Interfacing with applications programmatically

I'm coming from heavy Windows programming, so I'm not sure the validity of my question...
In windows it is possible to write a program that allows you to interact with other applications. for example, I can write a program that instantiates MS Word, opens a document, sets some text, applies a template, etc... anything that Word could do, but from a program outside word.
Is it possible to do the same in the OS X environment? I'm just learning my ABCs on Objective-C and I've seen how you can turn your application "AppleScrip-table" (so then an AppleScript script can interact with it) so I pressume that it is possible. The question is how do I go about finding information on what's possible to do on each application?
For example, if I want to write a program that interacts with Apple Aperture, how would I go to find out what API is exposed by Aperture that I could invoke from an external Objective-C program (or AppleScript)?
...I hope I didn't confuse you guys with all this. Any suggestions/hints will be greatly appreciated.
Warm Regards,
Julian

For example, if I want to write a program that
interacts with Apple Aperture, how would I go to find
out what API is exposed by Aperture that I could
invoke from an external Objective-C program (or
AppleScript)?
The easiest way to see the AppleScript objects/commands that particular applications make available is to use "File -> Open Dictionary..." in Script Editor or Xcode. This allows you to select from a list of scriptable applications and examine their scripting dictionaries.
Steve

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