Why does the "open with" function often not recognize valid file extensions

Sample situation: I often need to open JPGs downloaded from the Internet in Photoshop, but I need to keep the default program as Preview.
When I attempt to open the image in PS using the "Open With" function (in the Edit menu), there are often no choices - it's blank, so I need to open it in preview and then save it as a PSD file to quickly open in PS. Other times I will get a list of other installed programs like Excel, and need to scroll down to the "open with another program" button, where I need to manually find the PS application. Of course, I can always open the file from within PS, but why is the Apple option so seemingly arbitrary from one similar file to the next?
There is often no rhyme or reason for the programs it offers me.
This happens with other file extensions, too.
Is this a known bug?

It's up to the applications to declare what types of files they can open. They do so by storing the information in the CFBundleDocumentTypes section of the Info.plist file in the application's .app directory. If you know what you are doing, you can edit the plist file to add your own file types/extensions. Unfortunately, I don't know of a good application to do that for you (but it's not a bad idea for one, if I get the time).

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