Concept of variable-free programming.

Can anyone clearly explain the "concept of variable-free programming",
in Object Oriented Programming with a sample code.
Thank you very much

Google says:
["variable-free programming" found in Google search|http://books.google.com/books?id=Sz4fsW1CMrIC&pg=PA390&lpg=PA390&dq=concept+of+%22variable-free+programming%22&source=bl&ots=k2E1ea0ENf&sig=zl2lsjo5V-bdXuJvaGEhSjStiZw&hl=en&ei=3avVSfT3FKaMtgOxr72sCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#PPA391,M1]
Bottom of page 390 to top of page 391. It's a C# book, but the accessor (getter and setter) concept is certainly used in Java. The whole paragraph could be applied to Java. [Google's book search doesn't let you cut-and-paste the full paragraph, and I don't feel like typing it all myself. ;) ]
Google finds the term elsewhere, too.
That said, I've certainly never heard the term (and, obviously, the other people in the thread haven't heard it, either).

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Trying to understand the basic concept of object oriented programming.

I am trying to understand the basic concept of object oriented programming.
Object - a region of storage that define is defined by both state/behavior.
( An object is the actual thing that behavior affects.)
State - Represented by a set of variables and the values they contain.
(Is the location or movement or action that is the goal that the behavior is trying to accomplish.)
Variables- (What does this mean?)
Value - (What does this mean?)
Behavior - Represented by a set of methods and the logic they implement.
( A set of methods that is built up to tell's the how object to change it's state. )
Methods - A procedure that is executed when an object receives a message.
( A very basic comand.For example the method tells the object to move up, another method tells the method to go left. Thus making the object move up/left that combination is the behavior.)
Class - A template from which the objects are created.
( I am very confused on what classes are.)
- The definitions of the words I obtained from the "Osborne Teach Yourself Java". The () statements are how I interperate the Mechanisms (I do not know if Thats what you call them.) interact with each other. I understand my interpretation may be horribly wrong. I will incredibly appreciate all the support I may get from you.
Thank you

Object oriented programming is a replacement for the older idea of procedural programming (you can research procedural programming in google). As I understand it, in procedural programming, you have a step by step set of function calls to accomplish some task. Each function receives a data structure, manipulates it, and passes it to the next function. The problem with this is that each function preforms some action for the overall task and can't easily be reused by some other task. Its also harder to read the flow of what is happening with raw data structures flying all over the place.
In object oriented programming, an object calls a function of another object and receives back, not a data structure, but another object. Objects contain a data structure that can only be accessed by its functions. An object is not so much a sub component of a bigger task, as it is a service that any other task can use for any purpose. Also, when you pass an object to the caller, the caller can ask questions about the data structure via its functions. The developer doesnt have to know what the previous function did to the data by reading up on any documentation, or having to reverse engineer the code.
I suggest the best way of learning this is to code something like a library object.
A library object contains a collection of book objects
A book object contains a collection of chapter objects
A chapter object contains a collection of paragraph objects
A paragraph object contains a collection of sentence objects
A sentence object contains a collection of word objects.
Add functions to each object to provide a service
Example: A library object should have a:
public void addBook(Book book)
public Book getBook(String title)
public boolean isBookInLibrary(String title)
The key is to add functions to provide a service to anyone who uses your object(s)
For example, what functions (service) should a paragraph object provide?
It shouldn't provide a function that tells how many words there are in a sentence. That function belongs to a sentence object.
Lets say you want to add a new chapter to a book. The task is easy to read
if you write your objects well:
Sentence sentence1=new Sentence("It was a dark and stormy night");
Sentence sentence2=new Sentence("Suddenly, a shot ran out");
Paragraph paragraph=new Paragraph();
paragraph.addSentence(sentence1);
paragraph.addSentence(sentence2);
Paragraphs paragraphs=new Paragraphs();
paragraphs.addParagraph(paragraph);
Library library= new Library();
library.getBook("My Novel").addChapter("Chapter 1",paragraphs).
Now, lets say you want to have a word count for the entire book.
The book should ask each chapter how many words it contains.
Each chapter should ask its paragraphs, each paragraph should ask
its sentences. The total of words should ripple up and be tallied at each
stage until it reaches the book. The book can then report the total.
Only the sentence object actually counts words. The other objects just tallies the counts.
Now, where would you assign a librarian? What object(s) and functions would you provide?
If written well, the project is easily extensible.

Event Handling for free programmed search help bond dynamically in SO

Dear Expert,
I met a problem of how to handle an event raised by a free programmed search help - (F4), and this F4 is invoked
by a field defined in a Selection Option component (WDR_SELECT_OPTIONS) - SO.
The scenario is that I would like to update the SO after the user multiple select some entries in the F4. I could tranfer
back all the value chosen in the F4 to the consumer SO, but I can not update the icon in the SO(e.g in SO, multiple values will be
displayed with a green arrow icon), because I could not define a handler in SAP standard component SO, and it looks like there is no chance to catch the event triggered at the end of selection in F4. (this event belonged to this F4)
Welcome any suggestions or ideas, Thanks very very much.
In Addition, I use this way to enable the F4 for SO
lo_so_component->create_cmp_usage_group(
name = 'F4_TRANSPORT'
used_component = 'ZTRANSPORT').

thanks all

Concept of object oriented programming

does anyone have notes on concepts of object oriented programming language (Encapsulation,polymorphism,messages,class,inheritance and all that) i tried to find them but i only got definitions for them but i want advantages and disadvantages of concepts also plz can anyone help me

You want the advantages/disadvantages.. hard to find... i got some notes on OO concepts.. u want? Please send me a email to [email protected].. will post it on geocities with the link once u send me the email

Free Programmed Search Help Question

I want to use the free programmed search help interface to make
my own search help.
But the problem is, I want to embed SAP's search help into my own
search help.How can I do that?
Thank you.

Hi,
I had the same requirement and so I used Dictionary search help.
In this you have to attach dictionary search help as inpute mode for paricular
context node.
e.g. If you want to attach a F4 help for vendor number, then goto attribute of that particular node and search for your attribute. Now click on vendor and change the properties of the same attribute as input help mode will be changed as
'Dictionary search help' and put your own created search help name in the
'Dictionary search help' tab. Also you can use standard search help name if you know as 'Dictionary search help '.
Also there is another way to handle the same.
In this blog you can find a solution with select options and custom F4
/people/koen.labie2/blog/2006/11/17/custom-f4-functionality-in-webdynpro-for-abap
Hope I have solved your problem.
Cheers,
Darshna.

Is there any free programs to transfer music to a windows 7 pc?

Hi, does anybody know of a free program or way to transfer all my music from my ipod onto my computer, or to my itunes library? I know there are programs to do this but I can not find one to transfer all 1095 songs I have.

Your i-device was not designed for unique storage of your media. It is not a backup device and media transfer is designed with you maintaining a master copy of your media on a computer which is itself properly backed up against loss. Syncing is one way, computer to device, updating the device content to the content on the computer, not updating or restoring content on a computer. The exception is purchased content.
iTunes Store: Transferring purchases from your iOS device or iPod to a computer - http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1848 - only media purchased from iTunes Store
For transferring other items from an i-device to a computer you will have to use third party commercial software. Examples (check the web for others; this is not an exhaustive listing, nor do I have any idea if they are any good):
- Senuti - http://www.fadingred.com/senuti/
- Phoneview - http://www.ecamm.com/mac/phoneview/
- MusicRescue - http://www.kennettnet.co.uk/products/musicrescue/ - Mac & Windows
- Sharepod (free) - http://download.cnet.com/SharePod/3000-2141_4-10794489.html?tag=mncol;2 - Windows
- Snowfox/iMedia - http://www.mac-videoconverter.com/imedia-transfer-mac.html - Mac & PC
- Yamipod (free) - http://www.yamipod.com/main/modules/downloads/ - PC, Linux, Mac [Still updated for use on newer devices? No edits to site since 2010.]
- 2010 Post by Zevoneer: iPod media recovery options - https://discussions.apple.com/message/11624224 - this is an older post and many of the links are also for old posts, so bear this in mind when reading them.
Syncing to a "New" Computer or replacing a "crashed" Hard Drive - https://discussions.apple.com/docs/DOC-3141 - dates from 2008 and some outdated information now.
Copying Content from your iPod to your Computer - The Definitive Guide - http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/copying-music-from-ipod-to-co mputer/ - Information about use in disk mode pertains only to older model iPods.
Get Your Music Off of Your iPod - http://howto.wired.com/wiki/Get_Your_Music_Off_of_Your_iPod - I am not sure but this may only work with some models and not newer Touch, iPhone, or iPad.
Additional information here https://discussions.apple.com/message/18324797

What is the best free program to burn mp4 to dvd w/o watermark?

what is the best free program to burn mp4 to dvd w/o watermark?

Terrabay:
I prefer iDVD for image quality of the final slideshow but you can't have KB effect and can only have one type of transition per slideshow. You can have text and music, however. For what you want to do I agree with Terence that PhototoMovie is probably your best bet. It produces some fine quality movie clips. I only used it once quite a while ago so can't make a judgement on if it's easier than iMovie.
Do you Twango?
TIP: For insurance against the iPhoto database corruption that many users have experienced I recommend making a backup copy of the Library6.iPhoto database file and keep it current. If problems crop up where iPhoto suddenly can't see any photos or thinks there are no photos in the library, replacing the working Library6.iPhoto file with the backup will often get the library back. By keeping it current I mean backup after each import and/or any serious editing or work on books, slideshows, calendars, cards, etc. That insures that if a problem pops up and you do need to replace the database file, you'll retain all those efforts. It doesn't take long to make the backup and it's good insurance.

HT201304 Dear what kind of free program can i get from the Apple on line store and i tunes?

Dear gent.
kindly i would like to get a dvice how can i get the free program either Apple on line store or I tunes?
Best Regards,

There are many free Apps. DO a search for them on the app store.

Looking for free programs..

I was wondering what free programs there are for Macs for graphic design & uhh typing.
Like how PC's come with paint and word... my mac only came with free trials and I don't want to pay like 50 dollars for word and 500 for photoshop.
Can anyone help me out? I've been having to go and use my old PC to type reports and edit pictures and stuff (I use Paint shop pro x)
Is there anyway I can get PSPX onto this mac? I paid for it..
I'm kinda lost on what to do....

Hi k4thrynn,
There's a lot out there.
Have a google search and also search these discussions pages and you'll find lots of good advice regarding good third party Mac free and shareware, including graphics and word processing. Also, try the Apple website and do a search here: http://guide.apple.com/index.lasso (example: http://guide.apple.com/uscategories/video.lasso)
If you have a Macbook or Intel Mac you'll need "Universal" applications to have them run natively. For apps that are not Universal binarires, be sure to set the Installer in Utilities to "open using Rosetta" before you download it (and uncheck that option again after the app is successfully installed.)
Just as one example, you can find some useful apps here:
http://www.eskimo.com/~pristine/
For image editing, I find GIMP to be the best (though there is a heavy learning curve – you'll want to google around for a manual). Also, for shareware, there is GrahicConverter:
http://www.lemkesoft.com/xd/public/content/index.cGlkPTE5Mw.html
GIMP: http://www.gimp.org/macintosh/
Good luck!
Rhys

Free program that I can download that will let me change pixel colors in a photo or image

I not sure what community and category I should put this in, but I am looking for a free program that will let me manipulate the color of pixels in a photo or image. Any suggestions? Thanks Randall

Software Mac OS X Lion 10.7.5 (11G63)
Memory 3 GB 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM
Processor 2.16 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo

HT2534 If I want to carry something Apple does not agree to download course programs that money, free programs I have no problems, knowing I had the Master Card

If I want to carry something Apple does not agree to download course programs that money, free programs I have no problems, knowing I had the Master Card

Sorry, but your post as phrased makes little sense. You may wish to try posting in your native language.
Regards.

What is the best program to use on Mac for editing, cropping photos from my computer. Looking for a free program that is good.

What is the best program to use on Mac for editing, cropping photos from my computer. Looking for a free program that is good.

If your needs are limited to those tasks then both Preview and iPhoto will fit the bill They are already on your Mac. There is a free download from Google called Picasa available here:
http://picasa.google.com/
It works much the in same manner as iPhoto. For some really heavy duty work there is GIMP available from SourceForge:
http://www.gimp.org/macintosh/ Also a free download.
Message was edited by: kennethfromtoronto

How can I install free program

How can I install free program to my I pad

You can only install Apps / programs from the App Store App.
You cannot download from the web and install through safari or anything else.
Also only Apps designed to run on iOS (The operating system on iPads and iPhones) can be installed.
Where is this program located???

Very useful FREE program

Hi all,
Thought this might be useful to some of you after reading one or two posts.
You are doing something or other and a notice pops up like "Unable to do this, that, or the other, as file is locked/In use or whatever," but it doesn't say WHICH process or action is locking the damn thing.
Download a little FREE program from mst-Software called "mst IsUsedBy". It's on:
http://www.mstsoftware.com/
Next time you come up against this problem just start the program and it will open a small window on the display. Drag the item in question onto the window, and after a short pause it will tell you which program or process is using (thus locking) the item in question.
Just remember though that it will only come up with an answer if the item is active when you actually drag it to the window.
It doesn't move or change the item you drag, just gets the info about what it is.
There's a couple of other useful free programs on the site as well.
Regards,

Addendum.
For those, like me, whose intellectual light glows a little dimmer than others and find the window annoyingly disappears when trying to drag something onto it:-
Click on the little thumb-tack icon on the top left of the small window and it will fix it while you use it.
To undo that just click it again.
Regards,

My mac is infected with viruses, Safari can not normally search for constantly appear commercials and some unknown site. What to do? antivirus free program that you recommend?

my mac is infected with viruses, Safari can not normally search for constantly appear commercials and some unknown site. What to do? antivirus free program that you recommend?

You may have installed the "VSearch" trojan, perhaps under a different name. Remove it as follows.
Malware is constantly changing to get around the defenses against it. The instructions in this comment are valid as of now, as far as I know. They won't necessarily be valid in the future. Anyone finding this comment a few days or more after it was posted should look for more recent discussions or start a new one.
Back up all data before proceeding.
Step 1
From the Safari menu bar, select
          Safari ▹ Preferences... ▹ Extensions
Uninstall any extensions you don't know you need, including any that have the word "Spigot," "Trovi," or "Conduit" in the description. If in doubt, uninstall all extensions. Do the equivalent for the Firefox and Chrome browsers, if you use either of those.
Reset the home page and default search engine in all the browsers, if it was changed.
Step 2
Triple-click anywhere in the line below on this page to select it:
/Library/LaunchAgents/com.vsearch.agent.plist
Right-click or control-click the line and select
          Services ▹ Reveal in Finder (or just Reveal)
from the contextual menu.* A folder should open with an item named "com.vsearch.agent.plist" selected. Drag the selected item to the Trash. You may be prompted for your administrator login password.
Repeat with each of these lines:
/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.vsearch.daemon.plist
/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.vsearch.helper.plist
/Library/LaunchDaemons/Jack.plist
Restart the computer and empty the Trash. Then delete the following items in the same way:
/Library/Application Support/VSearch
/Library/PrivilegedHelperTools/Jack
/System/Library/Frameworks/VSearch.framework
~/Library/Internet Plug-Ins/ConduitNPAPIPlugin.plugin
Some of these items may be absent, in which case you'll get a message that the file can't be found. Skip that item and go on to the next one.
This trojan is distributed on illegal websites that traffic in pirated content. If you, or anyone else who uses the computer, visit such sites and follow prompts to install software, you can expect much worse to happen in the future.
You may be wondering why you didn't get a warning from Gatekeeper about installing software from an unknown developer, as you should have. The reason is that this Internet criminal has a codesigning certificate issued by Apple, which causes Gatekeeper to give the installer a pass. Apple could revoke the certificate, but as of this writing, has not done so, even though it's aware of the problem. This failure of oversight has compromised both Gatekeeper and the Developer ID program. You can't rely on Gatekeeper alone to protect you from harmful software.
*If you don't see the contextual menu item, copy the selected text to the Clipboard by pressing the key combination command-C. In the Finder, select
          Go ▹ Go to Folder...
from the menu bar and paste into the box that opens by pressing command-V. You won't see what you pasted because a line break is included. Press return.

Concept of variable-free programming.

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