Help sought filtering athe results for an external content type.

I have been using resources like
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/ee557243(v=office.14).aspx to set up an external content type. Then I used resources such as
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/ee558778(v=office.14).aspx to create an external list.
I got the infamous error "Unable to display this Web Part..." that web searches show generally happen when too many results are being returned.
When I set up the Read List operation, I did create a limit filter. The column that has a unique value for each record was selected with a default value of 100. The bits I have read seemed to indicate that would limit the results to 100 records. In
my case, what I was attempting to do should have only returned a few records, so that seemed safe.
Since I am getting the error that people indicate is related to too many records being returned, and I looked using powershell and it seems that the default is 2000 items, the limit filter doesn't appear to be working.
I have read books, web blogs, forum threads and technotes. Unfortunately most of what I have read does not really explain _what_ one is supposed to do in a way that is general. Typically it is all done in terms of some specific example, which perhaps I am
not translating into my specific case appropriately.
Can someone explain the filtering and how the functionality works?
Thank you!

Digging into the ULS logs reveals an odd error. It says:
05/06/2014 07:13:11.93 w3wp.exe (NTSRV45SB:0x1E08)            
0x0F14
SharePoint Foundation         Web Parts                    
89a1 High
Error while executing web part: System.InvalidOperationException: A null value was used as an Identifier value for Entity (External Content Type) with Name 'HPSM External Data Connection' in Namespace 'http://sandbox/sites/it/projects/sm/hpsm_edc'. Null
identifier values are not permitted. Check the data returned from the LobSystem (External System) or the TypeDescriptors for Method with Name 'PROBSUMMARYM1Read List' on Entity with Name 'HPSM External Data Connection' in Namespace 'http://sandbox/sites/it/projects/sm/hpsm_edc'.
---> System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Specified argument was out of the range of valid values.  Parameter name: identifierValues     at Microsoft.BusinessData.Runtime.Identity..ctor(Object[] identifierValues)     at Microso...
532f2966-cc96-4fb8-b0e3-e83b838d2aef
05/06/2014 07:13:11.93* w3wp.exe (NTSRV45SB:0x1E08)            
0x0F14
SharePoint Foundation         Web Parts                    
89a1 High
...ft.SharePoint.BusinessData.Infrastructure.CompositeIdentifier.GetIdentity()     --- End of inner exception stack trace ---     at Microsoft.SharePoint.BusinessData.Infrastructure.CompositeIdentifier.GetIdentity()    
at Microsoft.SharePoint.BusinessData.Runtime.AbstractEntityInstance.GetIdentity()     at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPExternalList.GetBdcIdentityFromEntityInstance(IEntityInstance entinst)     at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPListDataSource.GetFilteredEntityInstancesInternal(XmlDocument
xdQueryView, Boolean fFormatDates, Boolean fUTCToLocal, String firstRowId, Boolean fBackwardsPaging, String& bdcidFirstRow, String& bdcidNextPageRow, List`1& lstColumnNames, Dictionary`2& dictColumnsUsed, List`1& mapRowOrdering, List`1&
lstEntityData)     at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPListDataSource.GetFiltered...
532f2966-cc96-4fb8-b0e3-e83b838d2aef
05/06/2014 07:13:11.93* w3wp.exe (NTSRV45SB:0x1E08)            
0x0F14
SharePoint Foundation         Web Parts                    
89a1 High
...EntityInstances(XmlDocument xdQueryView, Boolean fFormatDates, Boolean fUTCToLocal, String firstRowId, Boolean fBackwardsPaging, String& bdcidFirstRow, String& bdcidNextPageRow, List`1& lstColumnNames, Dictionary`2& dictColumnsUsed,
List`1& mapRowOrdering, List`1& lstEntityData)     at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPListItemCollection.EnsureEntityDataViewAndOrdering(String& bdcidFirstRow, String& bdcidNextPageFirstRow)     at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPListItemCollection.EnsureListItemsData()
    at Microsoft.SharePoint.SPListItemCollection.get_Count()     at Microsoft.SharePoint.WebControls.SPDataSourceView.ExecuteSelect(DataSourceSelectArguments selectArguments, String aggregateString, Boolean wantReturn, BaseXsltListWebPart
webpart, SPListItem& listItem, SPListItemCollection& listItems, String[]& f...
532f2966-cc96-4fb8-b0e3-e83b838d2aef
05/06/2014 07:13:11.93* w3wp.exe (NTSRV45SB:0x1E08)            
0x0F14
SharePoint Foundation         Web Parts                    
89a1 High
...ieldList)     at Microsoft.SharePoint.WebControls.SingleDataSource.GetXPathNavigatorInternal()     at Microsoft.SharePoint.WebControls.SingleDataSource.GetXPathNavigator()     at Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.DataFormWebPart.PrepareAndPerformTransform(Boolean
bDeferExecuteTransform) 532f2966-cc96-4fb8-b0e3-e83b838d2aef
05/06/2014 07:13:11.93 w3wp.exe (NTSRV45SB:0x1E08)            
0x0F14
SharePoint Foundation         Web Parts                    
89a2 High
InnerException 1: System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Specified argument was out of the range of valid values.  Parameter name: identifierValues     at Microsoft.BusinessData.Runtime.Identity..ctor(Object[] identifierValues)    
at Microsoft.SharePoint.BusinessData.Infrastructure.CompositeIdentifier.GetIdentity()
532f2966-cc96-4fb8-b0e3-e83b838d2aef
So I am thinking this may not be a limit problem at all. However, the Read List operation, right now, has only one filter parameter - on a column that I have verified has no null entries. There are a lot of columns - and a lot of rows. So I set up a limit
filter with a default value of 100, which I thought would limit the number of records returned to 100.
Perhaps the real problem is something different and it only manifests itself as a null value?
Does anyone out there have any ideas?

Similar Messages

  • "Access denied by Business Data Connectivity" on trying to connect to SQL server for creating external content type

    I was trying to create external client type but whenever I try to connect to Database server it is showing me error"Access denied by Business Data Connectivity". I have given the Secure Store Target Application ID coorectly and it is setup coorectly.
    In BDC service application I have given myself all the permissions( edit,execute,Selectable in clients,Set Permissions) through set metadata store permission option in it.
    Please suggest what other reason can be there for the error.
    Thanks and Regards
    Gaurav

    Hi Gaurav,
    If you have given your account all permissions through setting metadata store permission, the issue should be resolved.
    For a better trouble shooting , I suggest you do as the followings:
    1. Assign administrators to a Business Data Connectivity service application
    Here is a detailed article for your reference:
    http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff973113.aspx
    2. You can try to recreate a Business Data Connectivity service application to test whether it works.
    http://www.dotnetcurry.com/showarticle.aspx?ID=794
    Best regards,
    Zhengyu Guo
    Zhengyu Guo
    TechNet Community Support

  • Unable to edit ReadItem and ReadList operations on one specific external content type

    I'm experiencing a strange behavior.  Here is the scenario:
    - In Sharepoint Designer I create external content type A that uses external system X
    - I define ReadItem and ReadList operations for this external content type
    - I then create external content B that uses the exact same external system X and define ReadItem and ReadList operations for this external content type
    - I then go back to external content type A, select ReadList and click Edit This Operation
    - I get a message : "This operation cannot be matched with any objects in your data source.  There may be an error in the operation definition in Business Data Connectivity Metadata Store or the data source schema has changed since the operation
    was created"
    - I tried to edit ReadList operation of external content type B and it works with no problems.
    - so I delete the ReadItem and ReadList operations for external content type A, refresh external system X, and then recreate the ReadItem and ReadList operations for external content type A. 
    - When I try to edit the ReadList (or ReadItem) operation I get the same error message and I'm not able to edit this operation.
    This used to work a week or so ago, meaning that I was able to edit the ReadItem and ReadList operations for both external content types.  Now, the operations cannot be edited anymore for external content type A but can be edited with no problems for
    external content type B.  For content type A, if I want to make any changes I have to delete the ReadItem and ReadList operations and recreate them.  Does anybody have any idea as to what the problem might be?  These two external content types
    use the same external system which is a table of employees and project they worked on.  The only difference is that external content type A has a filter by employee ID defined and external content type B has a filter by project ID defined.
    thanks,

    Hi bbatl,
    I did a test as the followigs:
    Open SQL Management Studio, create a table containing a filed called “employee ID” and a filed called “project ID”.
    Add some data into the table.
    Open my site with SharePoint Designer 2010, create a new external content type called TestA.
    Connect the external content type TestA to the table that I created in step 1.
    Create Read Item and Read List operations in the content type. When creating Read List operation, add a filter based on “employee ID”.
    Click Save.
    Create another external content type called TestB
    Connect the external content type TestB to the table which was created in step 1.
    Create Read Item and Read List operations in the content type. When creating Read List operation, add a filter based on “project ID”.
    Click Save.
    Then I went back to edit the Read List operation of external content type TestA via clicking Read List operation under External Content Type operations->Edit Operation.
    No error displayed.
    So, I could not reproduce this issue.
    Whether you got the error when you clicked “Edit Operation” in SharePoint Designer. Please provide a screenshot about this issue.
    Please check whether someone has changed the table special for the column “employee ID”.
    And whether you have created an external list using the problematic external content type. If yes, please check whether it could work well.
    Best Regards,
    Wendy
    Forum Support
    Please remember to mark the replies as answers if they help and unmark them if they provide no help. If you have feedback for TechNet Subscriber Support, contact
    [email protected]
    Wendy Li
    TechNet Community Support

  • External Content Type Page Number Filter

    I have a External Content Type set up on a SQL Server view. My problem is when I use the content type as a external column in a SharePoint list the picker returns more than 200 items. I have tried to add the Page Number filter to allow users to page through
    the items but I cannot get it to work. Is there a way to increase the item limit, or can someone explain how to use the Page Number filter on the Read List operation for a external content type?
    Thanks,

    Regarding increasing the limit, there are two parts. The actual BCS limit in SharePoint which can be increased using a PowerShell command (below), and then there is the web part that lets you select the BCS items. Based on a thread for SP2010, 200 is a hard
    limit for the web part, although you will need to test to see if his limit has changed in SP2013.
    http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff607630(v=office.15).aspx
    http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/sharepoint/en-US/d0d3d0c9-8180-40f6-a886-be08c1a56a24/external-data-column-pick-list-sort-order-and-remove-limit-constraint
    Regarding the Paging, the following thread provides some options (it's for SP2010 but apply for SP2013 as well):
    http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/sharepoint/en-US/6a39ae0d-cd62-4ec4-b346-7f311e8799c6/bcs-filtering-and-paging-under-readlist-method?forum=sharepointdevelopmentprevious
    Dimitri Ayrapetov (MCSE: SharePoint)

  • External content type error: Business Data Connectivity object not found.

    Hello
    I have to change the external database (external system) for an external content type. The database view on the new database is exactly the same as on the old database.
    After changing the external system of the external content type, this happens:
    When I try to add a new item to the list, I get this error under the external data field:
    "Business Data Connectivity object not found. Administrators, see the server log for more information."
    Also, when I try to update the external data field, it is not possible because the buttons are grey.
    When I add a new external data field to the same list, I can use the external content type. For some reason the current external data field doesn't update.
    Any ideas?
    Any help would be much appreciated!

    Have you implemented both ‘Read List’ & ‘Read Item’ operations in your ECT?
    This may be helpful -
    https://sharepointcreations.wordpress.com/2014/03/13/business-data-connectivity-object-not-found/
    Thanks
    Ganesh Jat [My Blog |
    LinkedIn | Twitter ]
    Please click 'Mark As Answer' if a post solves your problem or 'Vote As Helpful' if it was useful.

  • Access issue relating to external content types

    Hi,
    I was recently given permissions in the Central Administration to edit external content types. However, when I open Sharepoint Designer and click on External Content types, I am unable to view the existing external content types that was created by another
    site collection admin. The message I see is "There are no items to show in this view." I have the same permission level as this admin.
    Any suggestion in regards to resolving this?
    Thanks in advance!
    Vidya

    Hi  Vidya,
    For your issue, please confirm below check list:
    Do you have permission to access the Business Data Connectivity Service? You can verify this by trying to open Business Data Connectivity Service management page of Central Administration  in the Browser.
    If you cannot open, please ask permission for yourself from the farm administrator. Reference:
    Business Connectivity Services security overview.
    Do you have Edit , Execute and Selectable In Clients   permissions for the external content type you want to view? If not, please ask permissions for yourself. Reference:
    Set Permissions to External Content Type using PowerShell.
    If the issue persists, please go to Central Administration->Application Management ->Manage services on server,  restart the Business Data Connectivity Service.
    Reference:
    External content types: There are no items to show in this view
    Best Regards,
    Eric
    Eric Tao
    TechNet Community Support

  • How to create external content type in sharepoint for salesforce account

    Can anybody help me on How to create external content type in sharepoint for salesforce account.
    I wanto upload documents to a document library which should sync with accounts in saleforce.
    thanks in advance

    Hi,
    The following materials would be helpful:
    Tutorial: Access Salesforce Leads in SharePoint through an External List
    http://geekswithblogs.net/dataintegration/archive/2014/02/03/tutorial-access-salesforce-leads-in-sharepoint-through-an-external-list.aspx
    Salesforce SharePoint Integration – Best Practices
    http://rainforce.walkme.com/salesforce-sharepoint-integration-best-practices/#.VFxra3mKAeE
    If you want to upload documents to SharePoint document library from the Saleforce, we can also customize your own web service using SharePont .Net Client Object Model or REST to achieve it.
    Best Regards 
    Dennis Guo
    TechNet Community Support

  • SharePoint 2010 Present Wrong Timezone for External List of External Content Type

    External content is hosted on an independent SQL server DB from the SharePoint server. External content lists shows datetime fields 5 hours earlier as opposed to Eastern standard time but Web parts display data correctly.
    Yes, timezones on both servers are correct. Timezones settings in SharePoint have been checked and all appear correct. There are several places for settings. Is there a checklist in case something was missed. Our SharePoint administrator has
    looked for the cause and cannot determine.
    I poured through other blogs and issues with external content and timezone on this site including "External Content Type Saving Dates in UTC".
    Please provide a list for timezone settings such as global settings for a site, collection, external content, SharePoint 2010 designer settings, Central Administration settings, etc.

    Hi Benjamin,
    Please test the following approach for your issue, exporting the BDC Metadata Model from SharePoint Designer and change the normalization to use local time, and let us know the results.
    http://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/91516/timestamp-in-sharepoint-external-content-type-not-matching-value-in-sql-table
    http://www.shillier.com/archive/2010/09/01/why-are-my-date-fields-wrong-in-business-connectivity-servces.aspx
    https://calshare.berkeley.edu/Blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=9
    Thanks
    Daniel Yang
    TechNet Community Support

  • EBS - Electronic Bank Statement Multiple Posting Rule for One External Transaction Type NTRF

    hello SAP Gurus,
    I'm configuring EBS - Electronic Bank Statement. My requirement is for Bank External Transaction Type NTRF <for Incoming Payment> I want to assign 2 posting rules for Posting Area 2 that is Sub-Ledger posting viz. <1> For the payments received from Customer which should clear the Customer Open item since it is bill to bill exactly matching the open line item and <2> For the payments which should not clear the Customer Open item since i know that they are not bill to bill and only partial against the original line item
    Is this possible? if yes then how?
    Currently, SAP allows only one assignment like one external transaction type NTRF => one Posting Rule <either clear the sub-ledger-system picks FB05 or just post on Sub-ledger so that not to clear - system uses FB01 >
    Journal for Posting Area 2:
    Bank Clearing Account Dr
       To Customer Account Cr  <either set this to clear with original invoice / or just post on customer so as to clear/handle it manually later on once paid fully>
    So, what is the solution; how can i differentiate my incoming whether fully payment or partial payment; since bank statement always tag it to external transaction type NTRF always for any incoming payments !
    regards,
    `raj. 

    Hi,
    You cannot create separate rule with sub ledger postings while executing electronic bank reconciliation.The reason is your bill to bill transfers should posted to bank sub ledger account first and then you can write a BDC to clear sub ledger account.Otherwise use F.13 to clear the sub ledger account.
    Regards
    Chrishantha

  • Creating a external content type for Read and Update data from two tables in sqlserver using sharepoint designer

    Hi
    how to create a external content type for  Read and Update data from two tables in  sqlserver using sharepoint designer 2010
    i created a bcs service using centraladministration site
    i have two tables in sqlserver
    1)Employee
    -empno
    -firstname
    -lastname
    2)EmpDepartment
    -empno
    -deptno
    -location
    i want to just create a list to display employee details from two tables
    empid firstname deptno location
    and same time update  in two tables
    adil

    When I try to create an external content type based on a view (AdventureWorks2012.vSalesPerson) - I can display the data in an external list.  When I attempt to edit it, I get an error:
    External List fails when attached to a SQL view        
    Sorry, something went wrong
    Failed to update a list item for this external list based on the Entity (External Content Type) 'SalesForce' in EntityNamespace 'http://xxxxxxxx'. Details: The query against the database caused an error.
    I can edit the view in SQL Manager, so it seems strange that it fails.
    Any advice would be greatly GREATLY appreciated. 
    Thanks,
    Randy

  • Problems when trying to return information for External Content Types in Sharepoint 2013

    This is my first post on the forum, until I tried on this problem but have not found anything.
    When trying to return the information from the external content displays the following error:
    Error retrieving data from mill. Administrators: query the server log for more information.
    I do not know what else to do...

    Hi,
    According to your post, my understanding is that you got an error when tried to return the information from the external content.
    Did the error occur when you created a new external content type or created a external list?
    You can check the steps with the following articles about how to create a external content type.
    http://lightningtools.com/bcs/creating-an-external-content-type-with-sharepoint-designer-2013/
    http://wyldesharepoint.blogspot.in/2012/12/sharepoint-2013-setting-up-external.html
    If the error occurred with the external list, you can check the steps with the following article.
    http://community.bamboosolutions.com/blogs/sharepoint-2013/archive/2013/01/08/how-to-create-external-data-column-in-sharepoint-2013.aspx
    You can also check the event log and ULS log to see if anything unexpected occurred.
    For SharePoint 2013, by default, ULS log is at      
    C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\Web Server Extensions\15\LOGS
    Thanks & Regards,
    Jason
    Jason Guo
    TechNet Community Support

  • ISO help using SharePoint Designer 2010 to create an External Content Types from a table that has many columns

    I am trying to create an external content type for a specific list. The problem is that there are so many columns (more than 200) that I get the error:
    The operation(s) generation creates an SQL query which exceeds the length limit in Business Data
    Connectivity Metadata Store. The operation(s) will not be generated. Recreate
    the operation(s) with less number of columns in the configuration.
    I tried turning off a dozen columns and I am still getting this error. I am nearing the limit of the "extra" columns I can eliminate.
    What is the actual limit on number of columns?
    Thank you.

    Hi,
    From my research, it seems to be the limitation in response TTL and response size. To confirm
    it, would you please check the detailed errors logged in ULS log? <o:p></o:p>
    If you identified the threshold has be reached, you may follow this link to increase
    the threshold according to your business requirement.<o:p></o:p>
    http://blogs.msdn.com/b/bcs/archive/2010/02/16/bcs-powershell-introduction-and-throttle-management.aspx
    Miles LI TechNet Community Support

  • Group by collapsed not working for external content type

    Hi,
    I've got a list that displays data from external content type and I need it to be grouped by a column and have it collapsed by default.
    The problem I have is that on a page by itself everything works fine. But when I add the list on a page with other web parts rendering the list as collapsed doesn't work as expected.
    It will render the group headers correctly and everything is collapsed. But when I expand one of the groups ALL items are shown under that group, even the ones that belong to some other group. I then expand another group and it also shows ALL items. But when
    I set the default to expanded each group header only has the items that belong to it, even if I collapse it and then expand again.
    As I said, having the groups collapsed works fine if the listview is by itself on a web part page, but as soon as I add another web part (doesn't matter what type) it stops working.
    Is this a bug or might there be something I'm doing wrong?

    Hi,
    As this issue is submitted via internal pipeline without external URL can be provided, we will keep focus on it to see if there any update.
    If there is an urgent requirement, I would suggest you call MS Customer Support Services for quick replies:
    http://support.microsoft.com/
    Best regards,
    Patrick
    Patrick Liang
    TechNet Community Support

  • How to create an External Content Type with SQL Stored Procedures Parameters and query it in a SharePoint App

    Hi,
    I'm new to SharePoint 2013 I want to be able to query a MSSQL database from a SharePoint App I have tried to create an External Content Type (ECT) which is produced from a MSSQL stored Procedure, this procedure has several parameters which are needed to
    filter the data correctly.  From here I want to produce an external list which I can then query from a c# SharePoint app.  If I leave the filters in the ECT null then the list is of course empty or if enter a default values the results are limited
    for the app to query so are no good.
    I want to dynamically pass values to the ECT when querying from the app, is this not possible.  Should I just be returning everything in an external list and then letting the query in the app filter the data, this seems inefficient?
    Is this the best way to do this or should I be doing this differently?
    Please can someone point me in the right direction.
    Thanks

    Hi Pandra801,
    When you create a the external content type, please try to add a filter based on your select statement.
    http://arsalkhatri.wordpress.com/2012/01/07/external-list-with-bcs-search-filters-finders/
    Or, try to create a stored procedure based on your select statement, then create ECT using the SQL stored procedure.
    A step by step guide in designing BCS entities by using a SQL stored procedure
    http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sharepointdev/archive/2011/02/10/173-a-step-by-step-guide-in-designing-bcs-entities-by-using-a-sql-stored-procedure.aspx
    I hope this helps.
    Thanks,
    Wendy
    Wendy Li
    TechNet Community Support

  • Get "An Error occurred while retrieving data From ProjectWebApp.." when searching content on an External Content Type

    I have set-up an ECT in SPD2013 on SP2013.  It is a SQL Data source called ProjectWebApp.   I have BCS/SSS set-up.  I can create an ECT OK in SPD.  I can add the ECT to a custom list.
    The problem is when I add a new item in the list the following error message appears in red
    An error occurred while retrieving data from ProjectWebApp. Administrators, see the server log for more information
    I cannot filter or return any results.  There is data in the DB.
    Another test I do is to try and create a new App/List using the "External List" template.  When
    I select the ECT a red message appears "External Content Types are not available".  which is odd since I can add an ECT to a list as mentioned above.
    Any ideas?
    Tx
    Andrew
    Andrew Payze

    Hi Andrew,
    Please try the option Allow unlimited length in document libraries in the column settings:
    http://littletalk.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/external-content-type-an-error-occurred-while-retrieving-data-from-a-system-administrators-see-the-server-log-for-more-information/
    If it doesn't help, please refer to the link below and raise the External content type Read List operation thresholds:
    http://lightningtools.com/bcs/business-connectivity-services-end-user-implications-part-one-threshold-limit-errors/
    Please provide error message in ULS log for further troubleshooting.
    Regards,
    Please remember to mark the replies as answers if they help and unmark them if they provide no help. If you have feedback for TechNet Subscriber Support, contact
    [email protected] .
    Rebecca Tu
    TechNet Community Support

Maybe you are looking for

  • A serious error has occurred when opening project

    This error pops up every time I open a specific project file. I'm working off another editors project file and have created sequences, etc for my own edit. Originally when I moved footage from his sequence to mine it would crash. What I attempted as

  • Problem in placing controls and indicator on imported pictures

    hi. i have a problem in placing controls and indicator on imported pictures on labview front pannel. when i place a control or indicator on imported picture ..the control or indicator don't stay at the top of picture but go behind the picture... kind

  • F110 transaction variants

    Hi Friends, In F110 transaction, is it possible to automatically load the variant into the Printout/data medium tab  once you give the Run date and Identification...? ie for eg: I had given the run date as 12/12/2007 and then I gave the identificatio

  • Auto height div?

    I'm working on a e-commerce template. It has different columns. Problem is Column 1 - nav columns and Column 2 - content can vary in height. I want to put a div around both that will auto size for height if one or the other column pushes it down so t

  • Mixed service ports

    Can anyone tell me how to create a mixed service ports on ASA 8.4(2)? I need to create a service group which has ICMP, TCP ports and also different UDP ports. Normally you would create different service group based on TCP/UDP/TCP-UDP/ICMP/Protocol an