Contract and defensive programming
I'm exploring the differences between Contract and Defensive programming. I'm seeking any comments from the community on the subject of these two apparently opposing paradigms. (Or am I wrong? Do they oppose?)
Contract Programming, or Design by contract, is a programming paradigm whereby classes define their behavior and interplay by "contracts" which are defined in terms of pre-conditions, post conditions and class invariants. In this paradigm, the code must "fail hard", and resist verifying that the contract conditions are met.
Defensive programming is an opposite strategy. In this paradigm, the assumption is made that the pre conditions of a method call ought to be tested within the method for assurance. This can lead to extra development and a potential veiling of errors elsewhere, such was where and how the call is made.
My question is, which of these is the preferred method, or ideology of development and why?
Thanks for any feedback and links to external sources which may be helpful.
Just asking a clarifying question:
I'm not sure of the difference between the 2, and my understanding is Java doesn't 'directly' support Design by Contract. I have only
seen this in Eiffel (in school), but my question, aren't manually coded 'precondition checks' the way to support Design by Contract in Java?
lance.walton wrote>
<The important difference, which you've kind of alluded to, is that defensive programming tries to consider what contract violations might occur and provide <strategies for dealing with this. The result is more code that will ideally never be executed. This clutters the intent of what you're trying to achieve as well <as probably introduce more defects because of the clutter. It also suggests that the client code might make mistakes that you can help it with.
<
<Even if you don't do Design by Contract (hard to do properly in Java), I would not do defensive programming. It allows sloppy client code, and that <allowance then has to be maintained, which will get harder and harder as your code evolves until you start talking about a rewrite because it's such a <mess.
If you want to protect yourself against poor client code, use precondition checks.
Similar Messages
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Defensive programming vs exception handling
Hi
im new to java programming and having problems getting my head around defensive programming vs exception handling.
i've read in my uni books about design by contract and the idea of defensive programming but im having problems with it.
so say i write the code.
String container = //some value
if (container.equals.("")) // so if i am looking for a value and find a empty String
throw new // a custom exception i have made for this error.
else
//do whatever i had planned with a non-empty String
}is this Defensive programming or exception handling. Or am i complete of base.
thanksjverd wrote:
JustSomeGuy wrote:
Don't fall into the trap of saying "Meh, the exception will handle it". If you can forsee something easily being a problem, and it can be controlled, then control it. Save the exception handling for those things you don't forsee and those you can't control. I disagree. Or at least, I disagree with what I think you're saying.
For instance, if null is not a valid argument, then document it, and don't waste code defending against it. Either throw an explicit IllegalArgumentException, or let the NPE be thrown.
And absolutely under no circumstances should you ever write code that will deliberately lead to an exception, Eh? If an exceptional condition occurs, you should delibrately throw an exception. Consider if you will the following code snippet
import java.io.*;
class ExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException {
if (args.length == 0) {
System.out.println("Must give filename as first arg.");
return;
FileInputStream in;
try {
in = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("Can't find file: " + args[0]);
return;
int ch;
while ((ch = in.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char) ch);
System.out.println();
in.close();
} What I was saying in the first part is shown with the following part of the above code
if (args.length == 0) {
System.out.println("Must give filename as first arg.");
return;
} Would the exception handler that follows this peice of code have taken care of that? Sure! Would it be the best choice to just let the exception handler do it? No way no how!
It is easy to forsee someone forgetting or not realizing they need to add the filename as an arg and it can be controlled, so in this and most cases just like it the best choice is to either inform the user with a more specific statement than could be used in the exceptionhandler and do nothing or fix it yourself like for instance by using a default filename.
What I meant by deliberately throwing an exception can be illustrated with this small portion of my code above
int ch;
while ((ch = in.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char) ch);
} A -1 to mark the EOF is expected and reaching the EOF is expected. There is absolutely nothing abnormal about this, so it should not be handled by an exception. But far to often I have seen novice and especially "think they know it all novices" use an exception in place of exactly this. They know the file will end, they know they must do something about that, but instead of doing it right they just set it up so an exception will be thrown and they can just handle it in the exceptionhandler. This is what I meant by deliberately throwing exceptions, in that an exception must be thrown in order for their program to work as intended. Bad, very bad.
Now that I have provided an example and further clarified my position do you still disagree? I can't imagine you would, so if you do I would be very interested in getting some further insight into your reasoning.
JSG -
I'm looking for an app that will allow me to upload my contracts and forms to my iPad, fill in a customer's personal information, sign them, save them and email them. I looked at easySign, Filemaker, FM Touch, Sign Docs, Zosh, Exzact, Mi-Co
FormConnect (http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/formconnect/id432653695?mt=8&ls=1) can handle the filling out, signing, saving and emailing the contracts/forms but uploading the contract and the form is going to be a challenge because you’re dealing with paper documents that have to be scanned. If you can convert the scanned documents into an OCR program, you might be able to copy and paste the contract without having to retype it but the form itself is probably going to have to be recreated. Alternatively, you could use a document annotation program such as iAnnotate and mark up the contract with ink.
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How to link Sales Order with Service Contract and then with Install Base?
Hi Friends,
1) I would like to know the integeration process from sales order to Service Contract and then with Install Base.
2) I couldn't see anything enabled in Service Tab in Order Lines, its grayed out. Is there any set up/profile option to get it enabled?
3) How can we create AR invoice from Service Contract?
Please let me know if anyone has idea on this.
Thanks in Adavance,
VaraDear Sid,
Thanks for your promt response.
Let me explain you what I did.
1) I have booked a Bill Only sales order which has one order line, mentioned it as Service Item and provided the same details in Service Tab in Order lines. Now Line status is "Fulfilled"
2) Then Submitted Workflow Back Ground Process for OM Order Lines and it has created an AR Invoice and closed the line
3) And then submitted "Service Contracts Order Capture Integration Program" from SErvice Contracts Responsibility and it completed normal.
4) Now I went in to Launch Contracts Window and queried with the sales order but couldn't see any contract created
5) Then I went in to Reprocess Order Window and found this order shows an error message as "Referenced Product not present in the Installed Base", then I tried to reprocessed it, but the same error message again.
Here I have few doubts:
1) Are the AR invoice and Service Contract Billing Invoices same?
2) In above scenario AR Invoice has been created, I would like to do the billing from SErvice Contracts and need to create an Invoice in AR? how can I do that?
because as you explained in one of my questions earlier, A Single Invoice can be created for the whole duration of the contract. I want to do that and trying for the same.
3) Regarding the above error message, how can I resolve it and create the service contract against that Order?
Thank you so much for your helpful answers.
Regards,
Vara -
Error: Check that sender and reciever has same contract and the same bindin
Hi,
I created a client proxy for a dot net web service. Configured logical port in soamanager tcode. Then tested the client proxy using the report program. It gives an error response like this:
- <s:Envelope xmlns:s="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
- <s:Body>
- <s:Fault>
<faultcode xmlns:a="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2005/05/addressing/none">a:ActionNotSupported</faultcode>
<faultstring xml:lang="en-US">The message with Action 'http://tempuri.org/GetData' cannot be processed at the receiver,
due to a ContractFilter mismatch at the EndpointDispatcher. This may be because of either a contract mismatch (mismatched
Actions between sender and receiver) or a binding/security mismatch between the sender and the receiver. Check that sender
and receiver have the same contract and the same binding (including security requirements, e.g. Message, Transport,
None).</faultstring>
</s:Fault>
</s:Body>
</s:Envelope>
I recorded the request/response in SICF tcode. I took the request that is recorded there in SOAP UI tester, I get the correct response there. Only when i run the client proxy from SAP it gives the above error.
it would be great if any one has solved this before.
thanks in advance.
Regards,
Suresh.Hi Selva,
Depending the ECC version you're on & the SP level, SAP note 1229690 resolves this problem.
Regards, Trevor -
SD Customer Contract and MM Purchase Contract
Good day
I need to know if anyone has a solution on forming a relationship between these documents, and be able to report at item level for example Item x bought at $10 in the Purchase contract and sold at $15 in the Sales Contract. We need to form such a relationship between these contracts so we can report and compare line items.
Regards,
IggyI had similar requirement and used Purchase Order Header field 'Collective No' EKKO-SUBMI and put the Contract number in there. Then I used BADI ME_PROCESS_PO_CUST to do the budget check. I configured a new Contract Doc type and New PO Document type (with field selection requiring entry for EKKO-SUBMI) to provide more control. You will also want to create a custom report that lists the run rate/burn of the contract.
Other considerations
1) When the check fails, do you want error or warning ? we programmed it to be changeable via a ztable entry.
2) do you want to do any date checking of the PO header date(s) and the Contract validity date ?
3) do you want to check / verfiy the Purchasing organization of the Contract vs the PO ?
Sorry its late ! -
Is "TuneupMyMac" a good and safe program to use?
Is "TuneupMyMac" a good and safe program to use?
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If storage space is running low, use a tool such as the free application OmniDiskSweeper to explore your volume and find out what's taking up the most space. Move rarely-used large files to secondary storage.
6. Relax, don’t do it. Besides the above, no routine maintenance is necessary or beneficial for the vast majority of users; specifically not “cleaning caches,” “zapping the PRAM,” "resetting the SMC," “rebuilding the directory,” "defragmenting the drive," “running periodic scripts,” “dumping logs,” "deleting temp files," “scanning for viruses,” "purging memory," "checking for bad blocks," or “repairing permissions.” Such measures are either completely pointless or are useful only for solving problems, not for prevention.
The very height of futility is running an expensive third-party application called “Disk Warrior” when nothing is wrong, or even when something is wrong and you have backups, which you must have. Disk Warrior is a data-salvage tool, not a maintenance tool, and you will never need it if your backups are adequate. Don’t waste money on it or anything like it. -
Uninstall PC Theft Defense Program????
Hi, I just bought this new Sony Laptop from Best Buy and installed the program PC Theft Defense program that gives you 3 years of free service in case your Laptop is stolen. Well after installing it I realized that it wasn't something that I needed as i am disabled with a back injury and the laptop never leaves my house/side so there would be no way it could be stolen.
The reason I am writing is because the icon keeps coming up where the clock is on the right and when I tried uninstalling it from the Control Panel there is "no option to uninstall" it like all the other programs that are in my Laptop. I deleted the programs off my C:/ drive but it keeps coming up and showing in the icon area, I know I can shut it off so it doesn't show in there but it will still be starting, at least this way I can exit it when I start my Laptop so it doesn't use up resources that don't need to be.
So is there a way to remove this software somehow?? I'd hate to have to bring it in to Best Buy for them to remove if there is an easy out for me. I went to the PC Theft site and signed in and it said there are no computers set up for this service so I think I cancelled it somehow the right way just want it off my Laptop. Thanks, Jimharleynh wrote:
Hi, I just bought this new Sony Laptop from Best Buy and installed the program PC Theft Defense program that gives you 3 years of free service in case your Laptop is stolen. Well after installing it I realized that it wasn't something that I needed as i am disabled with a back injury and the laptop never leaves my house/side so there would be no way it could be stolen.
The reason I am writing is because the icon keeps coming up where the clock is on the right and when I tried uninstalling it from the Control Panel there is "no option to uninstall" it like all the other programs that are in my Laptop. I deleted the programs off my C:/ drive but it keeps coming up and showing in the icon area, I know I can shut it off so it doesn't show in there but it will still be starting, at least this way I can exit it when I start my Laptop so it doesn't use up resources that don't need to be.
So is there a way to remove this software somehow?? I'd hate to have to bring it in to Best Buy for them to remove if there is an easy out for me. I went to the PC Theft site and signed in and it said there are no computers set up for this service so I think I cancelled it somehow the right way just want it off my Laptop. Thanks, Jim
I wonder if its controlled on a BIOS level... If disabled in the BIOS the software won't react no more?
*******DISCLAIMER********
I am not an employee of BBY in any shape or form. All information presented in my replies or postings is my own opinion. It is up to you , the end user to determine the ultimate validity of any information presented on these forums. -
Hi,
I wondered if I am a naturally talented software tester, because on trying some random software I easily find ways to make it segfault.
Two examples from today include rosegarden and kazehakase.
rosegarden, default configuration:
Start it, doubleclick on the first measure, choose menu "segment" -> "new layer", click the undo button, enjoy segfault.
kazehakase, default configuration:
Start it, choose menu "view" -> "ui level" -> "medium" or "expert", choose menu "view" -> "view page source" while no tab is open (as it is with default config on first start), enjoy segfault.
So first kazehakase: Yes, I know it is a very early version. But I can live with missing functionality like "view page source" doing nothing. The problem is crashing on issueing such command. Without looking at the code I bet this is a null pointer (because there is no page displayed) of which the developer thought "oh, this probably won't ever be null".
Next is rosegarden which wants to be "professional".
I believe this bug with "undo" to be similar to the one in kolourpaint (start kolourpaint, choose text tool and write a letter, press strg+a, strg+z, this should be fixed, but at least now not in the repos.). Maybe it's a problem in qt in general or a problem with implementing "undo" in general. I don't care.
When implementing an undo function I would be EXTREMELY careful to what happens in this functions.
You have to be ready to undo ANYTHING that the user can possibly do in your program which is hell of a lot.
In these programs people apparently didn't use defensive programming: I can see the programmer sitting there and think about how to undo several things but not how to handle something coming into his undo function that it cannot undo.
I also believe plasma from KDE to crash so much instead of displaying an error message because of that.
The question I ask myself is: Why do I see so many segfaults and so few error messages?
Is it time for a kernel API to inform the application that it segfaulted and give it a chance to recover, maybe even with user intervention?
Last edited by Cdh (2010-06-27 20:43:51)bernarcher wrote:
I think defensive programming, even "simple" exception handling, never was widely used. It is by no means trivial and tends to bloat the code, esp. in languages with no exception handling mechanisms built in, like C for instance.
Even using languages which do provide fairly good mechanisms for exception handling (like e.g. Eiffel, or D) it is difficult to catch edge cases in a meaningful way (other than simply finishing program execution). More often than not exceptions do not occur locally to the program part which really needs to handle the situation. And if they do they lead to more or less combinatorial explosion if not thoroughly planned. Thus, making a programm foolproof from start as "defensive programming" mandates is a tremendous effort (and not overly exciting to do).
Even if you try to handle system signals, things tend to be involved and complicated. Just have a look at theSignal Concepts in the Open Group Base Specification. Or have a look at man signal and related man pages.
This is not to state defensive programming to be fruitless. But the efforts in time (and money) are most often not taken. You can't easily show built-in defenses. Being able to get a program "just running" and showing some effects appears far more exciting.
It is like thorough testing (beyond running a unit test suite), and documenting (both software and user sides) - most desirable, but not many want to really do the works.
Well said. I can't really elaborate on this but I'd have to wholeheartedly agree.
(Sorry I can't elaborate I whenever i'm coding something thats one of the few things I try to look out for).
Last edited by Ari'osika (2010-06-28 09:49:05) -
Ipod not recognized by windows and causes programs to crash
for some reason my ipod is acting weird. the other day it froze an so i restored it and it was working fine. now i connected it to my firewire (my ipod is a click wheel one) and when i hooked it up to my firewire to update on itunes, i noticed that like all of my windows that were open started to freeze including itunes. when i disconnected the ipod everything works fine. and now i cant restore the ipod because its not recognized by my computer. i put it in disk mode but when i hook it up to the firewire, it doesnt show on my computer and my programs freeze.
can someone please help me. i couldnt try the 5 r's or whatever because the ipod freezes when connected. and i tried http://discussions.apple.com/thread.jspa?threadID=461952&tstart=75
but it didint work cuz i waited like 10 minutes after hooking up my ipod and it stil was not being recognized.
please please help me someone
custom Windows XPthanks for the info guys, ive never used my ipod on a mac (not that im aware of) and i would try using the usb but my computer does not have that 2.0 high speed usb thing so im forced to use the firewire. its weird cuz yesterday i uninstalled itunes and the ipod and when i installed everything, my computer recognized the ipod and it updated but now its doing the same thing again. dont nkow what the problem is? u guys think its the firewire?
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What is difference between report programming and dialog programming?
hi,
what is difference between report programming and dialog programming? plz provide some example code
byeABAP programming
Basically reports are used to read database and represent the results in lists.
Reports are collections of processing blocks that the system calls depending on events.
We can use reports to evaluate data from database tables.
Reports are stand alone programs and controlled by events.
A report itself never creates events
steps in report:
Processing the selection screen
Reading the database
Evaluating the data and creating lists
Outputting a list.
1st u write simple logics, after that u can enhance the code as step by step.
http://venus.imp.mx/hilario/Libros/TeachYrslfAbap4/index.htm
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_47x200/helpdata/en/d1/802cfc454211d189710000e8322d00/frameset.htm
http://www.sapdev.co.uk/reporting/reportinghome.htm
Dialog Programming
Structure of a Dialog Program
A dialog program consists of the following basic components:
Screens (dynpros)
Each dialog in an SAP system is controlled by dynpros. A dynpro (DYnamic PROgram) consists of a screen and its flow logic and controls exactly one dialog step. The flow logic determines which processing takes place before displaying the screen (PBO-Process Before Output) and after receiving the entries the user made on the screen (PAI-Process After Input).
The screen layout fixed in the Screen Painter determines the positions of input/output fields, text fields, and graphical elements such as radio buttons and checkboxes. In addition, the Menu Painter allows to store menus, icons, pushbuttons, and function keys in one or more GUI statuses. Dynpros and GUI statuses refer to the ABAP/4 program that control the sequence of the dynpros and GUI statuses at runtime.
ABAP/4 module pool
Each dynpro refers to exactly one ABAP/4 dialog program. Such a dialog program is also called a module pool, since it consists of interactive modules. The flow logic of a dynpro contains calls of modules from the corresponding module pool. Interactive modules called at the PBO event are used to prepare the screen template in accordance to the context, for example by setting field contents or by suppressing fields from the display that are not needed. Interactive modules called at the PAI event are used to check the user input and to trigger appropriate dialog steps, such as the update task.
All dynpros to be called from within one transaction refer to a common module pool. The dynpros of a module pool are numbered. By default, the system stores for each dynpro the dynpro to be displayed next. This dynpro sequence or chain can be linear as well as cyclic. From within a dynpro chain, you can even call another dynpro chain and, after processing it, return to the original chain.
Check this link for basics.
http://sap.mis.cmich.edu/sap-abap/abap09/index.htm
Check this link for Dialog Programming/Table Control
http://www.planetsap.com/Tips_and_Tricks.htm#dialog
Check this SAP Help for Dialog Program doc.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/9f/db9cdc35c111d1829f0000e829fbfe/content.htm
Check this SAP Help link for Subscreens.
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70/helpdata/en/9f/dbabfe35c111d1829f0000e829fbfe/content.htm
Check this link for subscreen demo program.
http://abapcode.blogspot.com/2007/05/demo-program-to-create-subscreen-in.html
Also check this link too.
http://abapcode.blogspot.com/2007/06/dialog-programming-faq.html
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/9f/db9cdc35c111d1829f0000e829fbfe/frameset.htm
http://sap.mis.cmich.edu/sap-abap/abap09/sld004.htm
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/52/670ba2439b11d1896f0000e8322d00/frameset.htm
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/52/670c17439b11d1896f0000e8322d00/frameset.htm
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/52/670c17439b11d1896f0000e8322d00/frameset.htm
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/9f/db9ccf35c111d1829f0000e829fbfe/frameset.htm
http://abapprogramming.blogspot.com/ -
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Thanks I appreciate your time; PhilipSee Troubleshooting issues with iTunes for Windows updates.
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Lightroom 2.1 Crashes When Naming A new Catalog
If I attempt to begin a new catalog, the default folder area pops up and I place a name for the new catalog in the provided box. Once I hit the enter key, LR 2.1 closes completely. If I double click the icon to bring LR back up, nothing happens. If I