How to generate a tone

This should be a trivial question but I can't seem to find the answer!
I want to generate a tone of a given frequency for a specified duration. For example, I want to generate a tone of 440Hz for 0.6 of a second.
In the documents I can see on the Apple developer site, I can see how to do this if I have a whole set of .WAV files which I can then read, edit and play, but this seems to be way off the mark for what I want to do.
In Garageband I can get a tone for as long as I press a "keyboard" key, so there must be some way to actually generate the tone but I don't seem to be able to find this information within all of the other audio capabilities.
Thanks
Susan

You could always fill some audio queue buffers with the appropriate sine wave (math function sin(), or complex recursion or precalculated table lookup for much better performance). Increment each sample's phase by 2piF/Fs, and multiply the resulting sinewave by a volume level, for a duration*Fs number of samples. Remember to save the current phase between queue buffers and to maybe ramp down the level of the first and last few sinewave cycles to prevent clicks and pops.
.

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Example: Code to generate audio tone

This code shows how to generate and play a simple sinusoidal audio tone using the javax.sound.sampled API (see the generateTone() method for the details).
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The latest version should be available at..
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package org.physci.sound;
import javax.sound.sampled.AudioFormat;
import javax.sound.sampled.AudioSystem;
import javax.sound.sampled.SourceDataLine;
import javax.sound.sampled.LineUnavailableException;
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import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JSlider;
import javax.swing.JCheckBox;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
import javax.swing.UIManager;
import javax.swing.border.TitledBorder;
import java.net.URL;
Audio tone generator, using the Java sampled sound API.
@author andrew Thompson
@version 2007/12/6
public class Tone extends JFrame {
static AudioFormat af;
static SourceDataLine sdl;
public Tone() {
    super("Audio Tone");
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        try {
            UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
            SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(this);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("Internal Look And Feel Setting Error.");
            System.err.println(e);
    JPanel pMain=new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
    final JSlider sTone=new JSlider(JSlider.VERTICAL,200,2000,441);
    sTone.setPaintLabels(true);
    sTone.setPaintTicks(true);
    sTone.setMajorTickSpacing(200);
    sTone.setMinorTickSpacing(100);
    sTone.setToolTipText(
      "Tone (in Hertz or cycles per second - middle C is 441 Hz)");
    sTone.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Frequency"));
    pMain.add(sTone,BorderLayout.CENTER);
    final JSlider sDuration=new JSlider(JSlider.VERTICAL,0,2000,1000);
    sDuration.setPaintLabels(true);
    sDuration.setPaintTicks(true);
    sDuration.setMajorTickSpacing(200);
    sDuration.setMinorTickSpacing(100);
    sDuration.setToolTipText("Duration in milliseconds");
    sDuration.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Length"));
    pMain.add(sDuration,BorderLayout.EAST);
    final JSlider sVolume=new JSlider(JSlider.VERTICAL,0,100,20);
    sVolume.setPaintLabels(true);
    sVolume.setPaintTicks(true);
    sVolume.setSnapToTicks(false);
    sVolume.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
    sVolume.setMinorTickSpacing(10);
    sVolume.setToolTipText("Volume 0 - none, 100 - full");
    sVolume.setBorder(new TitledBorder("Volume"));
    pMain.add(sVolume,BorderLayout.WEST);
    final JCheckBox cbHarmonic = new JCheckBox( "Add Harmonic", true );
    cbHarmonic.setToolTipText("..else pure sine tone");
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    bGenerate.addActionListener( new ActionListener() {
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
          try{
            generateTone(sTone.getValue(),
              sDuration.getValue(),
              (int)(sVolume.getValue()*1.28),
              cbHarmonic.isSelected());
          }catch(LineUnavailableException lue){
            System.out.println(lue);
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    pNorth.add(bGenerate,BorderLayout.WEST);
    pNorth.add( cbHarmonic, BorderLayout.EAST );
    pMain.add(pNorth, BorderLayout.NORTH);
    pMain.setBorder( new javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder(5,3,5,3) );
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    pack();
    setLocation(0,20);
    setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    setLocationRelativeTo(null);
    String address = "/image/tone32x32.png";
    URL url = getClass().getResource(address);
    if (url!=null) {
      Image icon = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url);
      setIconImage(icon);
/** Generates a tone.
@param hz Base frequency (neglecting harmonic) of the tone in cycles per second
@param msecs The number of milliseconds to play the tone.
@param volume Volume, form 0 (mute) to 100 (max).
@param addHarmonic Whether to add an harmonic, one octave up. */
public static void generateTone(int hz,int msecs, int volume, boolean addHarmonic)
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    float frequency = 44100;
    byte[] buf;
    AudioFormat af;
    if (addHarmonic) {
      buf = new byte[2];
      af = new AudioFormat(frequency,8,2,true,false);
    } else {
      buf = new byte[1];
      af = new AudioFormat(frequency,8,1,true,false);
    SourceDataLine sdl = AudioSystem.getSourceDataLine(af);
    sdl = AudioSystem.getSourceDataLine(af);
    sdl.open(af);
    sdl.start();
    for(int i=0; i<msecs*frequency/1000; i++){
      double angle = i/(frequency/hz)*2.0*Math.PI;
      buf[0]=(byte)(Math.sin(angle)*volume);
      if(addHarmonic) {
        double angle2 = (i)/(frequency/hz)*2.0*Math.PI;
        buf[1]=(byte)(Math.sin(2*angle2)*volume*0.6);
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      } else {
        sdl.write(buf,0,1);
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    sdl.close();
public static void main(String[] args){
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      public void run() {
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}

JLudwig wrote:
Any reason why you call getSourceDataLine() twice? ..Oh wait, I know this one (..snaps fingers. yes) it is because I am a mor0n, and forgot the class level (static) attribute declared earlier in the source when I (re)declared the local attribute and called getSourceDatLine (which was redundant, given the next line, which as you point out also called getSourceDataLine).
There are (at least) two ways to correct this problem.
1) Remove the class level attribute and the second call.
2) Remove the local attribute as well as the first call (all on the same code line).
Method 1 makes more sense, unless you intend to refactor the code to only instantiate a single SDL for however many times the user presses (what was it? Oh yeah..) 'Generate Tone'.
My 'excuse' for my odd programming is that this was 'hacked down' from a longer program to form an SSCCE. I should have paid more attention to the fine details (and perhaps run a lint checker on it).
Thanks for pointing that out. I guess from the fact you spotted it, that you have already corrected the problem. That you thought to report it, gives me confidence that you 'will go far (and be well thought of, besides)' in the open source community.
..This is quite handy, thank you.You're welcome. Thanks for letting us know about the error (OK - the pointless redundancy). Thanks to your report, other people who see this code later, will not have to wonder what (the heck) I was thinking when I did that.
Another thing I noted, now I run the source on a 400MHz laptop (it's hard times, here) is that the logic could be improved. At the speeds that my laptop can feed data into the SDL, the sound that comes out the speakers approximates the sound of flatulence (with embedded static, as a free bonus!).
Edit 1: Changed one descriptive word so that it might get by the net-nanny.
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