What is difference between abstraction and encapsulation ?

Hi,
I am trying to figure out the difference between abstraction and encapsulation but confused.
Both are used for data hiding then what is the exact difference ?
Thanks.

Tushar-Patel wrote:
I am trying to figure out the difference between abstraction and encapsulation but confused.
Both are used for data hiding then what is the exact difference ?This is the picture I have:
When you encapsulate something you get an inside and an outside. The outside is the abstraction. It describes how the encapsulated entity behaves viewed from the outside. This is also called the type. Hidden inside is the implementation. It holds detail information about how the type's behaviour is accomplished.
It's a very simplified picture but I think it's quite accurate and it works for me.

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cus no
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SQL> Drop Table Sales;
Table dropped.
SQL> Drop Table Accounts;
Table dropped.
SQL> Drop Table Research;
Table dropped.
SQL> Create Table Sales As Select * From Emp;
Table created.
SQL> Create Table Accounts As Select * From Emp;
Table created.
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SQL> Truncate Table Sales;
Table truncated.
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Table truncated.
SQL> Truncate Table Research;
Table truncated.
SQL> Select * From Sales;
no rows selected
SQL> Select * From Accounts;
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no rows selected
SQL> Insert All
2 When Deptno=10 Then
3 Into Sales (Empno,Ename,Job,Mgr,Hiredate,Sal,Comm,DeptNo)
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6 When Deptno=30 Then
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8 Select * From Emp
9 .
SQL> /
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    EMPNO ENAME      JOB             MGR HIREDATE        SAL      COMM    DEPTNO
     7782 CLARK      MANAGER        7839 09-JUN-81       100                  10
     7839 KING       PRESIDENT           17-NOV-81       100                  10
     7934 MILLER     CLERK          7782 23-JAN-82       100                  10
     7999 ABCDEFGH   JOB            7839 09-FEB-06       100         0        10
4 rows selected.
SQL> Select * From Accounts;
    EMPNO ENAME      JOB             MGR HIREDATE        SAL      COMM    DEPTNO
     7901 SMITH      CLERK          7902 17-DEC-80       100                  20
     7566 JONES      MANAGER        7839 02-APR-81       100                  20
     7788 SCOTT      ANALYST        7566 19-APR-87       100                  20
     7876 ADAMS      CLERK          7788 23-MAY-87       100                  20
     7902 FORD       ANALYST        7566 03-DEC-81       100                  20
      123                                                                     20
6 rows selected.
SQL> Select * From Research;
    EMPNO ENAME      JOB             MGR HIREDATE        SAL      COMM    DEPTNO
     7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN       7698 20-FEB-81       100       300        30
     7521 WARD       SALESMAN       7698 22-FEB-81       100       500        30
     7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN       7698 28-SEP-81       100      1400        30
     7698 BLAKE      MANAGER        7839 01-MAY-81       100                  30
     7844 TURNER     SALESMAN       7698 08-SEP-81       100         0        30
     7900 JAMES      MANAGER        7698 03-DEC-81       100                  30
6 rows selected.
SQL> Truncate Table Sales;
Table truncated.
SQL> Truncate Table Accounts;
Table truncated.
SQL> Truncate Table Research;
Table truncated.
SQL> Insert First
2 When Deptno=10 Then
3 Into Sales (Empno,Ename,Job,Mgr,Hiredate,Sal,Comm,DeptNo)
4 When Deptno=20 Then
5 Into Accounts (Empno,Ename,Job,Mgr,Hiredate,Sal,Comm,DeptNo)
6 When Deptno=30 Then
7 Into Research (Empno,Ename,Job,Mgr,Hiredate,Sal,Comm,DeptNo)
8 Select * From Emp
9 /
16 rows created.
SQL> Select * From Sales;
    EMPNO ENAME      JOB             MGR HIREDATE        SAL      COMM    DEPTNO
     7782 CLARK      MANAGER        7839 09-JUN-81       100                  10
     7839 KING       PRESIDENT           17-NOV-81       100                  10
     7934 MILLER     CLERK          7782 23-JAN-82       100                  10
     7999 ABCDEFGH   JOB            7839 09-FEB-06       100         0        10
4 rows selected.
SQL> Select * From Accounts;
    EMPNO ENAME      JOB             MGR HIREDATE        SAL      COMM    DEPTNO
     7901 SMITH      CLERK          7902 17-DEC-80       100                  20
     7566 JONES      MANAGER        7839 02-APR-81       100                  20
     7788 SCOTT      ANALYST        7566 19-APR-87       100                  20
     7876 ADAMS      CLERK          7788 23-MAY-87       100                  20
     7902 FORD       ANALYST        7566 03-DEC-81       100                  20
      123                                                                     20
6 rows selected.
SQL> Select * From Research;
    EMPNO ENAME      JOB             MGR HIREDATE        SAL      COMM    DEPTNO
     7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN       7698 20-FEB-81       100       300        30
     7521 WARD       SALESMAN       7698 22-FEB-81       100       500        30
     7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN       7698 28-SEP-81       100      1400        30
     7698 BLAKE      MANAGER        7839 01-MAY-81       100                  30
     7844 TURNER     SALESMAN       7698 08-SEP-81       100         0        30
     7900 JAMES      MANAGER        7698 03-DEC-81       100                  30
6 rows selected.Both inserting insert the same records then whats the difference between ALL and FIRST clause in multi insert DML
Khurram Siddiqui
[email protected]

Hello
From the docs:
ALL
If you specify ALL, then Oracle evaluates each WHEN clause regardless of the results of the evaluation of any other WHEN clause. For each WHEN clause whose condition evaluates to true, Oracle executes the corresponding INTO clause list.
FIRST
If you specify FIRST, then Oracle evaluates each WHEN clause in the order in which it appears in the statement. For the first WHEN clause that evaluates to true, Oracle executes the corresponding INTO clause and skips subsequent WHEN clauses for the given row.
ELSE clause
For a given row, if no WHEN clause evaluates to true:
* If you have specified an ELSE clause, then Oracle executes the INTO clause list associated with the ELSE clause.
* If you did not specify an else clause, then Oracle takes no action for that row.
See Also:
"Multitable Inserts: Examples"
Restrictions on Multitable Inserts
* You can perform multitable inserts only on tables, not on views or materialized views.
* You cannot perform a multitable insert into a remote table.
* You cannot specify a table collection expression when performing a multitable insert.
* In a multitable insert, all of the insert_into_clauses cannot combine to specify more than 999 target columns.
* Multitable inserts are not parallelized in a Real Application Clusters environment, or if any target table is index organized, or if any target table has a bitmap index defined on it.
* Plan stability is not supported for multitable insert statements.
* The subquery of the multitable insert statement cannot use a sequence.
So given this the following example shows the difference:
SQL> CREATE TABLE dt_test_insert_base as select rownum id from dba_objects where rownum <=20
2 /
Table created.
SQL> CREATE TABLE dt_test_insert_1 (id number)
2 /
Table created.
SQL> CREATE TABLE dt_test_insert_2 (id number)
2 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT ALL
2     WHEN rownum <=15 THEN
3             INTO dt_test_insert_1 (id)
4     WHEN rownum >=10 THEN
5             INTO dt_test_insert_2 (id)
6 SELECT
7     ID
8 FROM
9     dt_test_insert_base
10 /
26 rows created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT * from dt_test_insert_1
2 /
        ID
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6
         7
         8
         9
        10
        11
        12
        13
        14
        15
15 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT * from dt_test_insert_2
2 /
        ID
        10
        11
        12
        13
        14
        15
        16
        17
        18
        19
        20
11 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE dt_test_insert_1
2 /
Table truncated.
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE dt_test_insert_2
2 /
Table truncated.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT FIRST
2     WHEN rownum <=15 THEN
3             INTO dt_test_insert_1 (id)
4     WHEN rownum >=10 THEN --This condition is ignored until the value of id is > 15
5             INTO dt_test_insert_2 (id)
6 SELECT
7     ID
8 FROM
9     dt_test_insert_base
10 /
20 rows created.
SQL> SELECT * from dt_test_insert_1
2 /
        ID
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6
         7
         8
         9
        10
        11
        12
        13
        14
        15
15 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT * from dt_test_insert_2
2 /
        ID
        16
        17
        18
        19
        20HTH
David

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DATA : BEGIN OF t_vbap OCCURS 0,
vbeln1 LIKE vbap-vbeln,
posnr LIKE vbap-posnr,
kwmeng LIKE vbap-kwmeng,
netpr LIKE vbap-netpr,
netwr LIKE vbap-netwr,
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arktx LIKE vbap-arktx,
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vs
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vbeln1 LIKE vbap-vbeln,
posnr LIKE vbap-posnr,
kwmeng LIKE vbap-kwmeng,
netpr LIKE vbap-netpr,
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and vs
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hi,
like -> used for refering existing data elements in data dictionary or in sap
type -> used for refering existing data types in sap.
types: used for creating used defined structure of tables which has fields from more tahn one table.
diff b/w types and type in creation of internal tables is that when u create a table with types then u can use same for work area creation also.
ex:
TYPES : BEGIN OF t_vbap,
vbeln1 LIKE vbeln,
posnr LIKE posnr,
kwmeng LIKE kwmeng,
netpr LIKE netpr,
netwr LIKE netwr,
werks LIKE werks,
matnr LIKE matnr,
arktx LIKE arktx,
END OF t_vbap.
data: itab1 type t_vbap
        wa_itab1 type t_vbap.
when type is used then u have to create a defintion of work area for another time when internal table doesnt have headr line as
ex:
DATA : BEGIN OF t_vbap OCCURS 0,
vbeln1 LIKE vbap-vbeln,
posnr LIKE vbap-posnr,
kwmeng LIKE vbap-kwmeng,
netpr LIKE vbap-netpr,
netwr LIKE vbap-netwr,
werks LIKE vbap-werks,
matnr LIKE vbap-matnr,
arktx LIKE vbap-arktx,
END OF t_vbap.
DATA : BEGIN OF wa_vbap,
vbeln1 LIKE vbap-vbeln,
posnr LIKE vbap-posnr,
kwmeng LIKE vbap-kwmeng,
netpr LIKE vbap-netpr,
netwr LIKE vbap-netwr,
werks LIKE vbap-werks,
matnr LIKE vbap-matnr,
arktx LIKE vbap-arktx,
END OF wa_vbap.
if helpful reward soem points.
with regards,
suresh.

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interface a implements aa{This is illegal. An interface cannot implement another interface. It can only extend another interface.
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