How does oracle know the databse is inconsistent and needs recovery?

Hello,
How does Oracle know that the datafiles are inconsistent and db needs recovery when rebuilding the db off of the online/hot backups? Whereas, it doesn’t ask for recovery when rebuilding the database from cold backup (I understand that, for cold backup, database is shutdown immediate and hence the db is consistent). In both scenarios, a new control file is created (that means it won’t have SCN) and only datafile header will have the SCN. What’s that piece of info that oracle check to know if the database is consistent or inconsistent during the backup restore and recovery and where that info resides?
Thank you for any hints and answers.
Jay

Oracle uses the datafiles to identify if they are consistent. If the datafiles backup was taken when the database was OPEN, they are marked as "fuzzy" in the header. Also, likely, the Checkpoint SCNs may be different if tablespace checkpoints (e.g. by ALTER TABLESPACE BEGIN BACKUP) are at different points in time.
If the backup was a cold backup with the database shutdown normal/immediate, the headers are marked appropriately.
When you run CREATE CONTROLFILE, it has to read the datafiles because the controlfile, itself, has no SCN and LogSequenceNumbers information.
Hemant K Chitale

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