JMenuItem( lafNamesArr[ i ] );
lafMenu.add( namesMenuItemArr[ i ] );
namesMenuItemArr[ i ].addActionListener(new ActionListener()
public final void actionPerformed(final ActionEvent e)
String actionCommand = e.getActionCommand();
int iCount = 0;
for ( int index = 0 ; index < fullNamesArr.length ; index++ )
if ( fullNamesArr[ index ].contains( actionCommand ))
iCount = index;
break;
System.out.println( "Setting LAF to '" +
fullNamesArr[ iCount ] + "'" );
try
UIManager.setLookAndFeel( fullNamesArr[ iCount ] );
catch ( UnsupportedLookAndFeelException ulafe )
System.out.println( fullNamesArr[ iCount ] +
" : Not a valid LAF class." );
catch ( ClassNotFoundException cnfe )
System.out.println( fullNamesArr[ iCount ] +
" : Class not found." );
catch ( InstantiationException ie )
System.out.println( fullNamesArr[ iCount ] +
" : Can't instantiate class." );
catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )
System.out.println( fullNamesArr[ iCount ] +
" : Illegal access." );
DBBuilder.java:1280: cannot resolve symbol
symbol : method contains (java.lang.String)
location: class java.lang.String
if ( fullNamesArr[ index ].contains( actionCommand ))
^
1 error
BUILD FAILED
My question: Why can I access fullNamesArr in other spots in the anon-inner class,but not with the String.contains() method? BTW, the carrot is under the left bracket '['.
TIA,
JeffMy question: Why can I access fullNamesArr in other
spots in the anon-inner class,but not with the
String.contains() method? BTW, the carrot is under
the left bracket '['.You're misinterpreting the message. The problem is not your variable fullNamesArr, but rather the method contains(java.lang.String). Since that method was only added in Java 5 (aka 1.5) you might look if you're compiling with JDK 1.4 or earlier. -
Hw To Make Inner Class Distinguish Func Parameter And Outer Class Var
i fail to make an inner class distinguish among function parameter and outer class variable.
consider the following code:
public class a {
int var; // i want to access this one using inner class.
public a(int var) {
this.var = var;
class b {
public void fun() {
var = 100;
i get an error a.java:9: local variable var is accessed from within inner class; needs to be declared final.
when i change the code to this:
public class a {
int var; // i want to access this one using inner class.
public a() {
class b {
public void fun() {
var = 100;
it compiled no problem.it seems that inner class is accessing function parameter rather than outer class member.
is there any syntax i can use to make me access the outer class member variable whithout renaming or removing the function parameter?
thank you.a.this.var = 100; //Use this in the inner class.Amazing syntax -:)
-
Problem with final variables and inner classes
variables accessed by inner classes need to be final. Else it gives compilation error. Such clases work finw from prompt. But when I try to run such classes through webstart it gives me error/exception for those final variables being accessed from inner class.
Is there any solution to this?
Exception is:
java.lang.ClassFormatError: com/icorbroker/fx/client/screens/batchorder/BatchOrderFrame$2 (Illegal Variable name " val$l_table")
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass0(Native Method)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:502)
at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:123)
at com.sun.jnlp.JNLPClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.jnlp.JNLPClassLoader.access$1(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.jnlp.JNLPClassLoader$1.run(Unknown Source)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at com.sun.jnlp.JNLPClassLoader.findClass(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:299)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:255)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClassInternal(ClassLoader.java:315)
at com.icorbroker.fx.client.screens.batchorder.BatchOrderFrame.<init>(BatchOrderFrame.java:217)
at com.icorbroker.fx.client.screens.batchorder.BatchOrderViewController.createView(BatchOrderViewController.java:150)
at com.icorbroker.fx.client.screens.RealTimeViewController.initialize(RealTimeViewController.java:23)
at com.icorbroker.fx.client.screens.batchorder.BatchOrderViewController.<init>(BatchOrderViewController.java:62)
at com.icorbroker.fx.client.screens.displayelements.DisplayPanel$3.mousePressed(DisplayPanel.java:267)
at java.awt.Component.processMouseEvent(Component.java:5131)
at java.awt.Component.processEvent(Component.java:4931)
at java.awt.Container.processEvent(Container.java:1566)
at java.awt.Component.dispatchEventImpl(Component.java:3639)
at java.awt.Container.dispatchEventImpl(Container.java:1623)
at java.awt.Component.dispatchEvent(Component.java:3480)
at java.awt.LightweightDispatcher.retargetMouseEvent(Container.java:3450)
at java.awt.LightweightDispatcher.processMouseEvent(Container.java:3162)
at java.awt.LightweightDispatcher.dispatchEvent(Container.java:3095)
at java.awt.Container.dispatchEventImpl(Container.java:1609)
at java.awt.Window.dispatchEventImpl(Window.java:1590)
at java.awt.Component.dispatchEvent(Component.java:3480)
at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEvent(EventQueue.java:450)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpOneEventForHierarchy(EventDispatchThread.java:197)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForHierarchy(EventDispatchThread.java:150)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:144)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:136)
at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.run(EventDispatchThread.java:99)I've also been having the same problem. The only work-around seems to be to slightly change the code, recompile & hope it works. See http://forum.java.sun.com/thread.jsp?forum=38&thread=372291
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Problem with final variables and inner classes (JDK1.1.8)
When using JDK1.1.8, I came up with following:
public class Outer
protected final int i;
protected Inner inner = null;
public Outer(int value)
i = value;
inner = new Inner();
inner.foo();
protected class Inner
public void foo()
System.out.println(i);
}causing this:
Outer.java:6: Blank final variable 'i' may not have been initialized. It must be assigned a value in an initializer, or in every constructor.
public Outer(int value)
^
1 error
With JDK 1.3 this works just fine, as it does with 1.1.8 if
1) I don't use inner class, or
2) I assign the value in initializer, or
3) I leave the keyword final away.
and none of these is actually an option for me, neither using a newer JDK, if only there is another way to solve this.
Reasons why I am trying to do this:
1) I can't use a newer JDK
2) I want to be able to assign the variables value in constructor
3) I want to prevent anyone (including myself ;)) from changing the value in other parts of the class (yes, the code above is just to give you the idea, not the whole code)
4) I must be able to use inner classes
So, does anyone have a suggestion how to solve this problem of mine? Or can someone say that this is a JDK 1.1.8 feature, and that I just have to live with it? In that case, sticking to solution 3 is probably the best alternative here, at least for me (and hope that no-one will change the variables value). Or is it crappy planning..?You cannot use a final field if you do not
initialize it at the time of declaration. So yes,
your design is invalid.Sorry if I am being a bit too stubborn or something. :) I am just honestly a bit puzzled, since... If I cannot use a final field in an aforementioned situation, why does following work? (JDK 1.3.1 on Linux)
public class Outer {
protected final String str;
public Outer(String paramStr) {
str = paramStr;
Inner in = new Inner();
in.foo();
public void foo() {
System.out.println("Outer.foo(): " + str);
public static void main( String args[] ) {
String param = new String("This is test.");
Outer outer = new Outer(param);
outer.foo();
protected class Inner {
public void foo() {
System.out.println("Inner.foo(): " + str);
} producing the following:
[1:39] % javac Outer.java
[1:39] % java Outer
Inner.foo(): This is test.
Outer.foo(): This is test.
Is this then an "undocumented feature", working even though it shouldn't work?
However, I assume you could
get by with eliminating the final field and simply
passing the value directly to the Inner class's
constructor. if not, you'll have to rethink larger
aspects of your design.I guess this is the way it must be done.
Jussi -
How to access var in outter class inside inner class
I've problem with this, how to access var number1 and number2 at outter class inside inner class? what statement do i have to use to access it ? i tried with " int number1 = Kalkulator1.this.number1; " but there no value at class option var y when the program was running...
import java.io.*;
public class Kalkulator1{
int number1,number2,x;
/* The short way to create instance object for input console*/
private static BufferedReader stdin =
new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader( System.in ) );
public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException {
System.out.println("---------------------------------------");
System.out.println("Kalkulator Sayur by Cumi ");
System.out.println("---------------------------------------");
System.out.println("Tentukan jenis operasi bilangan [0-4] ");
System.out.println(" 1. Penjumlahan ");
System.out.println(" 2. Pengurangan ");
System.out.println(" 3. Perkalian ");
System.out.println(" 4. Pembagian ");
System.out.println("---------------------------------------");
System.out.print(" Masukan jenis operasi : ");
String ops = stdin.readLine();
int numberops = Integer.parseInt( ops );
System.out.print("Masukan Bilangan ke-1 : ");
String input1 = stdin.readLine();
int number1 = Integer.parseInt( input1 );
System.out.print("Masukan Bilangan ke-2 : ");
String input2 = stdin.readLine();
int number2 = Integer.parseInt( input2 );
Kalkulator1 op = new Kalkulator1();
Kalkulator1.option b = op.new option();
b.pilihan(numberops);
System.out.println("Bilangan yang dimasukkan adalah = " + number1 +" dan "+ number2 );
class option{
int x,y;
int number1 = Kalkulator1.this.number1;
int number2 = Kalkulator1.this.number2;
void pilihan(int x) {
if (x == 1)
{System.out.println("Operasi yang digunakan adalah Penjumlahan");
int y = (number1+number2);
System.out.println("Hasil dari operasi adalah = " + y);}
else
{if (x == 2) {System.out.println("Operasi yang digunakan adalah Pengurangan");
int y = (number1-number2);
System.out.println("Hasil dari operasi adalah = " + y);}
else
{if (x == 3) {System.out.println("Operasi yang digunakan adalah Perkalian");
int y = (number1*number2);
System.out.println("Hasil dari operasi adalah = " + y);}
else
{if (x == 4) {System.out.println("Operasi yang digunakan adalah Pembagian ");
int y = (number1/number2);
System.out.println("Hasil dari operasi adalah =" + y);}
else {System.out.println( "Operasi yang digunakan adalah Pembagian ");
}Delete the variables number1 and number2 from your inner class. Your inner class can access the variables in the outer class directly. Unless you need the inner and outer class variables to hold different values then you can give them different names.
In future place code tags around your code to make it retain formatting. Highlight code and click code button. -
Why only final variables can be accessed in an inner class ?
Variables declared in a method need to declared as final if they are to be accessed in an inner class which resides in that method. My question is...
1. Why should i declare them as final ? What's the reason?
2. If i declare them as final, could they be modified in inner class ? since final variables should not modify their value.(Got an error posting this, so I hope we don't end up with two...)
But what if i want to change the final local variable within that method instead of within anonymous class.You can't. You can't change the value of a final variable.
Should i use same thing like having another local variable as part of method and initializing it with the final local variable?You could do. But as in the first example I posted you are changing the value of the nonfinal variable not the final one. Because final variables can't be changed.
If so, don't you think it is redundant to have so many local variables for so many final local variables just to change them within that method?If you are worried that a variable might be redundant, don't create it. If you must create it to meet some need then it's not redundant.
Or is there any alternate way?Any alternate way to do what? -
HELP: Cannot refer to non-final variable inside inner class
Below is a function that WAS working beautifully. I had to restructure many things in my code base to suit a major change and I have to make this function static. Since I made this function static, I get some errors which are displayed in comments next to the line of code.
Can anyone offer any advice how to fix this?
static private void patchSource( final Target target, final TargetResolver resolver, final TexSheetCommand args ) throws Exception
boolean bDone = false;
Element e;
SAXReader sax = new SAXReader();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream( args.getInputFile() );
Document document = sax.read( fis );
Element root = document.getRootElement();
if( root.getName().equals( "Sheet" ) )
XMLParser.iterateElements( root, new XMLElementCallback()
public void onElement( Element element )
XMLParser.iterateAttributes( element, new XMLAttributeCallback()
public void onAttribute( Element element, Attribute attribute )
if( attribute.getName().equals( "guid" ) )
e = element; // PROBLEM: Cannot refer to a non-final variable e inside an inner class defined in a different method
// WARNING: Type safety: The expression of type Iterator needs unchecked conversion to conform to Iterator<Attribute>
for( Iterator<Attribute> it = element.attributeIterator(); it.hasNext(); )
Attribute a = (Attribute)it.next();
if( a.getName().equals( "randOffset" ) )
Integer i = new Integer( resolver.getTotalPermutations() );
a.setValue( i.toString() );
bDone = true; // PROBLEM: Cannot refer to a non-final variable bDone inside an inner class defined in a different method
if( ( !bDone ) && ( e != null ) )
Integer i = new Integer( resolver.getTotalPermutations() );
e.addAttribute( "randOffset", i.toString() );
FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream( args.getInputFile() );
OutputFormat format = OutputFormat.createPrettyPrint();
XMLWriter xmlWriter = new XMLWriter( fileOut, format );
xmlWriter.write( document );
fileOut.close();
}PS.) on a side note there is a warning on one of the lines too. Can anyone offer help on that one too?!
Thanks in advance.It is already set to that - it does look correct in Eclipse, honest.
It's just the block that's gone crazy with the formatting. I've spent around 10 minutes trying to tweak it just so it displays correctly but it wasn't making sense.
I'd rather not turn this conversation into a judgement of my code-style - I already understand that it doesn't conform to the 'Java way' and I've had Java programmers bash me about it for a long time. -
I am trying to manually make a drawing program similar to this one
http://javafx.com/samples/Draw/
However I am running into issues involving inner classes and finals.
"local variable size is accessed from within inner class; needs to be declared final"
It wants me to make either SIZE or size a final. However once final, I can't change the variable.
I have often used the variable in a for loop to assign a value(though maybe it was a bad practice?) however I am not sure the best way to handle this.
Any suggestions?
Thanks!
int SIZE = 1; //somewhere else
for( int size = 0 ; size < 5 ; size++){
Circle circle = new Circle(D/Padding);
circle.setOnMousePressed(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>(){
public void handle(MouseEvent me){
SIZE = size;
);edit:
I am well aware this isnt neccesarily a javafx specific thing, but more of a general java poor programming knowledge.
I also know that the mouseadapter is an anonymous class and can only access final.
I am just looking for any suggestions on how to best handle this.
Edited by: namrog on Jul 5, 2011 10:51 AM
Edited by: namrog on Jul 5, 2011 10:59 AMnamrog wrote:
I am trying to manually make a drawing program similar to this one
http://javafx.com/samples/Draw/
However I am running into issues involving inner classes and finals.
"local variable size is accessed from within inner class; needs to be declared final"
It wants me to make either SIZE or size a final. However once final, I can't change the variable.Yes, that's the point. If a local variable is to be used by an instance of a nested class, that nested instance can live on long after the local variable goes out of scope. So it needs its own, separate copy of the variable. However, since, as far as we are concerned, there is only one variable, that variable needs to be final, so that there will not be issues with keeping the two copies' values coherent.
I have often used the variable in a for loop to assign a value(though maybe it was a bad practice?) however I am not sure the best way to handle this.
Any suggestions?Create a final variable and copy the value of your non-final variable to it.
int nonFinal =...;
final int theFinalCopy = nonFinal;
new Whatever() {
void doStuff() {
doSomething(theFinalCopy);
} -
Why method local inner class can use final variable rather than....
Hi all
Just a quick question.
Why method-local inner class can access final variable defined in method only?
I know the reason why it can not access instance variable in method.
Just can not figure out why??
any reply would be appreciated.
StevenLocal classes can most definitely reference instance variables. The reason they cannot reference non final local variables is because the local class instance can remain in memory after the method returns. When the method returns the local variables go out of scope, so a copy of them is needed. If the variables weren't final then the copy of the variable in the method could change, while the copy in the local class didn't, so they'd be out of synch.
-
Why we are making a variable as final in method inner class ?
Why we are making the variable as final (method inner class) while we are accessing the method variable in inner class ?
regards,
namancAs far as I can tell, the only reason is to protect the programmer: when the inner class instance is constructed, it is given the then-current value of the variable. If the variable (or method parameter) later changes, the value held by the inner class would not. By making the variable final, the programmer doesn't have to worry about them staying in sync.
Here's some code to ponder:
public class InnerExample
void printMe( final int x )
Runnable runMe = new Runnable()
public void run()
System.out.println(x);
(new Thread(runMe)).start();
}When compiled with the Sun JDK 1.4.2, you get this bytecode:
void printMe(int);
Code:
0: new #2; //class InnerExample$1
3: dup
4: aload_0
5: iload_1
6: invokespecial #3; //Method InnerExample$1."<init>":(LInnerExample;I)V
9: astore_2
10: new #4; //class Thread
13: dup
14: aload_2
15: invokespecial #5; //Method java/lang/Thread."<init>":(Ljava/lang/Runnable;)V
18: invokevirtual #6; //Method java/lang/Thread.start:()V
21: returnAt line (byte) 5, it loads the passed value onto the stack; at line 6, it invokes the inner class constructor (which is created by the compiler). Nothing in this sequence of code would prevent use of a non-final variable. -
Inaccessible with local variable(non-final) via method local inner class
Hi All,
Usually local variables, including automatic final variable live on the stack and objects & instanace variables live on the heap.The contracts for using the method local inner class should allow merely method final variable, not non-final stack variable.
Can anyone please clarify me ,behind the scene what is actual fact why method inner class should not access the stack(method) variable and only allow final variable?
Is anything correlated with the stack and heap aspects?
Thanks,
Stalin.G[email protected] wrote:
...behind the scene what is actual fact why method inner class should not access the stack(method) variable and only allow final variable?...explained by dcminter and Jardium in [an older thread|http://forums.sun.com/thread.jspa?messageID=10694240#10694240|http://forums.sun.com/thread.jspa?messageID=10694240#10694240]:
...Final variables are copied into inner classes - that's why they have to be declared final; to avoid the developer making an incorrect assumption that the local variable can be modified and have the change reflected in the copy.
When a local class uses a local variable, it doesn't actually use the variable. Instead, it takes a copy of the value which is contained in the variable at the moment the class is instantiated. It's like passing the variable to a constructor of the class, except that you do not actually declare any such constructor in your code.
To avoid messy execution flows to be present in a Java method, the Java language authors thought it was better to allow a single value to be present in such a variable throughout all its life. Thus, the variable has to be declared final.
...HTH -
AIC (Anon. Inner Classes) usage.
Where else we can use AICs ?
THanks
MariaOften you'll use AIC's when hooking up listeners. For example:
public class ColorDemo {
// code snipped away
private void buidlListeners(){
colorButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
changeColor();
private void changeColor(){
// code goes here
}Here I've created an inner class when I wrote the code that makes my JButton called colorButton fire off the changecolor method. This is quite a common useage of anonymous inner classes.
The benefit is that the changeColor method can reside in the same class as the buildListeners method. That gives it access to any private method inside the ColorDemo class. -
Suppose, we have the following two classes.
public class test{
final trythis t;
t = null;
doMethod(t); // because of this, t has to be assigned a null value
(new Thread(){public void run(){
t = new trythis(); // t is assigned twice
}}).start();
class trythis{
trythis(){
t seems to have to be defined as final, but final instance cannot be set in the inner class.
Does anyone know how to solve this problem?
ThanksAs the local variable has a lifetime of the executing method's
duration, you must ensure the innerclass (which has a longer lifetime)
has access to it by declaring it final.This is not quite exact. All this is due to the way inner classes are implemented. An inner class maintains the contents of the outer local variables used in two ways:
- If it is primitive, use the value verbatim (so the class has no relationship to the outer variable, it just uses the same number, so the local var needs to be final or else there could be surprises for a programmer who would think that changing the local var would also change the value used in the inner class)
- If it is a reference, copy it as a class member, and use that one wherever needed. For similar reasons as above, the two references have to be in sync, so the local var has to be final (the inner var can't change anyway)
This apply only to local variables because class members are accessible through a secret reference of the enclosing object passed in the constructor of the inner class. Static members are anyway accessible.
<teacher's mode off/>
<sorry for that, but someone might find the explanation useful :-)/>
By the way, the OP can get the value "t" out of the inner class by providing a special Thread subclass, ie
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
t = something;
trythis t;
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();
thread.join();
thread.t; //This is accessibleI'm not sure if this would be preferable to the array approach (which is ), but it is useful to know your alternatives
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