How restore table description in DDIC from DB  ?

How restore table description in DDIC from DB  in tools ABAP Workbench ?

Hi  Igor,
your question was:
How restore table description in DDIC from DB in tools ABAP Workbench ?
(Posted on 30-Apr-2010)
I you still have not solved this problem, then please can you explain it?
Thanks and regards,
Sachin.

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  • How restore aol sent mac mail from time machine?

    I am using mac mail and an imap connection to aol.  I also have a time capsule and use time machine for backing up. Yesterday I stopped receiving incoming mail in mac mail and tried deleting the aol account in mac mail and then setting it up fresh.  I was shocked to find that my 25,000 AOL sent emails did not restore! I was told by an apple genius bar rep several months ago that once mail was on my machine that the emails would NEVER be lost.  Apparently this is not true.  When I open mac mail and go into my time capsule using time machine, however, do not see the SENT mail icon under AOL--it goes away?  When I try to restore the aol mail from the day before the incident the only thing that comes up is the one Sent Mail mssg that I sent AFTER the deleting and restoring of my AOL account in mac mail. The only relevant post I have found is the one below which was posted in 2008.  Please let me know there is a way to get back my sent messages.  I can't get them directly from the aol server because the server does not save messages that are sent from any client but AOL. Thanks.
    http://raffyjohn.com/2008/01/29/restoring-apple-mail-and-your-emails-from-time-m achine/
    Restoring Apple Mail and Your Emails from Time Machine
    filed under: How-To tags: mail, timemachine Tuesday, January 29, 2008, 11:31 am
    UPDATE (25 August 2010): Please note that this post is well over 2 years old and as Tim pointed out in the comments below, this method may not be the best solution for restoring emails. According to his restore efforts, changes where made to the timestamp from the date in which they were received to the date in which they were restored. I have not tested this myself.
    The hard drive on my PowerBook completely died the other day, but I luckily had been running Time Machine backups since upgrading to Leopard. (I wasn’t all that ****** off seeing as I was eager for an excuse to replace my wimpy 40Gb hard drive with a new 160Gb drive). I fumbled a bit, looking for a specific Apple Mail restore tool. I knew where all my emails lived, but I thought that Apple would have a specific means for restoring apps like Mail. So I created this mini-tutorial on how to restore Apple Mail from Time Machine simply because I could not find this method elsewhere.
    Supposedly, If you attach your Time Machine backup drive, open Apple Mail then launch the Time Machine application, you are presented with historical views of Apple Mail. This did not work for me, the historical views were just blank, so the steps below do not take this approach.
    Restoring Your Emails from a Time Machine Backup
    Warning: If you have already setup Apple Mail with your accounts and preferences, this will negate ALL your doings.
    Note: This process will restore all your email accounts, preferences, passwords, smart mailboxes, etc.
    The How-To
    Before loading Time Machine, open the Finder and navigate to Home Folder (username) -> Library. In there will be a folder name “Mail”. Rename it to “Mail (default)” (Select the folder then hit the Return key to rename).
    Mount your Time Machine Backup Drive (ahem, plug it in).
    Control + Click the Time Machine Application and chose “Browse Other Time Machine disks…”. This, of course, brings up the historical view of your backups.
    Go back to your most recent backup (2nd window back) and navigate to Home Folder (username) -> Library. Select the “Mail” folder and click the restore button (bottom right).
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    That’s it!UPDATE (20-January-2009): After step 4., also restore ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.mail.plistThanks Jon C.
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    Follow me on Twitter here.
    40 Comments
    Chucho
    May 13th, 2008 at 11:11 amThanks it’s a great hint, you should post it in macosxhints.com
    Westin
    May 19th, 2008 at 3:28 amAwesome content and great instructions even for stupid people like me. Thank you so much for posting this. It worked like a charm and really is appreciated at 2:30 a.m. after hours of reinstalling junk.
    Slippery Snake
    June 23rd, 2008 at 9:15 amThis worked. However, I had three email accounts, and it only imported one. My Smart Mailboxes were not imported either.
    Jon C
    July 30th, 2008 at 2:50 pmIf you have multiple mail accounts, you should also restore the ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.mail.plist file as well. This will ensure all of your account settings are imported.
    Joseph Hurtado
    August 26th, 2008 at 11:23 amRaffy,This tip is worth it’s weight in gold! Thanks so much for posting such a well though out recipe for a Mail Rescue operation.Just put Jon’s advice on the article, that is also very valuable!Take care,Joseph Hurtado
    from Toronto
    Cory
    December 3rd, 2008 at 9:25 amYou saved my life! Thanks!
    Drew
    January 19th, 2009 at 12:08 amCheers Great tip! Thank you very much for your time!
    Lizart
    May 23rd, 2012 at 2:00 pmStill working in May of 2012! Thanks so much!
    source
    May 29th, 2012 at 11:11 amIm getting a teeny problem. I cant get my reader to pick up your feed, Im using bing reader by the way.
    Bruno Zysman
    May 31st, 2012 at 4:56 pmThanks so much for this tips
    I could get back my 170 000 mails in 5 hours thanks to this post, after having tried for few hours without success…Bruno

    Don't try to restore the file; restore the Note. Go in Mail to the mailbox where the note belongs. Enter Time Machine from there and step back until you find the Note.

  • HOW TO  FIND OUT TABLE DESCRIPTION FROM JDBC?

    HOW WILL FIND OUT TABLE DESCRIPTION FROM JDBC?

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  • How to select the data efficiently from the table

    hi every one,
      i need some help in selecting data from FAGLFLEXA table.i have to select many amounts from different group of G/L accounts
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    Hi ,
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    Hi Praveen,
    Performance Notes
    1.Keep the Result Set Small
    You should aim to keep the result set small. This reduces both the amount of memory used in the database system and the network load when transferring data to the application server. To reduce the size of your result sets, use the WHERE and HAVING clauses.
    Using the WHERE Clause
    Whenever you access a database table, you should use a WHERE clause in the corresponding Open SQL statement. Even if a program containing a SELECT statement with no WHERE clause performs well in tests, it may slow down rapidly in your production system, where the data volume increases daily. You should only dispense with the WHERE clause in exceptional cases where you really need the entire contents of the database table every time the statement is executed.
    When you use the WHERE clause, the database system optimizes the access and only transfers the required data. You should never transfer unwanted data to the application server and then filter it using ABAP statements.
    Using the HAVING Clause
    After selecting the required lines in the WHERE clause, the system then processes the GROUP BY clause, if one exists, and summarizes the database lines selected. The HAVING clause allows you to restrict the grouped lines, and in particular, the aggregate expressions, by applying further conditions.
    Effect
    If you use the WHERE and HAVING clauses correctly:
    • There are no more physical I/Os in the database than necessary
    • No unwanted data is stored in the database cache (it could otherwise displace data that is actually required)
    • The CPU usage of the database host is minimize
    • The network load is reduced, since only the data that is required by the application is transferred to the application server.
    Minimize the Amount of Data Transferred
    Data is transferred between the database system and the application server in blocks. Each block is up to 32 KB in size (the precise size depends on your network communication hardware). Administration information is transported in the blocks as well as the data.
    To minimize the network load, you should transfer as few blocks as possible. Open SQL allows you to do this as follows:
    Restrict the Number of Lines
    If you only want to read a certain number of lines in a SELECT statement, use the UP TO <n> ROWS addition in the FROM clause. This tells the database system only to transfer <n> lines back to the application server. This is more efficient than transferring more lines than necessary back to the application server and then discarding them in your ABAP program.
    If you expect your WHERE clause to return a large number of duplicate entries, you can use the DISTINCT addition in the SELECT clause.
    Restrict the Number of Columns
    You should only read the columns from a database table that you actually need in the program. To do this, list the columns in the SELECT clause. Note here that the INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS addition in the INTO clause is only efficient with large volumes of data, otherwise the runtime required to compare the names is too great. For small amounts of data, use a list of variables in the INTO clause.
    Do not use * to select all columns unless you really need them. However, if you list individual columns, you may have to adjust the program if the structure of the database table is changed in the ABAP Dictionary. If you specify the database table dynamically, you must always read all of its columns.
    Use Aggregate Functions
    If you only want to use data for calculations, it is often more efficient to use the aggregate functions of the SELECT clause than to read the individual entries from the database and perform the calculations in the ABAP program.
    Aggregate functions allow you to find out the number of values and find the sum, average, minimum, and maximum values.
    Following an aggregate expression, only its result is transferred from the database.
    Data Transfer when Changing Table Lines
    When you use the UPDATE statement to change lines in the table, you should use the WHERE clause to specify the relevant lines, and then SET statements to change only the required columns.
    When you use a work area to overwrite table lines, too much data is often transferred. Furthermore, this method requires an extra SELECT statement to fill the work area. Minimize the Number of Data Transfers
    In every Open SQL statement, data is transferred between the application server and the database system. Furthermore, the database system has to construct or reopen the appropriate administration data for each database access. You can therefore minimize the load on the network and the database system by minimizing the number of times you access the database.
    Multiple Operations Instead of Single Operations
    When you change data using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, use internal tables instead of single entries. If you read data using SELECT, it is worth using multiple operations if you want to process the data more than once, other wise, a simple select loop is more efficient.
    Avoid Repeated Access
    As a rule you should read a given set of data once only in your program, and using a single access. Avoid accessing the same data more than once (for example, SELECT before an UPDATE).
    Avoid Nested SELECT Loops
    A simple SELECT loop is a single database access whose result is passed to the ABAP program line by line. Nested SELECT loops mean that the number of accesses in the inner loop is multiplied by the number of accesses in the outer loop. You should therefore only use nested SELECT loops if the selection in the outer loop contains very few lines.
    However, using combinations of data from different database tables is more the rule than the exception in the relational data model. You can use the following techniques to avoid nested SELECT statements:
    ABAP Dictionary Views
    You can define joins between database tables statically and systemwide as views in the ABAP Dictionary. ABAP Dictionary views can be used by all ABAP programs. One of their advantages is that fields that are common to both tables (join fields) are only transferred once from the database to the application server.
    Views in the ABAP Dictionary are implemented as inner joins. If the inner table contains no lines that correspond to lines in the outer table, no data is transferred. This is not always the desired result. For example, when you read data from a text table, you want to include lines in the selection even if the corresponding text does not exist in the required language. If you want to include all of the data from the outer table, you can program a left outer join in ABAP.
    The links between the tables in the view are created and optimized by the database system. Like database tables, you can buffer views on the application server. The same buffering rules apply to views as to tables. In other words, it is most appropriate for views that you use mostly to read data. This reduces the network load and the amount of physical I/O in the database.
    Joins in the FROM Clause
    You can read data from more than one database table in a single SELECT statement by using inner or left outer joins in the FROM clause.
    The disadvantage of using joins is that redundant data is read from the hierarchically-superior table if there is a 1:N relationship between the outer and inner tables. This can considerably increase the amount of data transferred from the database to the application server. Therefore, when you program a join, you should ensure that the SELECT clause contains a list of only the columns that you really need. Furthermore, joins bypass the table buffer and read directly from the database. For this reason, you should use an ABAP Dictionary view instead of a join if you only want to read the data.
    The runtime of a join statement is heavily dependent on the database optimizer, especially when it contains more than two database tables. However, joins are nearly always quicker than using nested SELECT statements.
    Subqueries in the WHERE and HAVING Clauses
    Another way of accessing more than one database table in the same Open SQL statement is to use subqueries in the WHERE or HAVING clause. The data from a subquery is not transferred to the application server. Instead, it is used to evaluate conditions in the database system. This is a simple and effective way of programming complex database operations.
    Using Internal Tables
    It is also possible to avoid nested SELECT loops by placing the selection from the outer loop in an internal table and then running the inner selection once only using the FOR ALL ENTRIES addition. This technique stems from the time before joins were allowed in the FROM clause. On the other hand, it does prevent redundant data from being transferred from the database.
    Using a Cursor to Read Data
    A further method is to decouple the INTO clause from the SELECT statement by opening a cursor using OPEN CURSOR and reading data line by line using FETCH NEXT CURSOR. You must open a new cursor for each nested loop. In this case, you must ensure yourself that the correct lines are read from the database tables in the correct order. This usually requires a foreign key relationship between the database tables, and that they are sorted by the foreign key. Minimize the Search Overhead
    You minimize the size of the result set by using the WHERE and HAVING clauses. To increase the efficiency of these clauses, you should formulate them to fit with the database table indexes.
    Database Indexes
    Indexes speed up data selection from the database. They consist of selected fields of a table, of which a copy is then made in sorted order. If you specify the index fields correctly in a condition in the WHERE or HAVING clause, the system only searches part of the index (index range scan).
    The primary index is always created automatically in the R/3 System. It consists of the primary key fields of the database table. This means that for each combination of fields in the index, there is a maximum of one line in the table. This kind of index is also known as UNIQUE.
    If you cannot use the primary index to determine the result set because, for example, none of the primary index fields occur in the WHERE or HAVING clause, the system searches through the entire table (full table scan). For this case, you can create secondary indexes, which can restrict the number of table entries searched to form the result set.
    You specify the fields of secondary indexes using the ABAP Dictionary. You can also determine whether the index is unique or not. However, you should not create secondary indexes to cover all possible combinations of fields.
    Only create one if you select data by fields that are not contained in another index, and the performance is very poor. Furthermore, you should only create secondary indexes for database tables from which you mainly read, since indexes have to be updated each time the database table is changed. As a rule, secondary indexes should not contain more than four fields, and you should not have more than five indexes for a single database table.
    If a table has more than five indexes, you run the risk of the optimizer choosing the wrong one for a particular operation. For this reason, you should avoid indexes with overlapping contents.
    Secondary indexes should contain columns that you use frequently in a selection, and that are as highly selective as possible. The fewer table entries that can be selected by a certain column, the higher that column’s selectivity. Place the most selective fields at the beginning of the index. Your secondary index should be so selective that each index entry corresponds to at most five percent of the table entries. If this is not the case, it is not worth creating the index. You should also avoid creating indexes for fields that are not always filled, where their value is initial for most entries in the table.
    If all of the columns in the SELECT clause are contained in the index, the system does not have to search the actual table data after reading from the index. If you have a SELECT clause with very few columns, you can improve performance dramatically by including these columns in a secondary index.
    Formulating Conditions for Indexes
    You should bear in mind the following when formulating conditions for the WHERE and HAVING clauses so that the system can use a database index and does not have to use a full table scan.
    Check for Equality and Link Using AND
    The database index search is particularly efficient if you check all index fields for equality (= or EQ) and link the expressions using AND.
    Use Positive Conditions
    The database system only supports queries that describe the result in positive terms, for example, EQ or LIKE. It does not support negative expressions like NE or NOT LIKE.
    If possible, avoid using the NOT operator in the WHERE clause, because it is not supported by database indexes; invert the logical expression instead.
    Using OR
    The optimizer usually stops working when an OR expression occurs in the condition. This means that the columns checked using OR are not included in the index search. An exception to this are OR expressions at the outside of conditions. You should try to reformulate conditions that apply OR expressions to columns relevant to the index, for example, into an IN condition.
    Using Part of the Index
    If you construct an index from several columns, the system can still use it even if you only specify a few of the columns in a condition. However, in this case, the sequence of the columns in the index is important. A column can only be used in the index search if all of the columns before it in the index definition have also been specified in the condition.
    Checking for Null Values
    The IS NULL condition can cause problems with indexes. Some database systems do not store null values in the index structure. Consequently, this field cannot be used in the index.
    Avoid Complex Conditions
    Avoid complex conditions, since the statements have to be broken down into their individual components by the database system.
    Reduce the Database Load
    Unlike application servers and presentation servers, there is only one database server in your system. You should therefore aim to reduce the database load as much as possible. You can use the following methods:
    Buffer Tables on the Application Server
    You can considerably reduce the time required to access data by buffering it in the application server table buffer. Reading a single entry from table T001 can take between 8 and 600 milliseconds, while reading it from the table buffer takes 0.2 - 1 milliseconds.
    Whether a table can be buffered or not depends its technical attributes in the ABAP Dictionary. There are three buffering types:
    • Resident buffering (100%) The first time the table is accessed, its entire contents are loaded in the table buffer.
    • Generic buffering In this case, you need to specify a generic key (some of the key fields) in the technical settings of the table in the ABAP Dictionary. The table contents are then divided into generic areas. When you access data with one of the generic keys, the whole generic area is loaded into the table buffer. Client-specific tables are often buffered generically by client.
    • Partial buffering (single entry) Only single entries are read from the database and stored in the table buffer.
    When you read from buffered tables, the following happens:
    1. An ABAP program requests data from a buffered table.
    2. The ABAP processor interprets the Open SQL statement. If the table is defined as a buffered table in the ABAP Dictionary, the ABAP processor checks in the local buffer on the application server to see if the table (or part of it) has already been buffered.
    3. If the table has not yet been buffered, the request is passed on to the database. If the data exists in the buffer, it is sent to the program.
    4. The database server passes the data to the application server, which places it in the table buffer.
    5. The data is passed to the program.
    When you change a buffered table, the following happens:
    1. The database table is changed and the buffer on the application server is updated. The database interface logs the update statement in the table DDLOG. If the system has more than one application server, the buffer on the other servers is not updated at once.
    2. All application servers periodically read the contents of table DDLOG, and delete the corresponding contents from their buffers where necessary. The granularity depends on the buffering type. The table buffers in a distributed system are generally synchronized every 60 seconds (parameter: rsdisp/bufreftime).
    3. Within this period, users on non-synchronized application servers will read old data. The data is not recognized as obsolete until the next buffer synchronization. The next time it is accessed, it is re-read from the database.
    You should buffer the following types of tables:
    • Tables that are read very frequently
    • Tables that are changed very infrequently
    • Relatively small tables (few lines, few columns, or short columns)
    • Tables where delayed update is acceptable.
    Once you have buffered a table, take care not to use any Open SQL statements that bypass the buffer.
    The SELECT statement bypasses the buffer when you use any of the following:
    • The BYPASSING BUFFER addition in the FROM clause
    • The DISTINCT addition in the SELECT clause
    • Aggregate expressions in the SELECT clause
    • Joins in the FROM clause
    • The IS NULL condition in the WHERE clause
    • Subqueries in the WHERE clause
    • The ORDER BY clause
    • The GROUP BY clause
    • The FOR UPDATE addition
    Furthermore, all Native SQL statements bypass the buffer.
    Avoid Reading Data Repeatedly
    If you avoid reading the same data repeatedly, you both reduce the number of database accesses and reduce the load on the database. Furthermore, a "dirty read" may occur with database tables other than Oracle. This means that the second time you read data from a database table, it may be different from the data read the first time. To ensure that the data in your program is consistent, you should read it once only and then store it in an internal table.
    Sort Data in Your ABAP Programs
    The ORDER BY clause in the SELECT statement is not necessarily optimized by the database system or executed with the correct index. This can result in increased runtime costs. You should only use ORDER BY if the database sort uses the same index with which the table is read. To find out which index the system uses, use SQL Trace in the ABAP Workbench Performance Trace. If the indexes are not the same, it is more efficient to read the data into an internal table or extract and sort it in the ABAP program using the SORT statement.
    Use Logical Databases
    SAP supplies logical databases for all applications. A logical database is an ABAP program that decouples Open SQL statements from application programs. They are optimized for the best possible database performance. However, it is important that you use the right logical database. The hierarchy of the data you want to read must reflect the structure of the logical database, otherwise, they can have a negative effect on performance. For example, if you want to read data from a table right at the bottom of the hierarchy of the logical database, it has to read at least the key fields of all tables above it in the hierarchy. In this case, it is more efficient to use a SELECT statement.
    Work Processes
    Work processes execute the individual dialog steps in R/3 applications. The next two sections describe firstly the structure of a work process, and secondly the different types of work process in the R/3 System.
    Structure of a Work Process
    Work processes execute the dialog steps of application programs. They are components of an application server. The following diagram shows the components of a work process:
    Each work process contains two software processors and a database interface.
    Screen Processor
    In R/3 application programming, there is a difference between user interaction and processing logic. From a programming point of view, user interaction is controlled by screens. As well as the actual input mask, a screen also consists of flow logic. The screen flow logic controls a large part of the user interaction. The R/3 Basis system contains a special language for programming screen flow logic. The screen processor executes the screen flow logic. Via the dispatcher, it takes over the responsibility for communication between the work process and the SAPgui, calls modules in the flow logic, and ensures that the field contents are transferred from the screen to the flow logic.
    ABAP Processor
    The actual processing logic of an application program is written in ABAP - SAP’s own programming language. The ABAP processor executes the processing logic of the application program, and communicates with the database interface. The screen processor tells the ABAP processor which module of the screen flow logic should be processed next. The following screen illustrates the interaction between the screen and the ABAP processors when an application program is running.
    Database Interface
    The database interface provides the following services:
    • Establishing and terminating connections between the work process and the database.
    • Access to database tables
    • Access to R/3 Repository objects (ABAP programs, screens and so on)
    • Access to catalog information (ABAP Dictionary)
    • Controlling transactions (commit and rollback handling)
    • Table buffer administration on the application server.
    The following diagram shows the individual components of the database interface:
    The diagram shows that there are two different ways of accessing databases: Open SQL and Native SQL.
    Open SQL statements are a subset of Standard SQL that is fully integrated in ABAP. They allow you to access data irrespective of the database system that the R/3 installation is using. Open SQL consists of the Data Manipulation Language (DML) part of Standard SQL; in other words, it allows you to read (SELECT) and change (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) data. The tasks of the Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Control Language (DCL) parts of Standard SQL are performed in the R/3 System by the ABAP Dictionary and the authorization system. These provide a unified range of functions, irrespective of database, and also contain functions beyond those offered by the various database systems.
    Open SQL also goes beyond Standard SQL to provide statements that, in conjunction with other ABAP constructions, can simplify or speed up database access. It also allows you to buffer certain tables on the application server, saving excessive database access. In this case, the database interface is responsible for comparing the buffer with the database. Buffers are partly stored in the working memory of the current work process, and partly in the shared memory for all work processes on an application server. Where an R/3 System is distributed across more than one application server, the data in the various buffers is synchronized at set intervals by the buffer management. When buffering the database, you must remember that data in the buffer is not always up to date. For this reason, you should only use the buffer for data which does not often change.
    Native SQL is only loosely integrated into ABAP, and allows access to all of the functions contained in the programming interface of the respective database system. Unlike Open SQL statements, Native SQL statements are not checked and converted, but instead are sent directly to the database system. Programs that use Native SQL are specific to the database system for which they were written. R/3 applications contain as little Native SQL as possible. In fact, it is only used in a few Basis components (for example, to create or change table definitions in the ABAP Dictionary).
    The database-dependent layer in the diagram serves to hide the differences between database systems from the rest of the database interface. You choose the appropriate layer when you install the Basis system. Thanks to the standardization of SQL, the differences in the syntax of statements are very slight. However, the semantics and behavior of the statements have not been fully standardized, and the differences in these areas can be greater. When you use Native SQL, the function of the database-dependent layer is minimal.
    Types of Work Process
    Although all work processes contain the components described above, they can still be divided into different types. The type of a work process determines the kind of task for which it is responsible in the application server. It does not specify a particular set of technical attributes. The individual tasks are distributed to the work processes by the dispatcher.
    Before you start your R/3 System, you determine how many work processes it will have, and what their types will be. The dispatcher starts the work processes and only assigns them tasks that correspond to their type. This means that you can distribute work process types to optimize the use of the resources on your application servers.
    The following diagram shows again the structure of an application server, but this time, includes the various possible work process types:
    The various work processes are described briefly below. Other parts of this documentation describe the individual components of the application server and the R/3 System in more detail.
    Dialog Work Process
    Dialog work processes deal with requests from an active user to execute dialog steps.
    Update Work Process
    Update work processes execute database update requests. Update requests are part of an SAP LUW that bundle the database operations resulting from the dialog in a database LUW for processing in the background.
    Background Work Process
    Background work processes process programs that can be executed without user interaction (background jobs).
    Enqueue Work Process
    The enqueue work process administers a lock table in the shared memory area. The lock table contains the logical database locks for the R/3 System and is an important part of the SAP LUW concept. In an R/3 System, you may only have one lock table. You may therefore also only have one application server with enqueue work processes.
    Spool Work Process
    The spool work process passes sequential datasets to a printer or to optical archiving. Each application server may contain several spool work process.
    The services offered by an application server are determined by the types of its work processes. One application server may, of course, have more than one function. For example, it may be both a dialog server and the enqueue server, if it has several dialog work processes and an enqueue work process.
    You can use the system administration functions to switch a work process between dialog and background modes while the system is still running. This allows you, for example, to switch an R/3 System between day and night operation, where you have more dialog than background work processes during the day, and the other way around during the night.
    ABAP Application Server
    R/3 programs run on application servers. They are an important component of the R/3 System. The following sections describe application servers in more detail.
    Structure of an ABAP Application Server
    The application layer of an R/3 System is made up of the application servers and the message server. Application programs in an R/3 System are run on application servers. The application servers communicate with the presentation components, the database, and also with each other, using the message server.
    The following diagram shows the structure of an application server:
    The individual components are:
    Work Processes
    An application server contains work processes, which are components that can run an application. Work processes are components that are able to execute an application (that is, one dialog step each). Each work process is linked to a memory area containing the context of the application being run. The context contains the current data for the application program. This needs to be available in each dialog step. Further information about the different types of work process is contained later on in this documentation.
    Dispatcher
    Each application server contains a dispatcher. The dispatcher is the link between the work processes and the users logged onto the application server. Its task is to receive requests for dialog steps from the SAP GUI and direct them to a free work process. In the same way, it directs screen output resulting from the dialog step back to the appropriate user.
    Gateway
    Each application server contains a gateway. This is the interface for the R/3 communication protocols (RFC, CPI/C). It can communicate with other application servers in the same R/3 System, with other R/3 Systems, with R/2 Systems, or with non-SAP systems.
    The application server structure as described here aids the performance and scalability of the entire R/3 System. The fixed number of work processes and dispatching of dialog steps leads to optimal memory use, since it means that certain components and the memory areas of a work process are application-independent and reusable. The fact that the individual work processes work independently makes them suitable for a multi-processor architecture. The methods used in the dispatcher to distribute tasks to work processes are discussed more closely in the section Dispatching Dialog Steps.
    Shared Memory
    All of the work processes on an application server use a common main memory area called shared memory to save contexts or to buffer constant data locally.
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    Local buffering of data in the shared memory of the application server reduces the number of database reads required. This reduces access times for application programs considerably. For optimal use of the buffer, you can concentrate individual applications (financial accounting, logistics, human resources) into separate application server groups.
    Database Connection
    When you start up an R/3 System, each application server registers its work processes with the database layer, and receives a single dedicated channel for each. While the system is running, each work process is a user (client) of the database system (server). You cannot change the work process registration while the system is running. Neither can you reassign a database channel from one work process to another. For this reason, a work process can only make database changes within a single database logical unit of work (LUW). A database LUW is an inseparable sequence of database operations. This has important consequences for the programming model explained below.
    Dispatching Dialog Steps
    The number of users logged onto an application server is often many times greater than the number of available work processes. Furthermore, it is not restricted by the R/3 system architecture. Furthermore, each user can run several applications at once. The dispatcher has the important task of distributing all dialog steps among the work processes on the application server.
    The following diagram is an example of how this might happen:
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    2. The dispatcher receives the request to execute a dialog step from user 2 and directs it to work process 1, which is now free again. The work process executes the dialog step as in step 1.
    3. While work process 1 is still working, the dispatcher receives a further request from user 1 and directs it to work process 2, which is free.
    4. After work processes 1 and 2 have finished processing their dialog steps, the dispatcher receives another request from user 1 and directs it to work process 1, which is free again.
    5. While work process 1 is still working, the dispatcher receives a further request from user 2 and directs it to work process 2, which is free.
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    • A work process can execute dialog steps of different programs from different users.
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    Dispatching and the Programming Model
    The separation of application and presentation layer made it necessary to split up application programs into dialog steps. This, and the fact that dialog steps are dispatched to individual work processes, has had important consequences for the programming model.
    As mentioned above, a work process can only make database changes within a single database logical unit of work (LUW). A database LUW is an inseparable sequence of database operations. The contents of the database must be consistent at its beginning and end. The beginning and end of a database LUW are defined by a commit command to the database system (database commit). During a database LUW, that is, between two database commits, the database system itself ensures consistency within the database. In other words, it takes over tasks such as locking database entries while they are being edited, or restoring the old data (rollback) if a step terminates in an error.
    A typical SAP application program extends over several screens and the corresponding dialog steps. The user requests database changes on the individual screens that should lead to the database being consistent once the screens have all been processed. However, the individual dialog steps run on different work processes, and a single work process can process dialog steps from other applications. It is clear that two or more independent applications whose dialog steps happen to be processed on the same work process cannot be allowed to work with the same database LUW.
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    These implicit database commits mean that a database LUW can be kept open for a maximum of one dialog step. This leads to a considerable reduction in database load, serialization, and deadlocks, and enables a large number of users to use the same system.
    However, the question now arises of how this method (1 dialog step = 1 database LUW) can be reconciled with the demand to make commits and rollbacks dependent on the logical flow of the application program instead of the technical distribution of dialog steps. Database update requests that depend on one another form logical units in the program that extend over more than one dialog step. The database changes associated with these logical units must be executed together and must also be able to be undone together.
    The SAP programming model contains a series of bundling techniques that allow you to group database updates together in logical units. The section of an R/3 application program that bundles a set of logically-associated database operations is called an SAP LUW. Unlike a database LUW, a SAP LUW includes all of the dialog steps in a logical unit, including the database update.
    Happy Reading...
    shibu

  • How to insert into table, of table description of table

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    user627163 wrote:
    Dear All,
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    SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Tue Jun 2 09:23:10 2009
    Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
    Connected to:
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    TABLENAME                                          VARCHAR2(20)
    COL_NAME                                           VARCHAR2(20)
    NOT_NULL                                           VARCHAR2(1)
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    EMPNO                          N NUMBER(22)
    ENAME                          Y VARCHAR2(10)
    JOB                            Y VARCHAR2(9)
    MGR                            Y NUMBER(22)
    HIREDATE                       Y DATE(7)
    SAL                            Y NUMBER(22)
    COMM                           Y NUMBER(22)
    DEPTNO                         Y NUMBER(22)
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    SQL> INSERT INTO dtable
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    SQL> commit;
    Commit complete.
    SQL> select * from dtable;
    TABLENAME            COL_NAME             N DATATYPE
    emp                  EMPNO                N NUMBER(22)
    emp                  ENAME                Y VARCHAR2(10)
    emp                  JOB                  Y VARCHAR2(9)
    emp                  MGR                  Y NUMBER(22)
    emp                  HIREDATE             Y DATE(7)
    emp                  SAL                  Y NUMBER(22)
    emp                  COMM                 Y NUMBER(22)
    emp                  DEPTNO               Y NUMBER(22)
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    many thanks in advancecheers
    Sreenivasulu P

  • How to create table with table description

    Hi,
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    Ibrahim Sayyed.

    > create table test (col1 number);
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    COMMENTS
    this is a comment

  • How to find a specific word (from a list) in a sentence located in a different table, and build a column that contains the name

    Hi all, 
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    6
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    Qty                        
    Name
    Someone went to use the machine. 1.80 cm, Alum', for the rest of the day
    6 Alum'
    Metal for construction is the major component in our system
    7 Metal for construction
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    17 Glass
    Greece needs more Paper, 200 ft.
     45 Paper
    Appreciate all support! 
    I lost hope and I want to avoid macros as much as possible.
    Thanks!
    עמית

    Hi Amit,
    I updated the file. The solution uses the following query formula:
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  • From two given tables, how do you fetch the values from two columns using values from one column(get values from col.A if col.A is not null and get values from col.B if col.A is null)?

    From two given tables, how do you fetch the values from two columns using values from one column(get values from col.A if col.A is not null and get values from col.B if col.A is null)?

    Hi,
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    I hope this answers your question.
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    Always say which version of Oracle you're using (e.g., 11.2.0.2.0).
    See the forum FAQ: https://forums.oracle.com/message/9362002

  • Hello Anybody, I have a question. Can any of you please suggest me how to make an xml file from the database table with all the rows? Note:- I am having the XSD Schema file and the resulted XML file should be in that XSD format only.

    Hello Anybody, I have a question. Can any of you please suggest me how to make an xml file from the database table with all the records?
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    The Oracle documentation has a good overview of the options available
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  • How to add description of a column of a table in SQL Azure

    Hi
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    Thanks
    Soumyadeb

    Hello,
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    Regards,
    Fanny Liu
    Fanny Liu
    TechNet Community Support

  • How to check  if all values from a dataset  has come to  an internal table

    How to check  if all values from a dataset  has come to  an internal table ?

    Hi,
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                                           loc2-vdsk1.
    Hope you get some idea.
    Thanks,
    Sakthi C

  • How to delete a selected row from adf table

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    Or try this code:
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  • How can I join 3 tables while extracting data from SAP R/3?

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    Hi,
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    hope this helps...
    Olivier.

  • How to add entire new row at the top of table in pdf report from c# windows forms using iTextSharp

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    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Configuration;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Data;
    using System.IO;
    using System.Data.SqlClient;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
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    table.AddCell("Middle Name");
    table.AddCell("Last Name");
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    table.AddCell(dr[2].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[3].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[4].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[5].ToString());
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    png.ScaleToFit(95f, 95f);
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    table.AddCell("ID");
    table.AddCell("First Name");
    table.AddCell("Middle Name");
    table.AddCell("Last Name");
    table.AddCell("DOB" );
    table.AddCell("Gender");
    table.AddCell("Designation");
    while (dr.Read())
    table.AddCell(dr[0].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[1].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[2].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[3].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[4].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[5].ToString());
    table.AddCell(dr[6].ToString());
    dr.Close();
    table.SpacingBefore = 15f;
    doc.Add(para);
    doc.Add(png);
    doc.Add(table);
    doc.Close();
    So my question is how to make my column headers in bold?
    So these are my questions.
    1. how can i align Title(DCS Clinical Report-Technician wise) center of pdf report with image named:logo5.png immediately coming to it's right?.
    2. how do i add the given below row and it's data to my top my table in pdf report from c# windows forms using itextsharp?
    3.how to make my column headers in bold?
    I know that i have to do some modifications to my code but i dont know how to do it. Can anyone help me please.
    Any help or guidance in solving this problem would be greatly appreciated.
    vishal

    Hi,
    >>1. how can i align Title(DCS Clinical Report-Technician wise) center of pdf report with image named:logo5.png immediately coming to it's right?.
    2. how do i add the given below row and it's data to my top my table in pdf report from c# windows forms using itextsharp?
    3.how to make my column headers in bold?<<
    I’m sorry for the issue that you are hitting now.
    This itextsharp is third party control, for this issue, I recommended to consult the control provider directly, I think they can give more precise troubleshooting.
    http://sourceforge.net/projects/itextsharp/
    Thanks for your understanding.
    Regards,
    Marvin
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  • How to open a new page from a Spry Table click, with element info?

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    <table width="500">
    <tr>
    <th spry:sort="a_id" class="spry_header">ID</th>
    <th spry:sort="a_name" class="spry_header">Assignment</th>
    </tr>
    <tr spry:repeat="xml_assignments" spry:setrow="xml_assignments" spry:odd="spry_odd" spry:even="spry_even" spry:hover="spry_hover" spry:select="spry_select">
    <td>{a_id}</td>
    <td>{a_name}</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    </div>
    What I want is to be able to open an entirely new URL, passing the value of the {a_id} in the selected row as a parameter to the new URL, as in something like:  http://www.mydomain.com/newpage.php?aid={a_id}
    So my questions are: 
    1. How best to apply the action to the table?  Add an onclick to the tr tag?  Something else?
    2. How to extract the {a_id} value from the current row and pass it as a parameter to the action?
    Or maybe just take another approach entirely?
    I know that I can make the actual text in the table cells hyperlinks, and use them to link to the new page, which is fine.  The desire here is just to make it so that the user can click "anywhere" on the table row (as they can currently do with the spry:select behavior) and have the link kick off, whether they actually click on the linked text or somewhere in the row where there is no text.
    I'm sure this is obvious and simple, but I'm new to this level of Spry detail, and my brain is fried from hunting.  Any guidance will be gratefully appreciated!
    Glen Barney

    I found the answer myself, after posting this, of course!
    I changed:
    <tr spry:repeat="xml_assignments" spry:setrow="xml_assignments" spry:odd="spry_odd" spry:even="spry_even" spry:hover="spry_hover" spry:select="spry_select">
    to
    <tr spry:repeat="xml_assignments" spry:setrow="xml_assignments" spry:odd="spry_odd" spry:even="spry_even" spry:hover="spry_hover" spry:select="spry_select" onclick="window.location.href='./newpage.php?aid={a_id}';">
    Basically just added the onclick parameter...
    And it all just worked!

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