Examples For 4 types of Inner Classes in java..
Hi all,
It would be gr8 help if u poeple provide me some examples in Java APIs for 4 types of Inner Classes.
Normal Inner Class,Static Inner Class,Method Local Inner Class and Anonymous Inner Class.
Thank you ..
bprathibha wrote:
ok... not to read..
I was asked this question in an interview.
I was unable to answer this question.I guess you know how to write a class?
Normal Inner Class,Static Inner Class,Method Local Inner Class and Anonymous Inner Class.A normal inner class is a class that is written inside another class. A static inner class is the same thing as the normal inner class except that it's declared to be static. A method local class is a class that is declared within a method and it's only known within that method. An anonymous class is where you create a subclass and instantiate it at the same time. The construction if often used in UI programming. E.g.
public void addListeners() {
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { //Anonymous class
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
}Kaj
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hi,
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public class Outer
public static void main(String argv[])
Outer o=new Outer(); //1
Inner i =o.new Inner(); //2
//Inner i =new Inner(); //3
i.showName();
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void showName()
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}I have few doubt regrd the above program..
1)when i create an inner class instance as in line 3,..Iam having an err like
non-static variable this cannot be referenced from a static context.. Bcas Inner is a non static member of class Outer it cant be referred without an instance of Outer as in line 2.. But my doubt is why it doesnt give such error (of static context issue) in the case of line 1...its a silly dbt but iam confused ...
2..Can we refer the inner class without outer class like in line 2., I have used
Inner without Outer ..is this ok... or shuld we use as
Outer.Inner i =o.new Inner(); //2
3)In the above line We r associating the instance of inner class with the instance of outer class and the type of inner class with the type of outer class (Outer.Inner )..wht does this mean..
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thnx.
mysha..public class Outer
public static void main(String argv[])
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er o=new Outer(); //1
Inner i =o.new Inner(); //2
//Inner i =new Inner(); //3
i.showName();
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}I have few doubt regrd the above program..
1)when i create an inner class instance as in line
3,..Iam having an err like
non-static variable this cannot be referenced from a
static context.. Bcas Inner is a non static member of
class Outer it cant be referred without an instance
of Outer as in line 2.. But my doubt is why it doesnt
give such error (of static context issue) in the case
of line 1...its a silly dbt but iam confused ...
Static methods of a class exist as soon as Java loads the class. Regular, or non-static, methods of a class belong to an object and only come into existence after you create an object of the class. Regular methods are called by an object. Static members are called using the class name.
Now, examine this simple program:
class Apple
private String color;
public Apple(String color)
this.color = color;
public void show()
System.out.println("apple color: " + color);
public static void greeting()
System.out.println("Hello from the Apple class.");
public class Demo
public static void main(String[] args)
Apple.greeting(); //1
Apple a = new Apple("red"); //2
}After the Apple class loads, any static methods in the class exist. Since greeting() is a static method of the Apple class, it can be called in line 1 before any Apple objects exist. But, what about line 2? How can the Apple constructor with the String parameter, which is a method in the Apple class, be called? The constructor isn't declared as a static, so it shouldn't exist in that regard, and no objects of the class exist. So, when and how did the constructor come into existence. That seems to be the question you're struggling with. I think the answer is: a constructor sort of acts like a static method. In order to be able to call a constructor, the constructor must exist as soon as the class loads and before any objects exist. The result is, you can call a constructor at any time.
I think your example is similar to my example, but you only have one class:
public class Outer
public static void main(String argv[])
Outer o=new Outer(); //1
}After Java loads Outer, any static methods in Outer exist. Since main() is a static method, it exists. Subsequently, java calls the static main() method to begin execution of your program. In line 1, you call the default constructor for Outer. The default constructor isn't static, so it shouldn't exist, but just like the constructor in my example above, the default constructor acts like a static method, and therefore you can call it without getting an error.
Inner i =o.new Inner(); //2
2..Can we refer the inner class without outer class
like in line 2., I have used
Inner without Outer ..is this ok... or shuld we use
as
Outer.Inner i =o.new Inner(); //2
I'm not sure what the difference is. In both cases you end up with an object that was created with the expression:
o.new Inner()
you just have a different type for your object, i.e. Outer.Inner versus Inner.
3)In the above line We r associating the instance of
inner class with the instance of outer class and the
type of inner class with the type of outer class
(Outer.Inner )..wht does this mean..
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I think you said it: it means you have an Inner object that is "associated" with an Outer object. Like any other regular member in the Outer class, Inner can refer to any members of Outer. (A static member of Outer can't refer to regular members of Outer because static members exist before any objects exist, and when no objects exist, the regular members don't exist.) That means an Outer object must exist before you can create an Inner object. -
Hi All,
I am trying to learn Inner classes in Java. I am referring to the book Core Java by Horstmann and Cornell.
I know that there are various types of inner classes namely:
- Nested Inner classes
- Local Inner classes
- Annonymous Inner classes
- static inner classes
First I am on with Nested Inner classes :
Following is the code which I am executing :
package com.example.innerclass;
import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.util.Date;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
import javax.swing.Timer;
public class InnerClassTest {
* @param args
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
TalkingClock clock = new TalkingClock(1000,true);
clock.start();
// JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Quit Program");
// System.exit(0);
class TalkingClock
private int interval;
private boolean beep;
public TalkingClock(int interval, boolean beep){
this.interval = interval;
this.beep = beep;
public void start(){
ActionListener listener = new TimePrinter();
Timer t = new Timer(interval,listener);
t.start();
private class TimePrinter implements ActionListener{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){
Date now = new Date();
System.out.println("At the tone time is : "+now);
if(beep)
Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
}Following are my doubts :
1. Why do we need to give the line
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Quit Program");
System.exit(0);without this line the program doesn't show any output.
2. I didn't understand this syntax.
You can write inner object constructor more explicitly using the syntax. :
outerObject.new InnerClass(construction parameters)
For e.g.
ActionListener listener = this.new TimePrinter();
Here the outer class reference of the newly constructed TimePrinter object is set to this reference of the method that creates the inner class object. the this. qualifier is redundant. However, it is also possible to set the outer class reference to another object by explicilty naming it. For e.g if TimePrinter were a public inner class, you could construct a TimePrinter for any talking clock.
TalkingClock jabberer = new TalkingClock(1000,true);
TalkingClock.TimePrinter listener = jabberer.new TimePrinter();
Please do help me understand this concept.
Thanks
SiddharthI have understood that this explanation :
i) assuming that TimePrinter is an inner class of TalkingClock, that you'd need an instance of the later in order to create an instance of the former.Yes.
Being a non-static inner class, it can not be instantiated out of context ... which context is the outer class.No. See my reply 11. The "context" is an instance of the outer class - it bears repeating.
ii) jabberer is the outer instance that you are providing.Yes (more accurately it's a reference to an instance of the outer class, but that would be nit-picking).
The left side is identifying the class, the right side is identifying the instanceNo.
I'm not sure what you're calling left side and right side.
If you're talking about both sides of the equals sign, then no, it's completely wrong.
If you're talking about both sides of the "point" sign, then it's wrong too, just a bit less wrong.
Let's revise this step by step (good thought process).
1. in first line we are getting an outer class reference with this code
TalkingClock jabberer = new TalkingClock(1000,true);
this line is very natural and easily understood. Yes. The correct wording would be merely "we are getting a reference to an instance of the outer class". Sorry to insist densely.
2. Now when we come to the second line, i.e. where we try to instantiate an inner class with this line of code
TalkingClock.TimePrinter listener = jabberer.new TimePrinter();
- I do understand the concept that we need an instance of outer class in order to create an instance of inner class as inner class is visible only to outer class.No. We need an instance of the outer class as the inner class is non-static, and by definition needs an instance of the outer class. That has nothing to do with visibility (public vs private vs...). Again, some words have special meanings in the Java world.
- I also do understand that it cant be instantiated out of context. I see you like this expression, but it is too vague and misleads you. Please forget about it for a moment (no offense to otherwise helpful and knowledgeable abillconsl).
- I also do understand that left side is identifying the class and right side is identifying the instance. ANDAgain I'm afraid of which "sides" you're talking about.
- that in this line TalkingClock.TimePrinter listener = new TalkingClock().new TimePrinter();
the outer class is anonymous (new TalkingClock()) as we don't require its name here Poor choice of words again. Anonymous classes do exist in Java, but are a totally different concept, that is not related to this line.
- Also in this line TalkingClock.TimePrinter listener = jabberer.new TimePrinter();
I understood the left side part i.e. TalkingClock.TimePrinter listener =
We are attaching the outer class reference with the inner class that's absolutely understandable. Not at all!
This just declares a variable listener, whose type is TalkingClock.TimePrinter (or more accurately com.example.innerclass.TalkingClock.TimePrinter).
Then follows an assignment:
WHAT I don't understand is the right hand side, i.e., the statement jabberer.new TimePrinter();
1. I am unable to digest the fact that we can do something like anobject.new
new is an operator that is used to instantiate an instance of an object. I am unable to digest that we can do x.new?See my previous reply. This is short-hand syntax Sun chose to pass a reference to an instance of the outer class (here, jabberer) to the constructor of the inner class. They could have chosen something else. Again, bear with it.
I only know that we can do is new SomeClass(); AND NOT instance.new SomeClass();
Now you know better:
The second form is valid - only if SomeClass is a non-static inner class defined in a class of which instance is an instance.
2. Is there something to this conceptually OR this is only a syntax and that I should learn it.
I want to understand and grasp if there is some concept behind it rather than just learn and mug up. See my previous reply. Each instance of a non-static inner class stores a reference to an instance of the outer class. There must be a way (a syntax) to specify which instance (of the outer class) should be stored in the instance (of the inner class).
This particular syntax is just a syntax, the "concept" is that the instance of the inner class stores a (unmodifiable) reference to the instance of the outer class that was specified when the instance of the inner class was created.
I don't know if that deserves to be called a concept, but that's an interesting thing to keep in mind (there are some not-so-obvious implications in terms of, e.g. garbage collection).
Best regards.
J. -
I ran into the following problems when I tried to read into an inner class:
This is my .jdo file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<jdo>
<package name="com.globalrefund.jdo.mna">
<class name="Parameter$Syspar" objectid-class="SysparId">
<extension vendor-name="kodo" key="table" value="syspar"/>
<extension vendor-name="kodo" key="lock-column" value="none"/>
<extension vendor-name="kodo" key="class-column" value="none"/>
<field name="landescode" primary-key="true">
<extension vendor-name="kodo" key="data-column"
value="landescode"/>
</field>
<field name="waehrungscode">
<extension vendor-name="kodo" key="data-column"
value="waehrungscode"/>
</field>
</class>
</package>
</jdo>
1.) appidtool does not work for this inner class, I get this stack trace
C:\users\Bernhard\jbProject\refundManual>appidtool
src\com\globalrefund\jdo\mna\Parameter$Syspar.jdo
Generating an application id for type "class
com.globalrefund.jdo.mna.Parameter$Syspar"...
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at com.solarmetric.kodo.enhance.ApplicationIdTool.getFile(Unknown
Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.enhance.ApplicationIdTool.writeApplicationId(Unknown
Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.enhance.ApplicationIdTool.writeApplicationId(Unknown
Source)
at com.solarmetric.kodo.enhance.ApplicationIdTool.main(Unknown
Source)
2.) I tried to use a hand coded inner class as ID class, but id did not work
(is this not possible ?)
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError:
com.globalrefund.jdo.mna.Parameter$SysparId: method <init>()V not found
at
com.globalrefund.jdo.mna.Parameter$Syspar.jdoNewObjectIdInstance(Parameter.j
ava)
at
javax.jdo.spi.JDOImplHelper.newObjectIdInstance(JDOImplHelper.java:166)
at com.solarmetric.kodo.util.ObjectIds.fromPKValues(Unknown Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.impl.jdbc.runtime.JDBCStoreManager.createFromResultSet(
Unknown Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.impl.jdbc.runtime.JDBCStoreManager$2.getResultObject(Un
known Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.impl.jdbc.runtime.LazyResultList.instantiateRow(Unknown
Source)
at com.solarmetric.kodo.impl.jdbc.runtime.LazyResultList.get(Unknown
Source)
at java.util.AbstractList$Itr.next(AbstractList.java:416)
at com.solarmetric.kodo.runtime.ResultListIterator.next(Unknown
Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.impl.jdbc.runtime.ResultListFactory.createResultList(Un
known Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.impl.jdbc.runtime.JDBCStoreManager.executeQuery(Unknown
Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.impl.jdbc.runtime.JDBCQuery.executeQuery(Unknown
Source)
at com.solarmetric.kodo.query.QueryImpl.executeWithMap(Unknown
Source)
at com.solarmetric.kodo.query.QueryImpl.execute(Unknown Source)
at
com.solarmetric.kodo.query.QueryImpl$SynchronizedQuery.execute(Unknown
Source)
at com.globalrefund.jdo.mna.Parameter.<init>(Parameter.java:71)
3.) It worked after I moved the ID class into a separate class
Regards,
Bernhard1.) appidtool does not work for this inner class, I get this stack traceThis is a bug. It will be corrected in the final release of 2.3, due out
Real Soon Now. Thanks for catching this!
2.) I tried to use a hand coded inner class as ID class, but id did not work
(is this not possible ?)
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError:
com.globalrefund.jdo.mna.Parameter$SysparId: method <init>()V not foundThis exception is saying that your application ID class does not have a
no-args constructor. Make sure the id class is a static inner class;
otherwise Java transparently adds a parent object parameter to each
constructor, and so the application id class will violoate the JDO constraint
of having a no-args constructor. -
JAXB anonymous complex types and inner interfaces
When JAXB generates interfaces/classes for a schema with nested anonymous complex types, it nests the resultant interfaces/classes. Is there any way to force JAXB to put these nested interfaces/classes at the top level of the package instead?
Note that if I specify a <class> binding, it changes the name of the inner interface/class, but doesn't change the fact that it's nested. It is my understanding that in JAXB Beta specifying a <class> binding for an anonymous complexType would in fact push it to the top level. Was this a bug, or is it a feature missing from 1.0, or am I misinformed about JAXB Beta?
I realize that scope-wise it makes sense to generate nested anonymous complex types as inner classes, however it leads to highly unreadable code when dealing with deeply nested structures. I'm hoping someone knows of a way to workaround this issue without simply redefining the anonymous complex types as named complex types.
Thanks,
-Greg MerrillAccording to sec 4.4 "By default if xml schema component for which java content interface is to be generated is scoped within a complex type then the java content interface should appear nested within the content interface representing the complex type. ".
So I doubt that worked with beta and you may have to represent this anonymous complex type as a named complex type to avoid the nesting.
Regards,
Bhakti -
Private inner class with private constructor
I read that if constructor is public then you need a static method to create the object of that class.
But in the following scenario why I am able to get the object of PrivateStuff whereas it has private constructor.
I am messing with this concept.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t = new Test();
PrivateStuff p = t.new PrivateStuff();
private class PrivateStuff{
private PrivateStuff(){
System.out.println("You stuff is very private");
}A member (class, interface, field, or method) of a reference (class, interface, or array) type or a constructor of a class type is accessible only if the type is accessible and the member or constructor is declared to permit access:
* Otherwise, if the member or constructor is declared private, then access is permitted if and only if it occurs within the body of the top level class (§7.6) that encloses the declaration of the member or constructor. [Java Language Specification|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/names.html#6.6.1]
Your main method is within the body of the top level class, so the type (the inner class) and method are accessible.
eg:
class ImInTheSameSourceFileAsInnerAccessTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InnerAccessTest t = new InnerAccessTest();
InnerAccessTest.PrivateStuff p = t.new PrivateStuff();
public class InnerAccessTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InnerAccessTest t = new InnerAccessTest();
PrivateStuff p = t.new PrivateStuff();
private class PrivateStuff{
private PrivateStuff(){
System.out.println("You stuff is very private");
}Result:
$ javac -d bin src/InnerAccessTest.java
src/InnerAccessTest.java:4: InnerAccessTest.PrivateStuff has private access in InnerAccessTest
InnerAccessTest.PrivateStuff p = t.new PrivateStuff();
^
src/InnerAccessTest.java:4: InnerAccessTest.PrivateStuff has private access in InnerAccessTest
InnerAccessTest.PrivateStuff p = t.new PrivateStuff();
^
2 errors
Edited by: pm_kirkham on 20-Jan-2009 10:54 added example of 'in the same source file' -
What is the relation between main class and inner classes
hi
i want to make a UML design and o want to know how to draw the relation betwwen the main public class and inner classes?
and what is the relation?BaffyOfDaffyA wrote:
Please keep in mind that if you spell better you will get better answers and if you add duke stars you will get better answers and if you mark the thread as a question you will get better answers. That will make it look like you are paying attention and that you really want an answer.
My best answer based on your rather vague question:
A minimal public class in a file named "Minimal.java" in the directory named "minimal":
package minimal;
public class Minimal {
private int variable;
public Minimal(int var) {
variable = var;
public int getVariable() {
return variable;
}This would be an example of adding an inner class:
package minimal;
public class Minimal {
private int variable;
public Minimal(int var) {
variable = var;
public int getVariable() {
return variable;
public class Inner {
private int innerVariable;
public Inner(int var) {
innerVariable = var;
public int getInnerVariable() {
return innerVariable;
}The inner class is exactly like any other inner class except if you are accessing it from anything else other than Minimal then you would have to add Minimal. right before Inner for example, where the Minimal class could use
Inner inner = new Inner(5);other classes would have to use
Minimal.Inner inner = new Minimal.Inner(5);
See [Inner Class Example|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/innerclasses.html] or [Nested Classes|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/nested.html] for more information.
He is probably not asking what an inner class is or how to declare one in raw source code. To me he is asking how do I
explain this relationship in a UML diagram and as UML is not and exact science and expression can vary a lot
between UML design applications I didn't want to stab in the dark.
@OP I would say whatever seems most logical to you and your team, write something that reads. -
Creating Private Inner Classes in Separate Files
I sometimes find myself wanting to use private inner classes to do things, but then moving the classes to separate files and giving them package access just because I don't like having single large files.
Is there a way to create private inner classes on a class but just save them in another file?
Thanks,
JohnFor me, short file sizes usually make design structure
more clear. This can make maintenance easier. It can
also make browsing the code easier, even if you have a
good editor or IDE. It is also less intimadating
psychologically (for me, anyway) to work with a number
of small files, each one with a distinct purpose, than
it is to open up a monster, even if the monster does
represent a coherent design unit in some sense. I
think this psychological impact may be more important
than most people give it credit for.The psychological impact is lessened if you use an IDE like VisualAge (where only one method at a time is generally displayed) or use the "Show Source Of Selected Element Only" option in Eclipse.
It's one thing to say a method should be short and a class should have as few methods as possible. Those forces reduce complexity and ease maintenance. It's another to say a source file should be short. A source file is just a storage artifact; source code could be stored in a database without changing how the programmer interacts with it. The fact that the standard java compiler requires the implementation of nested classes to be stored inside the source file of their containing class is a minor inconvenience. Don't let it discourage you from using inner classes when they make sense. The design should not be driven by source file size considerations.
>
But you have added code only with the sole intent of
making a source file smaller. If Java had amechanism
for storing nested classes in other files youwouldn't
do this. My point below was that you shouldn't let
source file size override the decision to use anested
class.Why shouldn't I let it? There are plenty of
non-trivial benefits (the ones I gave above, for
starters) to working with smaller files.Because all of those benefits can be gained from using a decent IDE. Eclipse is free. It can show only the current method and it can collapse nested classes.
You say "If
Java had a mechanism...." Well, I could answer: It
does have such a mechanism, and that mechanism is
packages.Packages are not a mechanism for creating private inner classes in separate files. Eclipse has a mechanism for making the fact that they reside in the same source file a non-issue.
>>
I am not being cavalier. I have no argument, onlyan
opinion.Again, you are perfectly entitled to your opinion.
But if it is truly an opinion, and nothing more, why
bother telling me about it. You might as well post
your favorite color. It is the reasons for your
opinion that interest me, and you still have not
really given any.I have had lengthy arguments about the issue of method and class size. Like I said before, I prefer very small classes and methods. I also think the number of nested classes should be as small as possible. But I have no problem with large files. Files are just one way to organize source code. The size of the things in the files matters, not the files themselves. -
When we going to use static inner class
Hi
when we r going use static inner class
inner classes use for to create adaptorclasses that implement an interface.
what about Static inner class
if possible give some examples
Thanks in advstatic inner classes are used when the inner class does not require to access the encompassing class's variables/methods. By default non-static inner classes obtain a reference to the outer class instance through which they access the outer class variables and methods
ram.
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